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Pragya D. Yadav - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Study of Kyasanur Forest Disease viremia, antibody kinetics, and virus infection in target organs of Macaca radiata.
Scientific reports, 2020Co-Authors: Dilip R. Patil, Pragya D. Yadav, Anita M. Shete, Gouri Chaubal, Sandeep Kumar, Rajlaxmi Jain, Sreelekshmy Mohandas, Rima R. Sahay, Chandrashekhar S. Mote, Himanshu KaushalAbstract:The present manuscript deals with experimental infections of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) to study Disease progression for better insights into the Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) pathogenesis and transmission. Experimentally, 10 monkeys were inoculated with KFD virus (KFDV) (high or low dose) and were regularly monitored and sampled for various body fluids and tissues at preset time points. We found that only 2 out of the 10 animals showed marked clinical signs becoming moribund, both in the low dose group, even though viremia, virus shedding in the secretions and excretions were evident in all inoculated monkeys. Anti-KFDV immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibody response was observed around a week after inoculation and anti-KFDV IgG antibody response after two weeks. Anaemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, monocytosis, increase in average clotting time, and reduction in the serum protein levels were evident. The virus could be re-isolated from the skin during the viremic period. The persistence of viral RNA in the gastrointestinal tract and lymph nodes was seen up to 53 and 81 days respectively. Neuro-invasion was observed only in moribund macaques. Re-challenge with the virus after 21 days of initial inoculation in a monkey did not result in virus shedding or immune response boosting.
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Phylogeography of Kyasanur Forest Disease virus in India (1957-2017) reveals evolution and spread in the Western Ghats region.
Scientific reports, 2020Co-Authors: Pragya D. Yadav, Devendra T. Mourya, Savita Patil, Santoshkumar M. Jadhav, Dimpal A. Nyayanit, Vimal Kumar, Shilpi Jain, Jagadish Sampath, Sarah S. CherianAbstract:The Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) has become a major public health problem in the State of Karnataka, India where the Disease was first identified and in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Goa covering the Western Ghats region of India. The incidence of positive cases and distribution of the Kyasanur Forest Disease virus (KFDV) in different geographical regions raises the need to understand the evolution and spatiotemporal transmission dynamics. Phylogeography analysis based on 48 whole genomes (46 from this study) and additionally 28 E-gene sequences of KFDV isolated from different regions spanning the period 1957–2017 was thus undertaken. The mean evolutionary rates based the E-gene was marginally higher than that based on the whole genomes. A subgroup of KFDV strains (2006–2017) differing from the early Karnataka strains (1957–1972) by ~2.76% in their whole genomes and representing spread to different geographical areas diverged around 1980. Dispersal from Karnataka to Goa and Maharashtra was indicated. Maharashtra represented a new source for transmission of KFDV since ~2013. Significant evidence of adaptive evolution at site 123 A/T located in the vicinity of the envelope protein dimer interface may have functional implications. The findings indicate the need to curtail the spread of KFDV by surveillance measures and improved vaccination strategies.
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Phylogeography of Kyasanur Forest Disease virus in India (1957–2017) reveals evolution and spread in the Western Ghats region
Scientific Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Pragya D. Yadav, Devendra T. Mourya, Savita Patil, Santoshkumar M. Jadhav, Dimpal A. Nyayanit, Vimal Kumar, Shilpi Jain, Jagadish Sampath, Sarah S. CherianAbstract:The Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) has become a major public health problem in the State of Karnataka, India where the Disease was first identified and in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Goa covering the Western Ghats region of India. The incidence of positive cases and distribution of the Kyasanur Forest Disease virus (KFDV) in different geographical regions raises the need to understand the evolution and spatiotemporal transmission dynamics. Phylogeography analysis based on 48 whole genomes (46 from this study) and additionally 28 E-gene sequences of KFDV isolated from different regions spanning the period 1957–2017 was thus undertaken. The mean evolutionary rates based the E-gene was marginally higher than that based on the whole genomes. A subgroup of KFDV strains (2006–2017) differing from the early Karnataka strains (1957–1972) by ~2.76% in their whole genomes and representing spread to different geographical areas diverged around 1980. Dispersal from Karnataka to Goa and Maharashtra was indicated. Maharashtra represented a new source for transmission of KFDV since ~2013. Significant evidence of adaptive evolution at site 123 A/T located in the vicinity of the envelope protein dimer interface may have functional implications. The findings indicate the need to curtail the spread of KFDV by surveillance measures and improved vaccination strategies.
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Distribution and prevalence of ticks on livestock population in endemic area of Kyasanur Forest Disease in Western Ghats of Kerala, South India
Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2019Co-Authors: R Balasubramanian, Pragya D. Yadav, S. Sahina, V. Arathy NadhAbstract:Tick borne zoonotic Diseases are one of the major emerging threats to live stock and public health in India, especially in Western Ghats of south India. Since livestock and wild animals share habitats and grasslands, it is important to know the species composition of major tick parasitism on live stock as well as their geographical distribution for effective control of tick and tick borne Diseases. This study provides basic knowledge that is necessary to initiate Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) prevention programs in these areas. Ticks were sampled from Wayanad districts of Kerala from domestic animals and identified morphologically. A total of 195 cattle searched, in which 168 (86.15%) cattle were infested with ticks and a total of 3633 ticks comprising three genera and seven species were collected, Rhipicephalus microplus (52.71%) was prevalent species followed by Haemaphysalis bispinosa (16.9%), Rhipicephalus decoloratus (15.77%), Haemaphysalis turturis (11.42%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (1.32%), Amblyomma integrum (1.15%) and Haemaphysalis spinigera (0.71%) were identified based on their morphological characters. As R. microplus was the prevalent species, the risk of transmission of babesiosis and anaplasmosis to cattle increases and the presence of Haemaphysalis sp. point out the risk of KFD in among the tribal colony people and it can be reduced by applying with acaricides on domestic animals.
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kinetics of viral rna immunoglobulin m g antibodies in Kyasanur Forest Disease
Indian Journal of Medical Research, 2019Co-Authors: Pragya D. Yadav, Anita M. Shete, Dimpal A. Nyayanit, Yogesh K. Gurav, Rajlaxmi Jain, Prachi G. Pardeshi, Rajlakshmi Viswanathan, Tushar R Chiplunkar, Pradip Awate, Triparna P MajumdarAbstract:Background & objectives: Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is an infectious Disease discovered in Karnataka State of India in 1957; since then, the State has been known to be enzootic for KFD. In the last few years, its presence was observed in the adjoining five States of the Western Ghats of India. The present study was conducted to understand the kinetics of viral RNA, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibody in KFD-infected humans for developing a diagnostic algorithm for KFD. Methods: A prospective follow up study was performed among KFD patients in Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra State, India. A total of 1046 suspected patients were tested, and 72 KFD patients were enrolled and followed for 17 months (January 2016 to May 2017). Serum samples of KFD patients were screened for viral RNA, and IgM and IgG antibodies. Results: KFD viral positivity was observed from 1st to 18th post-onset day (POD). Positivity of anti-KFD virus (KFDV) IgM antibodies was detected from 4th till 122nd POD and anti-KFDV IgG antibodies detected from 5th till 474th POD. A prediction probability was determined from statistical analysis using the generalized additive model in R-software to support the laboratory findings regarding viral kinetics. Interpretation & conclusions: This study demonstrated the presence of KFD viral RNA till 18th POD, IgM antibodies till 122nd POD and IgG till the last sample collected. Based on our study an algorithm was recommended for accurate laboratory diagnosis of KFDV infection. A sample collected between 1 and 3 POD can be tested using KFDV real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); between 4 and 24 POD, the combination of real-time RT-PCR and anti-KFDV IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests can be used; between POD 25 and 132, anti-KFDV IgM and IgG ELISA are recommended.
Devendra T. Mourya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Phylogeography of Kyasanur Forest Disease virus in India (1957-2017) reveals evolution and spread in the Western Ghats region.
Scientific reports, 2020Co-Authors: Pragya D. Yadav, Devendra T. Mourya, Savita Patil, Santoshkumar M. Jadhav, Dimpal A. Nyayanit, Vimal Kumar, Shilpi Jain, Jagadish Sampath, Sarah S. CherianAbstract:The Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) has become a major public health problem in the State of Karnataka, India where the Disease was first identified and in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Goa covering the Western Ghats region of India. The incidence of positive cases and distribution of the Kyasanur Forest Disease virus (KFDV) in different geographical regions raises the need to understand the evolution and spatiotemporal transmission dynamics. Phylogeography analysis based on 48 whole genomes (46 from this study) and additionally 28 E-gene sequences of KFDV isolated from different regions spanning the period 1957–2017 was thus undertaken. The mean evolutionary rates based the E-gene was marginally higher than that based on the whole genomes. A subgroup of KFDV strains (2006–2017) differing from the early Karnataka strains (1957–1972) by ~2.76% in their whole genomes and representing spread to different geographical areas diverged around 1980. Dispersal from Karnataka to Goa and Maharashtra was indicated. Maharashtra represented a new source for transmission of KFDV since ~2013. Significant evidence of adaptive evolution at site 123 A/T located in the vicinity of the envelope protein dimer interface may have functional implications. The findings indicate the need to curtail the spread of KFDV by surveillance measures and improved vaccination strategies.
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Phylogeography of Kyasanur Forest Disease virus in India (1957–2017) reveals evolution and spread in the Western Ghats region
Scientific Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Pragya D. Yadav, Devendra T. Mourya, Savita Patil, Santoshkumar M. Jadhav, Dimpal A. Nyayanit, Vimal Kumar, Shilpi Jain, Jagadish Sampath, Sarah S. CherianAbstract:The Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) has become a major public health problem in the State of Karnataka, India where the Disease was first identified and in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Goa covering the Western Ghats region of India. The incidence of positive cases and distribution of the Kyasanur Forest Disease virus (KFDV) in different geographical regions raises the need to understand the evolution and spatiotemporal transmission dynamics. Phylogeography analysis based on 48 whole genomes (46 from this study) and additionally 28 E-gene sequences of KFDV isolated from different regions spanning the period 1957–2017 was thus undertaken. The mean evolutionary rates based the E-gene was marginally higher than that based on the whole genomes. A subgroup of KFDV strains (2006–2017) differing from the early Karnataka strains (1957–1972) by ~2.76% in their whole genomes and representing spread to different geographical areas diverged around 1980. Dispersal from Karnataka to Goa and Maharashtra was indicated. Maharashtra represented a new source for transmission of KFDV since ~2013. Significant evidence of adaptive evolution at site 123 A/T located in the vicinity of the envelope protein dimer interface may have functional implications. The findings indicate the need to curtail the spread of KFDV by surveillance measures and improved vaccination strategies.
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Assessment of NS1 protein as an early diagnostic marker for Kyasanur Forest Disease virus
Journal of vector borne diseases, 2019Co-Authors: Pragya D. Yadav, Gouri Chaubal, Sarita Jena, Pratip Shil, Devendra T. MouryaAbstract:Background & objectives: Due to the emergence of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) virus to new regions in India, there is an urgent need to develop an early diagnostic system, which is cost-effective and can be efficiently used with minimum paraphernalia. The non-structural-1 (NS1) protein is known to be an early diagnostic marker for flaviviruses. Furthermore, NS1 antigen capture ELISA kits developed using bacterially expressed dengue NS1 protein are commercially available. Methods: Based on the data available on dengue virus, West Nile virus and other flaviviruses, bacterially expressed Kyasanur Forest Disease virus (KFDV) NS1 protein and polyclonal serum raised against the NS1 protein in mice and rabbit were used to develop an antigen capture ELISA for early diagnosis of the virus. The feasibility of this ELISA was further tested using in silico predictions. Results: KFDV NS1 gene was cloned, expressed and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. An antigen detection ELISA was standardized and sensitivity and specificity was tested with other flaviviruses. KFDV acute phase 43 samples were tested and only two were found to be positive for KFDV NS1 antigen. Superimposition of KFDV NS1 and TBEV NS1 revealed a root mean square distance (RMSD) of ~0.79 A covering 1220 backbone atoms. This implies that the structures are very similar in terms of 3D fold. The identity of amino acid composition between these proteins was 73.4% and similarity was 92.9%, as revealed from the pairwise comparison. Interpretation & conclusion: The study points out that the half-life, expression and secretion levels of KFDV NS1 protein are not sufficient enough for its use as early diagnostic marker. The protein may have to be expressed in eukaryotic host to counter the lack of glycosylation in bacterial plasmid based expression of proteins. Hence, bacterially expressed KFDV NS1 protein may not be an ideal early diagnostic marker for the virus.
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clinical epidemiological significance of Kyasanur Forest Disease
Indian Journal of Medical Research, 2018Co-Authors: Ashok Munivenkatappa, Pragya D. Yadav, Rima Rakesh Sahay, Rajalakshmi Viswanathan, Devendra T. MouryaAbstract:Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a known viral haemorrhagic fever in India, for the last 60 years. However, in recent years, the change in epidemiological profile of the Disease has suggested that it is now time to consider KFD as an emerging tropical Disease in India. The preference should be to educate not only the villagers where it is being reported or detected but also to public health experts, veterinarians, Forest officials and medical professionals to pay attention while seeing a patient overlapping with endemic Diseases such as Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, dengue, chikungunya, malaria and tuberculosis. Although the existence of KFD is known for a long time, updated understanding of its clinical profile in humans is still limited. This article describes in detail the clinical presentation of KFD reported till date. It also highlights geographical distribution of the Disease, risk factors for virus transmission, biochemical/haematological findings and control measures. There is an urgent need for research on KFD, particularly for understanding biphasic nature of illness, development of cost-effective diagnostic tools, utility of non-invasive samples for diagnosis and development of new vaccines.
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Bioinformatics characterization of envelope glycoprotein from Kyasanur Forest Disease virus
The Indian journal of medical research, 2018Co-Authors: Pratip Shil, Pragya D. Yadav, Avinash A. Patil, R Balasubramanian, Devendra T. MouryaAbstract:Background & objectives: Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a febrile illness characterized by haemorrhages and caused by KFD virus (KFDV), which belongs to the Flaviviridae family. It is reported to be an endemic Disease in Shimoga district of Karnataka State, India, especially in Forested and adjoining areas. Several outbreaks have been reported in newer areas, which raised queries regarding the changing nature of structural proteins if any. The objective of the study was to investigate amino acid composition and antigenic variability if any, among the envelope glycoprotein (E-proteins) from old and new strains of KFDV. Methods: Bioinformatic tools and techniques were used to predict B-cell epitopes and three-dimensional structures and to compare envelope glycoprotein (E-proteins) between the old strains of KFDV and those from emerging outbreaks till 2015. Results: The strain from recent outbreak in Thirthahalli, Karnataka State (2014), was similar to the older strain of KFDV (99.2%). Although mutations existed in strains from 2015 in Kerala KFD sequences, these did not alter the epitopes. Interpretation & conclusions: The study revealed that though mutations existed, there were no drastic changes in the structure or antigenicity of the E-proteins from recent outbreaks. Hence, no correlation could be established between the mutations and detection in new geographical areas. It seems that KFDV must be present earlier also in many States and due to availability of testing system and alertness coming into notice now.
Manoj V. Murhekar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Coverage and Effectiveness of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Vaccine in Karnataka, South India, 2005–10
2016Co-Authors: Manoj V. Murhekar, Vijay K. S, Shivani K. Kiran, Sanjay MehendaleAbstract:Background: Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), a tick-borne viral Disease with hemorrhagic manifestations, is localised in five districts of Karnataka state, India. Annual rounds of vaccination using formalin inactivated tissue-culture vaccine have been conducted in the region since 1990. Two doses of vaccine are administered to individuals aged 7–65 years at an interval of one month followed by periodic boosters after 6–9 months. In spite of high effectiveness of the vaccine reported in earlier studies, KFD cases among vaccinated individuals have been recently reported. We analysed KFD vaccination and case surveillance data from 2005 to 2010. Methodology/Principal Findings: We calculated KFD incidence among vaccinated and unvaccinated populations and computed the relative risk and vaccine effectiveness. During 2005–2010, a total of 343,256 individuals were eligible for KFD vaccination (details of vaccination for 2008 were not available). Of these, 52 % did not receive any vaccine while 36 % had received two doses and a booster. Of the 168 laboratory-confirmed KFD cases reported during this 5-year period, 134 (80%) were unvaccinated, nine each had received one and two doses respectively while 16 had received a booster during the pre-transmission season. The relative risks of Disease following one, two and booster doses of vaccine were 1.06 (95 % CI = 0.54– 2.1), 0.38 (95 % CI = 0.19–0.74) and 0.17 (95 % CI = 0.10–0.29) respectively. The effectiveness of the vaccine was 62.4 % (95% CI = 26.1–80.8) among those who received two doses and 82.9 % (95 % CI = 71.3–89.8) for those who received two dose
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On the transmission pattern of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) in India
Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 2015Co-Authors: Manoj V. Murhekar, Pragya D. Yadav, Gudadappa S. Kasabi, Sanjay Mehendale, Devendra T. Mourya, Babasaheb V. TandaleAbstract:Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever, is endemic in five districts of Karnataka state, India. Recent reports of the spread of Disease to neighboring districts of the Western Ghats, namely Chamarajanagar district in Karnataka, Nilgiri district in Tamil Nadu, Wayanad and Malappuram districts in Kerala, and Pali village in Goa are a cause for concern. Besides vaccination of the affected population, establishing an event-based surveillance system for monkey deaths in the national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserve Forests of the Western Ghats would help detect the Disease early and thereby help implement appropriate control measures.
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Kyasanur Forest Disease outbreak and vaccination strategy,Shimoga District, India, 2013-2014.
Emerging infectious diseases, 2015Co-Authors: S.k. Kiran, Gudadappa S. Kasabi, Sanjay Mehendale, Achhelal Pasi, Satish Kumar, Prabhakara Gujjarappa, Aakash Shrivastava, L. S. Chauhan, Kayla F. Laserson, Manoj V. MurhekarAbstract:We investigated a Kyasanur Forest Disease outbreak in Karnataka, India during December 2013–April 2014. Surveillance and retrospective study indicated low vaccine coverage, low vaccine effectiveness, and spread of Disease to areas beyond those selected for vaccination and to age groups not targeted for vaccination. To control Disease, vaccination strategies need to be reviewed.
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Kyasanur Forest Disease Outbreak and Vaccination Strategy, Shimoga District, India, 2013–2014
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015Co-Authors: S.k. Kiran, Gudadappa S. Kasabi, Sanjay Mehendale, Achhelal Pasi, Satish Kumar, Prabhakara Gujjarappa, Aakash Shrivastava, L. S. Chauhan, Kayla F. Laserson, Manoj V. MurhekarAbstract:We investigated a Kyasanur Forest Disease outbreak in Karnataka, India during December 2013–April 2014. Surveillance and retrospective study indicated low vaccine coverage, low vaccine effectiveness, and spread of Disease to areas beyond those selected for vaccination and to age groups not targeted for vaccination. To control Disease, vaccination strategies need to be reviewed
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DISPATCHES
2014Co-Authors: Kyasanur Forest, Pragya D. Yadav, Akhilesh C. Mishra, Manoj V. Murhekar, S.k. Kiran, R. Raghun, Devendra Tarach, Sanjay MehendaleAbstract:To determine the cause of the recent upsurge in Kyasanur Forest Disease, we investigated the outbreak that occurred during December 2011–March 2012 in India. Male patients>14 years of age were most commonly affected. Although vaccination is the key strategy for preventing Disease, vaccine for boosters was unavailable during 2011, which might be a reason for the increased cases. Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), a tick-borne viral Disease, was first recognized in 1957 in Shimoga District, India, when an outbreak in monkeys in Kyasanur Forest was followed by an outbreak of hemorrhagic febrile illness in humans (1). KFD is unique to 5 districts (Shimoga, Chikkamagalore, Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, and Udupi) of Karnataka State and occurs as seasonal outbreaks during January–June (2–4). Since 1990, vaccination campaigns using formalininactivated tissue-culture vaccine have been conducted in the districts to which KFD is endemic (Directorate o
Gudadappa S. Kasabi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Predicting Disease risk areas through co-production of spatial models: The example of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India's Forest landscapes.
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2020Co-Authors: Bethan V. Purse, Gudadappa S. Kasabi, Narayanaswamy Darshan, Abhishek Samrat, Charles George, Abi Tamim Vanak, Meera Anna Oommen, Mujeeb Rahman, Sarah J. Burthe, Juliette C. YoungAbstract:Zoonotic Diseases affect resource-poor tropical communities disproportionately, and are linked to human use and modification of ecosystems. Disentangling the socio-ecological mechanisms by which ecosystem change precipitates impacts of pathogens is critical for predicting Disease risk and designing effective intervention strategies. Despite the global "One Health" initiative, predictive models for tropical zoonotic Diseases often focus on narrow ranges of risk factors and are rarely scaled to intervention programs and ecosystem use. This study uses a participatory, co-production approach to address this disconnect between science, policy and implementation, by developing more informative Disease models for a fatal tick-borne viral haemorrhagic Disease, Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), that is spreading across degraded Forest ecosystems in India. We integrated knowledge across disciplines to identify key risk factors and needs with actors and beneficiaries across the relevant policy sectors, to understand Disease patterns and develop decision support tools. Human case locations (2014-2018) and spatial machine learning quantified the relative role of risk factors, including Forest cover and loss, host densities and public health access, in driving landscape-scale Disease patterns in a long-affected district (Shivamogga, Karnataka State). Models combining Forest metrics, livestock densities and elevation accurately predicted spatial patterns in human KFD cases (2014-2018). Consistent with suggestions that KFD is an "ecotonal" Disease, landscapes at higher risk for human KFD contained diverse Forest-plantation mosaics with high coverage of moist evergreen Forest and plantation, high indigenous cattle density, and low coverage of dry deciduous Forest. Models predicted new hotspots of outbreaks in 2019, indicating their value for spatial targeting of intervention. Co-production was vital for: gathering outbreak data that reflected locations of exposure in the landscape; better understanding contextual socio-ecological risk factors; and tailoring the spatial grain and outputs to the scale of Forest use, and public health interventions. We argue this inter-disciplinary approach to risk prediction is applicable across zoonotic Diseases in tropical settings.
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On the transmission pattern of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) in India
Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 2015Co-Authors: Manoj V. Murhekar, Pragya D. Yadav, Gudadappa S. Kasabi, Sanjay Mehendale, Devendra T. Mourya, Babasaheb V. TandaleAbstract:Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever, is endemic in five districts of Karnataka state, India. Recent reports of the spread of Disease to neighboring districts of the Western Ghats, namely Chamarajanagar district in Karnataka, Nilgiri district in Tamil Nadu, Wayanad and Malappuram districts in Kerala, and Pali village in Goa are a cause for concern. Besides vaccination of the affected population, establishing an event-based surveillance system for monkey deaths in the national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserve Forests of the Western Ghats would help detect the Disease early and thereby help implement appropriate control measures.
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Kyasanur Forest Disease outbreak and vaccination strategy,Shimoga District, India, 2013-2014.
Emerging infectious diseases, 2015Co-Authors: S.k. Kiran, Gudadappa S. Kasabi, Sanjay Mehendale, Achhelal Pasi, Satish Kumar, Prabhakara Gujjarappa, Aakash Shrivastava, L. S. Chauhan, Kayla F. Laserson, Manoj V. MurhekarAbstract:We investigated a Kyasanur Forest Disease outbreak in Karnataka, India during December 2013–April 2014. Surveillance and retrospective study indicated low vaccine coverage, low vaccine effectiveness, and spread of Disease to areas beyond those selected for vaccination and to age groups not targeted for vaccination. To control Disease, vaccination strategies need to be reviewed.
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Kyasanur Forest Disease Outbreak and Vaccination Strategy, Shimoga District, India, 2013–2014
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015Co-Authors: S.k. Kiran, Gudadappa S. Kasabi, Sanjay Mehendale, Achhelal Pasi, Satish Kumar, Prabhakara Gujjarappa, Aakash Shrivastava, L. S. Chauhan, Kayla F. Laserson, Manoj V. MurhekarAbstract:We investigated a Kyasanur Forest Disease outbreak in Karnataka, India during December 2013–April 2014. Surveillance and retrospective study indicated low vaccine coverage, low vaccine effectiveness, and spread of Disease to areas beyond those selected for vaccination and to age groups not targeted for vaccination. To control Disease, vaccination strategies need to be reviewed
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Coverage and Effectiveness of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Vaccine in Karnataka, South India, 2005–10
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2013Co-Authors: Gudadappa S. Kasabi, Manoj V. Murhekar, S.k. Kiran, Vijay K. Sandhya, Ramappa Raghunandan, Gowdra H. Channabasappa, Sanjay MehendaleAbstract:Background Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), a tick-borne viral Disease with hemorrhagic manifestations, is localised in five districts of Karnataka state, India. Annual rounds of vaccination using formalin inactivated tissue-culture vaccine have been conducted in the region since 1990. Two doses of vaccine are administered to individuals aged 7–65 years at an interval of one month followed by periodic boosters after 6–9 months. In spite of high effectiveness of the vaccine reported in earlier studies, KFD cases among vaccinated individuals have been recently reported. We analysed KFD vaccination and case surveillance data from 2005 to 2010. Methodology/Principal Findings We calculated KFD incidence among vaccinated and unvaccinated populations and computed the relative risk and vaccine effectiveness. During 2005–2010, a total of 343,256 individuals were eligible for KFD vaccination (details of vaccination for 2008 were not available). Of these, 52% did not receive any vaccine while 36% had received two doses and a booster. Of the 168 laboratory-confirmed KFD cases reported during this 5-year period, 134 (80%) were unvaccinated, nine each had received one and two doses respectively while 16 had received a booster during the pre-transmission season. The relative risks of Disease following one, two and booster doses of vaccine were 1.06 (95% CI = 0.54–2.1), 0.38 (95% CI = 0.19–0.74) and 0.17 (95% CI = 0.10–0.29) respectively. The effectiveness of the vaccine was 62.4% (95% CI = 26.1–80.8) among those who received two doses and 82.9% (95% CI = 71.3–89.8) for those who received two doses followed by a booster dose as compared to the unvaccinated individuals. Conclusions Coverage of KFD vaccine in the study area was low. Observed effectiveness of the KFD vaccine was lower as compared to the earlier reports, especially after a single dose administration. Systematic efforts are needed to increase the vaccine coverage and identify the reasons for lower effectiveness of the vaccine in the region.
S.k. Kiran - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Outbreak of Kyasanur Forest Disease in Shivamogga, Karnataka State, India, During 2015
viXra, 2017Co-Authors: Nb Thippeswamy, S.k. KiranAbstract:KFD is a Tick born viral Disease with seasonal outbreak between the months of December to May. The number of cases of Kyasanur Forest Disease was investigated in Karnataka state, India, during January to July 2015. Reported incidences in 2015 were relatively less with 124 suspected and 41 RT-PCR or IgM Elisa positive cases when compared to 400 suspected and 166 positive cases reported in 2014. Majority of suspected KFD cases (124) in 2015 were reported from Shivamogga District, with only few cases reported from remaining endemic districts of KFD and one death was recorded. The number of KFD cases reported every year even after regular vaccination program in its original endemic area. KFD spreads from the zone of first outbreak along the belt of Western Ghats continuously to the newer area. New diagnostic techniques for quick diagnosis and more effective and specific drug to treat KFD patients is the need of the hour in the light of available vaccine which is not so readily accepted by the people in the endemic area. You can submit your Manuscripts at: https://symbiosisonlinepublishing.com/submitManuscript.php
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Kyasanur Forest Disease outbreak and vaccination strategy,Shimoga District, India, 2013-2014.
Emerging infectious diseases, 2015Co-Authors: S.k. Kiran, Gudadappa S. Kasabi, Sanjay Mehendale, Achhelal Pasi, Satish Kumar, Prabhakara Gujjarappa, Aakash Shrivastava, L. S. Chauhan, Kayla F. Laserson, Manoj V. MurhekarAbstract:We investigated a Kyasanur Forest Disease outbreak in Karnataka, India during December 2013–April 2014. Surveillance and retrospective study indicated low vaccine coverage, low vaccine effectiveness, and spread of Disease to areas beyond those selected for vaccination and to age groups not targeted for vaccination. To control Disease, vaccination strategies need to be reviewed.
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Kyasanur Forest Disease Outbreak and Vaccination Strategy, Shimoga District, India, 2013–2014
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015Co-Authors: S.k. Kiran, Gudadappa S. Kasabi, Sanjay Mehendale, Achhelal Pasi, Satish Kumar, Prabhakara Gujjarappa, Aakash Shrivastava, L. S. Chauhan, Kayla F. Laserson, Manoj V. MurhekarAbstract:We investigated a Kyasanur Forest Disease outbreak in Karnataka, India during December 2013–April 2014. Surveillance and retrospective study indicated low vaccine coverage, low vaccine effectiveness, and spread of Disease to areas beyond those selected for vaccination and to age groups not targeted for vaccination. To control Disease, vaccination strategies need to be reviewed
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DISPATCHES
2014Co-Authors: Kyasanur Forest, Pragya D. Yadav, Akhilesh C. Mishra, Manoj V. Murhekar, S.k. Kiran, R. Raghun, Devendra Tarach, Sanjay MehendaleAbstract:To determine the cause of the recent upsurge in Kyasanur Forest Disease, we investigated the outbreak that occurred during December 2011–March 2012 in India. Male patients>14 years of age were most commonly affected. Although vaccination is the key strategy for preventing Disease, vaccine for boosters was unavailable during 2011, which might be a reason for the increased cases. Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), a tick-borne viral Disease, was first recognized in 1957 in Shimoga District, India, when an outbreak in monkeys in Kyasanur Forest was followed by an outbreak of hemorrhagic febrile illness in humans (1). KFD is unique to 5 districts (Shimoga, Chikkamagalore, Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, and Udupi) of Karnataka State and occurs as seasonal outbreaks during January–June (2–4). Since 1990, vaccination campaigns using formalininactivated tissue-culture vaccine have been conducted in the districts to which KFD is endemic (Directorate o
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Coverage and Effectiveness of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Vaccine in Karnataka, South India, 2005–10
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2013Co-Authors: Gudadappa S. Kasabi, Manoj V. Murhekar, S.k. Kiran, Vijay K. Sandhya, Ramappa Raghunandan, Gowdra H. Channabasappa, Sanjay MehendaleAbstract:Background Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), a tick-borne viral Disease with hemorrhagic manifestations, is localised in five districts of Karnataka state, India. Annual rounds of vaccination using formalin inactivated tissue-culture vaccine have been conducted in the region since 1990. Two doses of vaccine are administered to individuals aged 7–65 years at an interval of one month followed by periodic boosters after 6–9 months. In spite of high effectiveness of the vaccine reported in earlier studies, KFD cases among vaccinated individuals have been recently reported. We analysed KFD vaccination and case surveillance data from 2005 to 2010. Methodology/Principal Findings We calculated KFD incidence among vaccinated and unvaccinated populations and computed the relative risk and vaccine effectiveness. During 2005–2010, a total of 343,256 individuals were eligible for KFD vaccination (details of vaccination for 2008 were not available). Of these, 52% did not receive any vaccine while 36% had received two doses and a booster. Of the 168 laboratory-confirmed KFD cases reported during this 5-year period, 134 (80%) were unvaccinated, nine each had received one and two doses respectively while 16 had received a booster during the pre-transmission season. The relative risks of Disease following one, two and booster doses of vaccine were 1.06 (95% CI = 0.54–2.1), 0.38 (95% CI = 0.19–0.74) and 0.17 (95% CI = 0.10–0.29) respectively. The effectiveness of the vaccine was 62.4% (95% CI = 26.1–80.8) among those who received two doses and 82.9% (95% CI = 71.3–89.8) for those who received two doses followed by a booster dose as compared to the unvaccinated individuals. Conclusions Coverage of KFD vaccine in the study area was low. Observed effectiveness of the KFD vaccine was lower as compared to the earlier reports, especially after a single dose administration. Systematic efforts are needed to increase the vaccine coverage and identify the reasons for lower effectiveness of the vaccine in the region.
