The Experts below are selected from a list of 480 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
K A I Nekaris - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the use of ultrasonic communication to maintain social cohesion in the javan slow loris nycticebus javanicus
Folia Primatologica, 2019Co-Authors: Daniel R Geerah, Robert P Ohagan, Wirdateti Wirdateti, K A I NekarisAbstract:: Only a handful of primate taxa use ultrasonic vocalisations (those ≥20 kHz) to communicate. The extent and uses of ultrasonic communication remain poorly understood, potentially ranging from echolocation, advertisement of reproductive status and resource availability, social cohesion, to predator avoidance. Here, using active acoustics whereby the study subjects were observed throughout their activity period, we describe the first purely ultrasonic call from a strepsirrhine primate (family Lorisidae), recorded in a completely wild setting, and hypothesise about its function. We identified one type of ultrasonic call, the doublet click, from 14 Javan slow lorises (Nycticebus javanicus) produced by males and females of juvenile, subadult and adult ages within their social groups (n = 791, mean = 46.0 kHz). We ran quadratic discriminant function analysis, finding dominant frequency and doublet click duration as the key parameters for identifying individuals' sex and age. Significantly more vocalisations were produced during affiliative social behaviour, suggesting that the call serves a social cohesion function. Considering the range of other cryptic behaviours, including slow and silent locomotion, and the high degree of territoriality associated with venomous attacks on conspecifics, the call may also serve as a safety strategy, allowing family members to regulate distance from other slow lorises and to communicate cryptically whilst avoiding predators.
-
taxonomy of the bornean slow loris with new species nycticebus kayan primates Lorisidae
American Journal of Primatology, 2013Co-Authors: Rachel A Munds, K A I Nekaris, Susan M FordAbstract:More species of nocturnal primates are now recognized than in the past, because many are cryptic species. Subtle morphological disparities, such as pelage pattern and color variation, vocal cues, and genetics have aided in elucidating the number of diagnosable species in a genus. The slow lorises (genus Nycticebus) once included only two species, but recent taxonomic studies resulted in the description of three additional species; further incompletely explored variability characterizes each of the currently described species. The Bornean loris in particular is characterized by pelage and body size variation. In this study, we explored facemask variation in the Bornean loris (N. menagensis). Differing facemask patterns, particularly influenced by the amount of white on the face, significantly clustered together by geographic regions, separated by notable geographic boundaries. Our results support the recognition of four species of Bornean lorises: N. menagensis, N. bancanus, N. borneanus, and N. kayan. Genetic studies are required to support these findings and to refine further our understanding of the marked variability within the Bornean loris populations. Am. J. Primatol. 75:46-56, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
-
Using Facial Markings to Unmask Diversity: The Slow Lorises (Primates: Lorisidae: Nycticebus spp.) of Indonesia
Indonesian Primates, 2009Co-Authors: K A I Nekaris, Rachel A MundsAbstract:The slow lorises (Nycticebus) are the only strepsirrhine primates found in Indonesia (Nekaris and Bearder 2007). In addition to features such as a toothcomb and moist nose, these small nocturnal primates were given their name based on their trademark steady, stealthy, and fluid locomotion. Morphologically incapable of leaping (Sellers 1996), slow lorises rather slither through the treetops, and if startled, they may freeze or even cover their face, resulting in one of their many Indonesian names, malu malu or “the shy one” (Supriatna and Wahyono 2000). Alternatively, they can fleetingly but silently escape, resulting in the name buah angin or “wind monkey” in Acehnese (Nekaris and Nijman 2007a). One of two genera of nocturnal primates found in Indonesia (the other being Tarsius), slow lorises are a unique part of Indonesian primate communities, and are widely spread on at least 27 of Indonesia’s islands, including Borneo, Sumatra, and Java (Table 22.1) (Nijman and Nekaris in press). Despite this, studies of Indonesian slow lorises are in their infancy.
-
CITES Proposal Highlights Rarity of Asian Nocturnal Primates (Lorisidae: Nycticebus)
Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology, 2007Co-Authors: K A I Nekaris, Vincent NijmanAbstract:In June 2007 the Asian slow lorises, genus Nycticebus, will be put forward by Cambodia at the 14th Conference of Parties to be transferred from Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to Appendix I. Appendix II allows trade, albeit regulated, whereas Appendix I will preclude all international commercial trade in the genus [CITES, 2007]. At present capture for trade is rampant and unregulated [Schulze and Groves, 2004]. The large volume of trade has led to the conclusion that Nycticebus species are not common enough to withstand the current level of off-take, being the number one protected species encountered during many in-country animal market surveys [Malone et al., 2002; Harris, 2003; Webber and Nekaris, 2004; Shepherd et al., 2005]. In order to qualify for listing in Appendix I of CITES, the CITES listing criteria require that the wild population is small, has a restricted area of distribution or has suffered a marked decline in the population size in the wild. Other than those from the trade, few data have been published from wild populations that can be presented to support the transfer from Appendix II to I. Until recently, slow lorises were considered a single highly polymorphic species, ranging from northern India to China and Vietnam, south to the Malay Peninsula, and into western Indonesia and the southern Philippines [Groves, 1971, 1998]. In Cambodia’s proposal [CITES, 2007], three species are listed, whereas recent and ongoing research shows that slow lorises in fact comprise a minimum of five cryptic species, differing in dentition, morphology, and genetic make-up [Roos, 2003; Brandon-Jones et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2006; Nekaris et al. , 2006]. At an IUCN Red List Primate Specialists Group Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) in Cambodia in September 2006, these five species were individually assessed as Vulnerable or Endangered on the basis of continuing habitat loss alone. The threespecies approach can have a drastic impact on the conservation status of Nycticebus , underestimating threats in terms of habitat loss and the impacts of the trade. Before permitting exports of species listed in Appendix II of CITES, each national government within a species’ range is required to determine that trade is not detrimental to the species’ survival or to the ecosystem in which it occurs – in effect, to confirm that the species has been harvested at a sustainable level [Vonk and Published online: May 8, 2007
-
Survey of the slender loris (Primates, Lorisidae Gray, 1821: Loris tardigradus Linnaeus, 1758 and Loris lydekkerianus Cabrera, 1908) in Sri Lanka
Journal of Zoology, 2004Co-Authors: K A I Nekaris, J. JayewardeneAbstract:In 2001 and 2002, surveys of slender lorises were carried out in Sri Lanka, providing the first recent information on four taxa ( Loris lydekkerianus nordicus , L. l. grandis , L. tardigradus tardigradus , and L. t. nycticeboides ) endemic to the island. Thirty-one sites across five ecological zones were surveyed. Approximately 766 km were covered in 17 areas where no lorises were found; 192 km were walked or motored in 14 sites yielding 185 sightings of Loris : L. l. nordicus ( n =111), L. t. tardigradus ( n =69), L. l. grandis ( n =4), and L. t. nycticeboides ( n =1). Density estimates, based on sightings of animals/km, were: L. t. tardigradus (0.86–13 animals/km) and L. l. nordicus (0.33–50 animals/km). Significantly fewer sightings occurred within protected areas than were made outside of them. Animal densities varied across habitat type with the highest density of lorises occurring in the dry zone in monsoon forests. Presence of Loris is positively associated with insect presence, and negatively associated with primary forest with little undergrowth; taxa differ in their ability to thrive on the edge of human habitations. Human-induced threats include habitat loss, electrocution on live wires, road accidents, the pet trade, and use in traditional medicine. Further behavioural and ecological studies are needed to estimate the habitat requirements for the different taxa of slender loris.
Rachel A Munds - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Using a multi-gene approach to infer the complicated phylogeny and evolutionary history of lorises (Order Primates: Family Lorisidae).
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 2018Co-Authors: Rachel A Munds, Chelsea L. Titus, Lori S. Eggert, Gregory E. BlomquistAbstract:Abstract Extensive phylogenetic studies have found robust phylogenies are modeled by using a multi-gene approach and sampling from the majority of the taxa of interest. Yet, molecular studies focused on the lorises, a cryptic primate family, have often relied on one gene, or just mitochondrial DNA, and many were unable to include all four genera in the analyses, resulting in inconclusive phylogenies. Past phylogenetic loris studies resulted in lorises being monophyletic, paraphyletic, or an unresolvable trichotomy with the closely related galagos. The purpose of our study is to improve our understanding of loris phylogeny and evolutionary history by using a multi-gene approach. We used the mitochondrial genes cytochrome b, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, along with a nuclear intron (recombination activating gene 2) and nuclear exon (the melanocortin 1 receptor). Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on data from each locus, as well as on the concatenated sequences. The robust, concatenated results found lorises to be a monophyletic family (Lorisidae) (PP ≥ 0.99) with two distinct subfamilies: the African Perodictinae (PP ≥ 0.99) and the Asian Lorisinae (PP ≥ 0.99). Additionally, from these analyses all four genera were all recovered as monophyletic (PP ≥ 0.99). Some of our single-gene analyses recovered monophyly, but many had discordances, with some showing paraphyly or a deep-trichotomy. Bayesian partitioned analyses inferred the most recent common ancestors of lorises emerged ∼42 ± 6 million years ago (mya), the Asian Lorisinae separated ∼30 ± 9 mya, and Perodictinae arose ∼26 ± 10 mya. These times fit well with known historical tectonic shifts of the area, as well as with the sparse loris fossil record. Additionally, our results agree with previous multi-gene studies on Lorisidae which found lorises to be monophyletic and arising ∼40 mya ( Perelman et al., 2011 , Pozzi et al., 2014 ). By taking a multi-gene approach, we were able to recover a well-supported, monophyletic loris phylogeny and inferred the evolutionary history of this cryptic family.
-
research article taxonomy of the bornean slow loris with new species nycticebus kayan primates Lorisidae
2013Co-Authors: Rachel A Munds, Susan M FordAbstract:) once included only two species, but recent taxonomic studies resulted in the description ofthree additional species; further incompletely explored variability characterizes each of the currentlydescribed species. The Bornean loris in particular is characterized by pelage and body size variation.Inthisstudy,weexploredfacemaskvariationintheBorneanloris(
-
taxonomy of the bornean slow loris with new species nycticebus kayan primates Lorisidae
American Journal of Primatology, 2013Co-Authors: Rachel A Munds, K A I Nekaris, Susan M FordAbstract:More species of nocturnal primates are now recognized than in the past, because many are cryptic species. Subtle morphological disparities, such as pelage pattern and color variation, vocal cues, and genetics have aided in elucidating the number of diagnosable species in a genus. The slow lorises (genus Nycticebus) once included only two species, but recent taxonomic studies resulted in the description of three additional species; further incompletely explored variability characterizes each of the currently described species. The Bornean loris in particular is characterized by pelage and body size variation. In this study, we explored facemask variation in the Bornean loris (N. menagensis). Differing facemask patterns, particularly influenced by the amount of white on the face, significantly clustered together by geographic regions, separated by notable geographic boundaries. Our results support the recognition of four species of Bornean lorises: N. menagensis, N. bancanus, N. borneanus, and N. kayan. Genetic studies are required to support these findings and to refine further our understanding of the marked variability within the Bornean loris populations. Am. J. Primatol. 75:46-56, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
-
Using Facial Markings to Unmask Diversity: The Slow Lorises (Primates: Lorisidae: Nycticebus spp.) of Indonesia
Indonesian Primates, 2009Co-Authors: K A I Nekaris, Rachel A MundsAbstract:The slow lorises (Nycticebus) are the only strepsirrhine primates found in Indonesia (Nekaris and Bearder 2007). In addition to features such as a toothcomb and moist nose, these small nocturnal primates were given their name based on their trademark steady, stealthy, and fluid locomotion. Morphologically incapable of leaping (Sellers 1996), slow lorises rather slither through the treetops, and if startled, they may freeze or even cover their face, resulting in one of their many Indonesian names, malu malu or “the shy one” (Supriatna and Wahyono 2000). Alternatively, they can fleetingly but silently escape, resulting in the name buah angin or “wind monkey” in Acehnese (Nekaris and Nijman 2007a). One of two genera of nocturnal primates found in Indonesia (the other being Tarsius), slow lorises are a unique part of Indonesian primate communities, and are widely spread on at least 27 of Indonesia’s islands, including Borneo, Sumatra, and Java (Table 22.1) (Nijman and Nekaris in press). Despite this, studies of Indonesian slow lorises are in their infancy.
Annette Zitzmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
fast food for slow lorises is low metabolism related to secondary compounds in high energy plant diet
Journal of Mammalogy, 2006Co-Authors: Frank Wiens, Annette Zitzmann, Nor Azman HusseinAbstract:Abstract The slow loris (Nycticebus coucang; Lorisidae) is a slow-moving, arboreal mammal with a very low metabolism relative to other eutherian species of its body mass. A slow pace of life has been causally linked to a low intake rate of usable energy due to a diet that is generally low in energy, is unpredictably periodically scarce, and contains high amounts of toxins or digestion inhibitors. To assess whether the slow loris faces any of these limitations, we studied its dietary habits in an area of West Malaysia (Manjung District, Perak State) by direct observations of radiocollared individuals and by fecal analysis. The diet was composed of 5 distinct types of food: floral nectar and nectar-producing parts, phloem sap, fruits, gum (another group of plant exudates), and arthropods. The largest proportion of feeding time was spent on phloem sap (34.9%), floral nectar and nectar-producing parts (31.7%), and fruits (22.5%). These foods should provide high amounts of easily digestible sugars, indicating ...
-
social structure of the solitary slow loris nycticebus coucang Lorisidae
Journal of Zoology, 2003Co-Authors: Frank Wiens, Annette ZitzmannAbstract:The social structure and social interactions of the nocturnal slow loris Nycticebus coucang are described from locational as well as observational data on wild animals. Data were collected during 600 h of nocturnal radio-tracking and 400h spent radio-locating sleeping slow lorises during the day. Data are also presented on morphometrics, injuries and ectoparasites, and dispersal. The slow loris is generally described as solitary, but although close-range encounters were rare, animals were observed to form stable social units (‘spatial groups’) characterized by home-range overlap and friendly interactions among members and non-overlap between units. Four spatial groups were observed, each consisting of a single adult female, a single adult male and a varying number of younger individuals. Group composition, together with relatively small testis volume and natal dispersal occurring in both sexes, hints towards a monogamous mating system. One extended family group was formed by the delayed dispersal of a primary pair's offspring. We did not find another often quoted correlate of monogamy – a weak sexual size dimorphism. Friendly interactions among members of a spatial group included allogrooming, following, alternate click-calls, and sleeping in contact. Yet, members did not engage in any co-operative behaviour of the types usually thought to be responsible for group formation in gregarious mammals. One important factor contributing to the sharing of space between slow lorises is probably that chances of successful dispersal are low. However, subtle benefits arising from the presence of conspecifics (allogrooming, transfer of information on food resources) may also be crucial for the formation or maintenance of slow loris spatial groups.
Susan M Ford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
research article taxonomy of the bornean slow loris with new species nycticebus kayan primates Lorisidae
2013Co-Authors: Rachel A Munds, Susan M FordAbstract:) once included only two species, but recent taxonomic studies resulted in the description ofthree additional species; further incompletely explored variability characterizes each of the currentlydescribed species. The Bornean loris in particular is characterized by pelage and body size variation.Inthisstudy,weexploredfacemaskvariationintheBorneanloris(
-
taxonomy of the bornean slow loris with new species nycticebus kayan primates Lorisidae
American Journal of Primatology, 2013Co-Authors: Rachel A Munds, K A I Nekaris, Susan M FordAbstract:More species of nocturnal primates are now recognized than in the past, because many are cryptic species. Subtle morphological disparities, such as pelage pattern and color variation, vocal cues, and genetics have aided in elucidating the number of diagnosable species in a genus. The slow lorises (genus Nycticebus) once included only two species, but recent taxonomic studies resulted in the description of three additional species; further incompletely explored variability characterizes each of the currently described species. The Bornean loris in particular is characterized by pelage and body size variation. In this study, we explored facemask variation in the Bornean loris (N. menagensis). Differing facemask patterns, particularly influenced by the amount of white on the face, significantly clustered together by geographic regions, separated by notable geographic boundaries. Our results support the recognition of four species of Bornean lorises: N. menagensis, N. bancanus, N. borneanus, and N. kayan. Genetic studies are required to support these findings and to refine further our understanding of the marked variability within the Bornean loris populations. Am. J. Primatol. 75:46-56, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
C. Nofre - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Taste Preference in Nonhuman Primates to Compounds Sweet in Mana
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1998Co-Authors: D. Glaser, J. M. Tinti, C. NofreAbstract:: Primates have stimulated more interest than any other group as humans are ranked in this same mammalian order. Gustatory responses of human and nonhuman primates have already been compared for compounds such as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polyols, amino acids, dipeptides, proteins, dihydrochalcones, sulfamates, saccharin, acesulfame, diterpenes or urea derivatives, all known to be sweet in man. But no rational comparison in primates has been attempted. Using a structure-activity relationship study in primates, it is now possible to classify the primate sweetness receptors into four types according to the behavioral responses observed from various selected compounds sweet in humans. The four types are represented by (1) the Callitrichidae and (2) the Cebidae, both from the infraorder Platyrrhini (New World monkeys), (3) the Lemuridae and Lorisidae, from the suborder Prosimii (prosimians), and (4) the Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), Hylobatidae (lesser apes), Pongidae (great apes), and Hominidae (humans) from the infraorder Catarrhini (Old World simians). By a comparative study of the putative receptor recognition sites postulated for each type of receptor, it is inferred that the Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins) have retained the most primitive sweetness receptor among primates. As we believe that the evolution of the sweetness receptor is a key factor involved in the raising of nonhuman primates from a ‘primitive grade’ towards a more ‘advanced’ or ‘simian grade,’ the possible phylogenetic implications of these findings will be discussed.
-
Evolution of the sweetness receptor in primates. II. Gustatory responses of non-human primates to nine compounds known to be sweet in man.
Chemical senses, 1996Co-Authors: C. Nofre, J. M. Tinti, D. GlaserAbstract:The gustatory responses of nine compounds, namely glycine, D-phenylalanine, D-tryptophan, cyanosuosan, magapame, sucrononate, campame, cyclamate and superaspartame, all known as sweet in man, were studied in 41 species or subspecies of non-human primates, selected among Prosimii (Lemuridae and Lorisidae), Platyrrhini (Callitrichidae and Cebidae) and Catarrhini (Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae and Pongidae). The first six compounds are generally sweet to all primates, which implies that they interact with the primate sweetness receptors essentially through constant recognition sites. Campame is sweet only to Cebidae and Catarrhini, cyclamate only to Catarrhini, superaspartame principally to Callitrichidae and Catarrhini, which implies that all these compounds interact with the receptors partly through variable recognition sites. From the present work, from other previous results (where notably it was observed that alitame is sweet to all primates, ampame only to Prosimii and Catarrhini, and aspartame only to Catarrhini), and from the multipoint attachment (MPA) theory of sweetness reception (as elaborated by Nofre and Tinti from a detailed study of structure-activity relationships of various sweeteners in man), it is inferred that the primate sweetness receptors are very likely made up of eight recognition sites, of which the first, second, third, fourth, seventh and eighth are constant, and the fifth and sixth variable. From these results and from the MPA theory, it is also inferred that the recognition sites of the primate sweetness receptors could be: Asp-1 or Glu-1, Lys-2, Asp-3 or Glu-3, Thr-4, X-5, X-6, Thr-7, Ser-8, where the variable recognition sites X-5 and X-6 would be: Ala-5 and Ala-6 for Callitrichidae, Ser-5 and Ala-6 for Cebidae, Ala-5 and Thr-6 for Prosimii, and Thr-5 and Thr-6 for Catarrhini. By using Tupaiidae (tree shrews) as a reference outgroup and by means of other structural and functional molecular considerations, it appears that Callitrichidae have retained the most primitive receptor among the four types of primate receptors. The possible taxonomic and phylogenetic implications of these findings are discussed.
-
Evolution of the sweetness receptor in primates. II. Gustatory responses of non-human primates to nine compounds known to be sweet in man. Chem. Senses 21:747–762
1996Co-Authors: C. Nofre, J. M. Tinti, D. GlaserAbstract:The gustatory responses of nine compounds, namely glycine, D-phenylalanine, r>tryptophan, cyanosuosan, magapame, sucrononate, campame, cyclamate and superaspartame, all known as sweet in man, were studied in 41 species or subspecies of non-human primates, selected among Prosimii (Lemuridae and Lorisidae), Platyrrhini (Callitrichidae and Cebidae) and Catarrhini (Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae and Pongidae). The first six compounds are generally sweet to all primates, which implies that they interact with the primate sweetness receptors essentially through constant recognition sites. Campame is sweet only to Cebidae and Catarrhini, cyclamate only to Catarrhini, superaspartame principally to Callitrichidae and Catarrhini, which implies that all these compounds interact with the receptors partly through variable recognition sites. From the present work, from other previous results (where notably it was observed that alitame is sweet to all primates, ampame only to Prosimii and Catarrhini, and aspartame only to Catarrhini), and from the multipoint attachment (MPA) theory of sweetness reception (as elaborated by Nofre and Tinti from a detailed study of structure-activity relationships of various sweeteners in man), it is inferred that the primate sweetness receptors are very likely made up of eight recognition sites, of which the first, second, third
