The Experts below are selected from a list of 34416 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Hiroki Tanikawa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Understanding and Managing Vacant Houses in Support of a Material Stock-Type Society—The Case of Kitakyushu, Japan
    Sustainability, 2020
    Co-Authors: Wendy Wuyts, Raphael Sedlitzky, Masato Morita, Hiroki Tanikawa
    Abstract:

    From a sustainable Material management perspective, vacant houses represent Material Stock and still have potential in the circular economy. This article addresses two aspects of understanding and managing vacant houses: the difficulty of understanding their spatial and temporal patterns and the management of the social costs behind the phenomenon of vacant houses. These aspects are approached by combining a 4D GIS analysis with expert interviews and additional qualitative tools to assess the spatial and temporal dimension of vacant houses. Furthermore, this manuscript presents a tool to estimate the obsolete dwelling Material Stock distribution within a city. The case of the city of Kitakyushu demonstrates the relationship that exists between the historical trajectories of housing norms and standards, such as comfort, cleanliness, safety, and convenience, and the dynamics of the built Material Stock and demography for three selected neighbourhoods. The results show that the more locked-in a district is in terms of “obsolete norms and codes”, the more likely it is that the obsolete Stock is dead, and consequently, urban mining should be considered. The article concludes that a revisiting of the norms and standards of convenience and other domains is one of the prerequisites of the transition toward a circular built environment and the prevention of obsolete Stock accumulation.

  • Spatially explicit Material Stock analysis of buildings in Eastern China metropoles
    Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2019
    Co-Authors: Jing Guo, Alessio Miatto, Feng Shi, Hiroki Tanikawa
    Abstract:

    Abstract China is experiencing a period of rapid urbanization and fervent construction activities, which are responsible for the accumulation of large amount of Material Stocks (MS). Fundamental in every society, buildings not only shape Material flows before and during construction, but also during maintenance and demolition, inducing the extraction of resources and the production of construction waste. It is thus imperative to understand the amount, composition, and location of current building MS as a first step to design appropriate management strategies for an environmentally sustainable society. This research uses the latest GIS dataset of buildings in 14 representative Eastern China metropoles to quantify the current status of building MS by employing a bottom-up method. The selection of the study areas relies on the law of the primate city, which permits to quickly target the most important urban areas of a region. We review and discuss existing Material intensity (MI) coefficients for Chinese buildings, and produce a new set of MIs manipulating those available in the literature. We then calculate the total MS, MS density, and per capita MS for each city. Results find that in 14 cities 7.9 Gt of building Materials are currently stored in a total area of 3790 km2, resulting on an average density of 2.1 Mt/km2. The per capita building MS results being 283 t/cap, and this value correlates with a growth of the per capita GDP. We conclude the research with a hotspot analysis of the spatial distribution of the MS, identifying the MS clusters.

  • A spatial analysis of Material Stock accumulation and demolition waste potential of buildings: A case study of Padua
    Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2019
    Co-Authors: Alessio Miatto, Heinz Schandl, Luigi Forlin, Fabio Ronzani, Paolo Borin, Andrea Giordano, Hiroki Tanikawa
    Abstract:

    Abstract This research employed a spatially explicit analysis to calculate the total Material Stock and demolition waste flows for Padua, a medium sized Italian city, for the period 1902–2007. The analysis of maps and aerial photographs allowed for the calculation of building lifespan, which grew until the second half of the twentieth century, but had a sharp decline during the 1990’s caused by a wave of urban renewal triggered by policies to improve the energy efficiency and remove asbestos from buildings. A detailed investigation of historical construction technologies allowed for the creation of a Material inventory database by building typology and construction period, which was then used to calculate the total Stock of buildings of Padua. Our results show that the historical city centre remained practically unaltered over the past century, and that most of the expansion happened at the city periphery. From 1902 to 2007 the Stock of building Materials grew from 134 to 209 tonnes per capita, and is expected to further increase to 222 tonnes per capita by 2030. We also implemented a model to estimate the waste potential from demolition activities using the total Stock and expected lifespan as input parameters. We estimate that waste flows accounted for 985 kg per capita in 2007 and are expected to raise to 1.9 tonnes per capita in 2030. These results are informative for urban planners, especially those involved in fast urbanising regions (e.g. China, India), who can use these results as a benchmark of future Stocks and waste flows.

  • Weight of Cities—Material Stock and Flow Analysis Based on Spatial Database over Time
    Towards the Implementation of the New Urban Agenda, 2017
    Co-Authors: Hiroki Tanikawa
    Abstract:

    To establish a “true” sustainable society, we need to measure not only GHG emission but all anthropogenic disturbance. The physical weight of industrial life is reflected in buildings, roads, cars, furniture and other durable Materials which provide services we need. Reducing accumulated weight and improving efficiency by weight are vital in achieving a more sustainable society. Multi-scale Material Stock Analysis with regard to heavy anthropogenic disturbance, on national, regional and city scales, is an essential to de-carbonization and de-Materialization of our society. Material Stock Analysis of urban infrastructures and buildings is not only focusing on its Stocked weight but on its in-flow and out-flow which includes hidden Material flows. As to in-flow of construction Materials, anthropogenic disturbance by extracting sand, gravel and limestone should be considered due to huge flow of Materials. As to out-flow, recyclability and cascade use of demolition Material should be taken into considerations. Furthermore, for Stocked Material as a fundamental service provider, we need to consider Stock/flow productivity and Material saturation—how much Material we need—with change of population, development of society. This study shows the scheme of Material Stock Analysis and its possibilities with case study of Japan by using statistic and 4d-GIS database. This database provides the Material Stock of building and infrastructure classified by region, Materials and construction types. Furthermore, using this database, the relationship of Material Stock and economic growth and its disparity was analyzed. 4d-GIS database are established for several cities in Japan, U.K., and China. One of the results of this study showed about 21.8 billion tons, and that Material Stock growth contributes to improved productivity.

  • How important are realistic building lifespan assumptions for Material Stock and demolition waste accounts
    Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2017
    Co-Authors: Alessio Miatto, Heinz Schandl, Hiroki Tanikawa
    Abstract:

    Abstract Accurate assessments of construction Materials Stocked in the built environment have received increased attention in the Industrial Ecology literature over the past few years. Many recent models that estimate building Material inflows, Stock accumulation and end-of-life waste, however, rely on simplistic assumptions about the lifespan of built infrastructure. While several probability distributions have been proposed (normal, Weibull, log-normal, and so on) there is no agreement on which model is best suited for modelling the accumulation of building Material Stock at urban and national levels. In this study we introduce an analysis of the hazard rate of buildings and discuss alternative distribution functions to model lifespan, testing the fit of five commonly used distributions to real data from the cities of Nagoya (Japan), Wakayama (Japan), and Salford (UK). The results highlight how cities with fast replacement rates are overall best modelled by right-skewed distributions, but single cohort levels express independent behaviours based on their characteristics. We investigate the sensitivity of a top-down Stock accumulation model to the choice of different distributions and input parameters uncertainties. The results show that different lifespan distribution functions result in very similar overall Stock accumulation at the national level, but have large impacts on calculated demolition waste flows. Differences are more pronounced for cities and the choice of a certain distribution will significantly affect the calculation of the average lifetime. Our results suggest that top-down national Material Stock accounts have high reliability, and are only weakly affected by the choice of one distribution over another. For cities, it is beneficial to use a distribution based on the characteristics of the buildings analysed, with regard to density and building characteristics. Stock accumulation research would profit from future bottom-up research into building lifespans to validate top-down estimation procedures.

Johann Fellner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Material Stock development of the transport sector in the city of Vienna
    Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Andreas Gassner, Jakob Lederer, Johann Fellner
    Abstract:

    Societies aim to reduce primary raw Material consumption, enhance waste recycling, and reduce waste disposal. In this regard, the circular‐economy concept has gained attention and is applied in policy papers, also on the urban level. However, to assess set targets and their achievement, a sound knowledge of anthropogenic Material flows and Stocks is required. The Material turnover of transport systems has not been sufficiently investigated yet, although they have a significant impact on overall Material turnover and have a high potential for making use of recycled construction Materials. To close this gap, the present study investigates the anthropogenic Stocks and flows related to an urban transport system, whereby both infrastructure and vehicles are included. A bottom‐up, multiyear Material‐flow analysis was employed to calculate the Material Stock and the related input and output flows of Vienna's transport system for the period 1990–2015. The results indicate the increasing importance of more environmentally friendly modes of transport. The Stock of motorized individual transport has increased in absolute terms since 1990, but the Stock per capita remains unchanged at 34 t/cap, whereas the per capita Stock of public transport (20 t/cap; +8%) and of non‐motorized individual transport (4 t/cap; +10%) has increased. However, the primary source of Material consumption (>65%) is maintenance of infrastructure. This provides a potential for more circularity because outputs and inputs are equal in terms of mass and Material. The study provides a systematic analysis for developing policy and management options for sustainable resource‐saving urban transport systems.

  • Material Flows and Stocks in the Urban Building Sector: A Case Study from Vienna for the Years 1990–2015
    Sustainability, 2019
    Co-Authors: Jakob Lederer, Andreas Gassner, Florian Keringer, Ursula Mollay, Christoph Schremmer, Johann Fellner
    Abstract:

    Population growth in cities leads to high raw Material consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In temperate climates were heating of buildings is among the major contributors to greenhouse gases, thermal insulation of buildings became a standard in recent years. Both population growth and greenhouse gas mitigation may thus have some influence on the quantity and composition of building Material Stock in cities. By using the case study of Vienna, this influence is evaluated by calculating the Stock of major building Materials (concrete, bricks, mortar, and plaster, steel, wood, glass, mineral wool, and polystyrene) between the years 1990 and 2015. The results show a growth of the Material Stock from 274 kt in the year 1990 to 345 kt in the year 2015, resulting in a total increase of 26%. During the same period, the population grew by 22%. On a Material level, the increase of thermal insulation Materials like polystyrene and mineral wool by factors of 6.5 and 2.5 respectively were much higher than for other Materials, indicating energy efficiency and greenhouse gas mitigation in the building construction sector. The displacement of brickwork by concrete as the most important construction Material, however, is rather a response to population growth as concrete buildings can be raised faster. A question for the future is to which extent this change from brickwork to high carbon-intensive concrete countervails the achievements in greenhouse gas reduction by thermal insulation.

  • gis based analysis of vienna s Material Stock in buildings
    Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Fritz Kleemann, Jakob Lederer, Helmut Rechberger, Johann Fellner
    Abstract:

    Summary The building Stock is not only a huge consumer of resources (for its construction and operation), but also represents a significant source for the future supply of metallic and mineral resources. This article describes how Material Stocks in buildings and their spatial distribution can be analyzed on a city level. In particular, the building structure (buildings differentiated by construction period and utilization) of Vienna is analyzed by joining available geographical information systems (GIS) data from various municipal authorities. Specific Material intensities for different building categories (differentiated by construction period and utilization) are generated based on multiple data sources on the Material composition of different building types and combined with the data on the building structure. Utilizing these methods, the overall Material Stock in buildings in Vienna was calculated to be380 million metric tonnes (t), which equals 210 t per capita (t/cap). The bulk of the Material (>96%) is mineral, whereas organic Materials (wood, plastics, bitumen, and so on) and metals (iron/steel, lead, copper, aluminum, and so on) constitute a very small share, of which wood (4.1 t/cap) and steel (3.2 t/cap) are the major contributors. Besides the overall Material Stock, the spatial distribution of Materials within the municipal area can be assessed. This research forms the basis for a resource cadaster, which provides information about gross volume, construction period, utilization, and Material composition for each building in Vienna.

  • GIS‐based Analysis of Vienna's Material Stock in Buildings
    Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Fritz Kleemann, Jakob Lederer, Helmut Rechberger, Johann Fellner
    Abstract:

    Summary The building Stock is not only a huge consumer of resources (for its construction and operation), but also represents a significant source for the future supply of metallic and mineral resources. This article describes how Material Stocks in buildings and their spatial distribution can be analyzed on a city level. In particular, the building structure (buildings differentiated by construction period and utilization) of Vienna is analyzed by joining available geographical information systems (GIS) data from various municipal authorities. Specific Material intensities for different building categories (differentiated by construction period and utilization) are generated based on multiple data sources on the Material composition of different building types and combined with the data on the building structure. Utilizing these methods, the overall Material Stock in buildings in Vienna was calculated to be380 million metric tonnes (t), which equals 210 t per capita (t/cap). The bulk of the Material (>96%) is mineral, whereas organic Materials (wood, plastics, bitumen, and so on) and metals (iron/steel, lead, copper, aluminum, and so on) constitute a very small share, of which wood (4.1 t/cap) and steel (3.2 t/cap) are the major contributors. Besides the overall Material Stock, the spatial distribution of Materials within the municipal area can be assessed. This research forms the basis for a resource cadaster, which provides information about gross volume, construction period, utilization, and Material composition for each building in Vienna.

  • a method for determining buildings Material composition prior to demolition
    Building Research and Information, 2016
    Co-Authors: Fritz Kleemann, Jakob Lederer, Helmut Rechberger, Philipp Aschenbrenner, Johann Fellner
    Abstract:

    A prerequisite of the efficient recycling of demolition waste and its evaluation in terms of the Material specific recycling rates is information on the composition of the building Material Stock (as the source of future demolition waste). A practical method is presented that characterizes the Material composition of buildings prior to their demolition. The characterization method is based on the analysis of available construction documents and different approaches of on-site investigation. The method is tested in different buildings and the results from four case studies indicate that the documents are useful to quantify bulk Materials (e.g. bricks, concrete, sand/gravel, iron/steel and timber). However, on-site investigations are necessary to locate and determine the trace Materials such as metals (e.g. copper and aluminium), or different types of plastics. The overall Material intensity of the investigated buildings ranges from 270 to 470 kg/m³ gross volume. With ongoing surveys about the composition o...

Tomer Fishman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • GIS-Based Material Stock Analysis (MSA) of Climate Vulnerabilities to the Tourism Industry in Antigua and Barbuda
    Sustainability, 2020
    Co-Authors: Johnella Bradshaw, Tomer Fishman, Simron Jit Singh, Su-yin Tan, Kristen Pott
    Abstract:

    In the past decades, the Caribbean economy has transformed to rely primarily on tourism with a vast amount of infrastructure dedicated to this sector. At the same time, the region is subject to repeated crises in the form of extreme weather events that are becoming more frequent, deadly, and costly. Damages to buildings and infrastructure (or the Material Stocks) from storms disrupt the local economy by an immediate decline in tourists and loss of critical services. In Antigua and Barbuda (A&B), tourism contributes 80% to the GDP and is a major driver for adding new Material Stocks to support the industry. This research analyzes A&B’s Material Stocks (MSs) in buildings (aggregates, timber, concrete, and steel) using geographic information systems (GIS) with physical parameters such as building size and footprint, Material intensity, and the number of floors. In 2004, the total MSs of buildings was estimated at 4.7 million tonnes (mt), equivalent to 58.5 tonnes per capita, with the share of non-metallic minerals to be highest (2.9 mt), followed by aggregates (1.2 mt), steel (0.44 mt), and timber (0.18 mt). Under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) 2 meter (m) sea level rise scenario, an estimated 4% of the island’s total MSs would be exposed. The tourism sector would disproportionately experience the greatest exposure of 19% of its MSs. By linking Stocks to services, our research contributes to the understanding of the complexities between the environmental and economic vulnerability of island systems, and the need for better infrastructure planning as part of resilience building.

  • The weight of islands: Leveraging Grenada's Material Stocks to adapt to climate change
    Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Rob Symmes, Tomer Fishman, John N. Telesford, Simron Jit Singh, Su-yin Tan, Kristen De Kroon
    Abstract:

    The building Stock consumes large amounts of resources for maintenance and expansion which is only exacerbated by disaster events where large‐scale reconstruction must occur quickly. Recent research has shown the potential for application of Material Stock (MS) accounts for informing disaster risk planning. In this research, we present a methodological approach to analyze the vulnerability of the Material Stock in buildings to extreme weather events and sea‐level rise (SLR) due to climate change. The main island of Grenada, a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) in the Caribbean region, was used as a case study. A bottom‐up approach based on a geographic information system (GIS) is used to calculate the total MS of aggregate, timber, concrete, and steel in buildings. The total MS in buildings in 2014 was calculated to be 11.9 million tonnes (Mt), which is equivalent to 112 tonnes per capita. Material gross addition to Stock (GAS) between 1993 to 2009 was 6.8 Mt and the average value over the time period was 4.0 tonnes per capita per year. In the year following Hurricane Ivan (2004), the per capita GAS for timber increased by 172%, while for other metals, GAS spiked by 103% (compared to average growth rates of 11% and 8%, respectively, between 1993 and 2009). We also ran a future “Ivan‐II” scenario and estimated a hypothetical loss of between 135 and 216 kilotonnes (kt) of timber from the building Stock. The potential impact of SLR is also assessed, with an estimated 1.6 Mt of building Material Stock exposed under a 2‐m scenario. We argue that spatial Material Stock accounts have an important application in planning for resilience and provide indication of the link between natural disaster recovery and resource use patterns.

  • Integrating Material Stock Dynamics Into Economy-Wide Material Flow Accounting: Concepts, Modelling, and Global Application for 1900–2050
    Ecological Economics, 2019
    Co-Authors: Dominik Wiedenhofer, Tomer Fishman, Christian Lauk, Willi Haas, Fridolin Krausmann
    Abstract:

    Abstract Assessing progress towards environmental sustainability requires a robust and systematic knowledge base. Economy-wide Material flow accounting (ew-MFA) is an established method to monitor resource use across scales and its headline indicators are widely used in policy. However, ew-MFA is currently limited by its empirical focus on annual flows of Material and energy, because it neglects the pivotal role of in-use Material Stocks of manufactured capital. Explicitly integrating in-use Stocks enables new insights into a range of Ecological Economics' topics, such as the biophysical assessment of socio-economic systems, the circular economy and Stock-flow consistent scenarios. Herein, we conceptually and practically expand the ew-MFA framework towards jointly addressing Material flows, in-use Stocks of manufactured capital and waste, using a fully consistent dynamic model of M aterial I nputs, S tocks and O utputs (MISO-model). We review the Stock modelling literature, propose a novel distinction of Stock-driven versus inflow-driven approaches and situate the MISO-model as the latter. We then investigate the global dynamics of socio-metabolic flows and in-use Stocks from 1900 to 2014, explore model sensitivities and quantify and attribute uncertainty. Two exemplary scenarios are presented. Through these innovations for ew-MFA, we enable a dynamic and comprehensive assessment of resource use, Stocks and all wastes in the socio-economic metabolism.

  • Material Stock's overburden: Automatic spatial detection and estimation of domestic extraction and hidden Material flows
    Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2017
    Co-Authors: Keisuke Yoshida, Keijiro Okuoka, Tomer Fishman, Hiroki Tanikawa
    Abstract:

    Abstract Anthropogenic Material Stocks are expanding at ever-increasing rates across the world, and their environmental and economic impacts draw more and more attention from academia, policy makers, and economic and environmental bodies. As the knowledge base regarding anthropogenic Material Stocks expands, it is important to not only comprehend the societal side of Material Stock growth but also its counterpart to the Material balance—the natural environment from which the Materials used for Stocks come from. However, due to difficulties of data procurement, and muted interest in Materials which are considered low-value high volume, the environmental burdens related to construction minerals have received less attention so far despite the huge amounts involved. In this study, we employ geographic information systems (GIS) with digital elevation model (DEM) datasets, to form an automated method of detection and measurement of the anthropogenic disturbance of soil and earth at excavation and mining sites, which accounts not only for the Material extracted for usage in the anthroposphere, but also its related unused extraction. This geographically explicit method allows to directly pinpoint the location and volume of anthropogenic disturbance. Using Japan as a case study, the results suggest that the ratio of unused extraction to used extraction may exceed 1:1 for construction minerals in Japan. We also find that the environmental effects of anthropogenic activity are bigger than natural soil disturbance by several orders of magnitude, highlighting the need to reduce raw Material extraction and increase the efficient use of the existing Material Stock.

  • stochastic analysis and forecasts of the patterns of speed acceleration and levels of Material Stock accumulation in society
    Environmental Science & Technology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Tomer Fishman, Heinz Schandl, Hiroki Tanikawa
    Abstract:

    The recent acceleration of urbanization and industrialization of many parts of the developing world, most notably in Asia, has resulted in a fast-increasing demand for and accumulation of construction Materials in society. Despite the importance of physical Stocks in society, the empirical assessment of total Material Stock of buildings and infrastructure and reasons for its growth have been underexplored in the sustainability literature. We propose an innovative approach for explaining Material Stock dynamics in society and create a country typology for Stock accumulation trajectories using the ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) methodology, a stochastic approach commonly used in business studies and economics to inspect and forecast time series. This enables us to create scenarios for future demand and accumulation of building Materials in society, including uncertainty estimates. We find that the so-far overlooked aspect of acceleration trends of Material Stock accumulation holds the key to explaining Material Stock growth, and that despite tremendous variability in country characteristics, Stock accumulation is limited to only four archetypal growth patterns. The ability of nations to change their pattern will be a determining factor for global sustainability.

Jakob Lederer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Material Stock development of the transport sector in the city of Vienna
    Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Andreas Gassner, Jakob Lederer, Johann Fellner
    Abstract:

    Societies aim to reduce primary raw Material consumption, enhance waste recycling, and reduce waste disposal. In this regard, the circular‐economy concept has gained attention and is applied in policy papers, also on the urban level. However, to assess set targets and their achievement, a sound knowledge of anthropogenic Material flows and Stocks is required. The Material turnover of transport systems has not been sufficiently investigated yet, although they have a significant impact on overall Material turnover and have a high potential for making use of recycled construction Materials. To close this gap, the present study investigates the anthropogenic Stocks and flows related to an urban transport system, whereby both infrastructure and vehicles are included. A bottom‐up, multiyear Material‐flow analysis was employed to calculate the Material Stock and the related input and output flows of Vienna's transport system for the period 1990–2015. The results indicate the increasing importance of more environmentally friendly modes of transport. The Stock of motorized individual transport has increased in absolute terms since 1990, but the Stock per capita remains unchanged at 34 t/cap, whereas the per capita Stock of public transport (20 t/cap; +8%) and of non‐motorized individual transport (4 t/cap; +10%) has increased. However, the primary source of Material consumption (>65%) is maintenance of infrastructure. This provides a potential for more circularity because outputs and inputs are equal in terms of mass and Material. The study provides a systematic analysis for developing policy and management options for sustainable resource‐saving urban transport systems.

  • Material Flows and Stocks in the Urban Building Sector: A Case Study from Vienna for the Years 1990–2015
    Sustainability, 2019
    Co-Authors: Jakob Lederer, Andreas Gassner, Florian Keringer, Ursula Mollay, Christoph Schremmer, Johann Fellner
    Abstract:

    Population growth in cities leads to high raw Material consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In temperate climates were heating of buildings is among the major contributors to greenhouse gases, thermal insulation of buildings became a standard in recent years. Both population growth and greenhouse gas mitigation may thus have some influence on the quantity and composition of building Material Stock in cities. By using the case study of Vienna, this influence is evaluated by calculating the Stock of major building Materials (concrete, bricks, mortar, and plaster, steel, wood, glass, mineral wool, and polystyrene) between the years 1990 and 2015. The results show a growth of the Material Stock from 274 kt in the year 1990 to 345 kt in the year 2015, resulting in a total increase of 26%. During the same period, the population grew by 22%. On a Material level, the increase of thermal insulation Materials like polystyrene and mineral wool by factors of 6.5 and 2.5 respectively were much higher than for other Materials, indicating energy efficiency and greenhouse gas mitigation in the building construction sector. The displacement of brickwork by concrete as the most important construction Material, however, is rather a response to population growth as concrete buildings can be raised faster. A question for the future is to which extent this change from brickwork to high carbon-intensive concrete countervails the achievements in greenhouse gas reduction by thermal insulation.

  • gis based analysis of vienna s Material Stock in buildings
    Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Fritz Kleemann, Jakob Lederer, Helmut Rechberger, Johann Fellner
    Abstract:

    Summary The building Stock is not only a huge consumer of resources (for its construction and operation), but also represents a significant source for the future supply of metallic and mineral resources. This article describes how Material Stocks in buildings and their spatial distribution can be analyzed on a city level. In particular, the building structure (buildings differentiated by construction period and utilization) of Vienna is analyzed by joining available geographical information systems (GIS) data from various municipal authorities. Specific Material intensities for different building categories (differentiated by construction period and utilization) are generated based on multiple data sources on the Material composition of different building types and combined with the data on the building structure. Utilizing these methods, the overall Material Stock in buildings in Vienna was calculated to be380 million metric tonnes (t), which equals 210 t per capita (t/cap). The bulk of the Material (>96%) is mineral, whereas organic Materials (wood, plastics, bitumen, and so on) and metals (iron/steel, lead, copper, aluminum, and so on) constitute a very small share, of which wood (4.1 t/cap) and steel (3.2 t/cap) are the major contributors. Besides the overall Material Stock, the spatial distribution of Materials within the municipal area can be assessed. This research forms the basis for a resource cadaster, which provides information about gross volume, construction period, utilization, and Material composition for each building in Vienna.

  • GIS‐based Analysis of Vienna's Material Stock in Buildings
    Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Fritz Kleemann, Jakob Lederer, Helmut Rechberger, Johann Fellner
    Abstract:

    Summary The building Stock is not only a huge consumer of resources (for its construction and operation), but also represents a significant source for the future supply of metallic and mineral resources. This article describes how Material Stocks in buildings and their spatial distribution can be analyzed on a city level. In particular, the building structure (buildings differentiated by construction period and utilization) of Vienna is analyzed by joining available geographical information systems (GIS) data from various municipal authorities. Specific Material intensities for different building categories (differentiated by construction period and utilization) are generated based on multiple data sources on the Material composition of different building types and combined with the data on the building structure. Utilizing these methods, the overall Material Stock in buildings in Vienna was calculated to be380 million metric tonnes (t), which equals 210 t per capita (t/cap). The bulk of the Material (>96%) is mineral, whereas organic Materials (wood, plastics, bitumen, and so on) and metals (iron/steel, lead, copper, aluminum, and so on) constitute a very small share, of which wood (4.1 t/cap) and steel (3.2 t/cap) are the major contributors. Besides the overall Material Stock, the spatial distribution of Materials within the municipal area can be assessed. This research forms the basis for a resource cadaster, which provides information about gross volume, construction period, utilization, and Material composition for each building in Vienna.

  • a method for determining buildings Material composition prior to demolition
    Building Research and Information, 2016
    Co-Authors: Fritz Kleemann, Jakob Lederer, Helmut Rechberger, Philipp Aschenbrenner, Johann Fellner
    Abstract:

    A prerequisite of the efficient recycling of demolition waste and its evaluation in terms of the Material specific recycling rates is information on the composition of the building Material Stock (as the source of future demolition waste). A practical method is presented that characterizes the Material composition of buildings prior to their demolition. The characterization method is based on the analysis of available construction documents and different approaches of on-site investigation. The method is tested in different buildings and the results from four case studies indicate that the documents are useful to quantify bulk Materials (e.g. bricks, concrete, sand/gravel, iron/steel and timber). However, on-site investigations are necessary to locate and determine the trace Materials such as metals (e.g. copper and aluminium), or different types of plastics. The overall Material intensity of the investigated buildings ranges from 270 to 470 kg/m³ gross volume. With ongoing surveys about the composition o...

Seiji Hashimoto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Exploring Material Stock efficiency of municipal water and sewage infrastructures in China
    Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018
    Co-Authors: Tao Wang, Feng Shi, Qian Zhang, Xuepeng Qian, Seiji Hashimoto
    Abstract:

    Abstract A secured supply of clean water and sanitation relies on Material- and capital-intensive municipal infrastructures, and thus requires a large quantity of Material Stocks. Major infrastructures sustaining the municipal water cycle from water supply to sewage management in China were probed for the period 1980–2050. The infrastructures proliferated rapidly in Chinese cities during the past three decades. The annual water supply capacity climbed from 11 to 100 km3, the sewage treatment capacity soared from 1.1 to 50 km3. To meet the demand of increasing urbanization, these infrastructures may have to more than doubly expand by 2050. Up to 3.3 gigatonnes (Gt) of construction Materials, including 170 megatonnes (Mt) iron and steel and nearly 400 Mt cement (approximate to 10% of the global steel and cement production per annum), may be used to build up the infrastructure Stocks. An indicator of Material Stock efficiency was devised to estimate potential and practical services per Material Stocks in the infrastructures can provide. Key findings include: (i) The conventional network-based water and sewage infrastructures might perform a declining Material Stock efficiency over the long run. (ii) The Stock-based efficiency of the municipal infrastructures decreased by 25% from its peak in the early 1990s. It is driven down by the fact that pipe networks and sewage facilities are more Material-intensive and usually developed behind water works. (iii) Nearly a half of the water supply capacity and 20% of the sewage treatment capacity were underutilized, leading to an evident gap between the potential and practical efficiency. The gap can be minimized by improving the utilization of the infrastructure's installed capacity.

  • Material Stock disparity and factors affecting Stocked Material use efficiency of sewer pipelines in Japan
    Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2017
    Co-Authors: Cherry Myo Lwin, Tao Wang, Sébastien M.r. Dente, Toshiyuki Shimizu, Seiji Hashimoto
    Abstract:

    Abstract Service is most often measured with a flow and monetary perspective using indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP) or the value added or income of a particular economic sector. However, infrastructures and therefore the associated Material Stocks also participate to the service delivery. Our study contributes to this emerging research field through a novel method of measuring Stocked Material use efficiency (SMUE) of sewerage pipelines in Japan, beyond monetary measures. We estimated the Japanese national and prefectural Material Stocks (MS) using statistical data and used direct service indicators such as the population with access to sewerage treatment services and the amount of treated wastewater to find the SMUE. Later, decomposition analysis was used to ascertain the main factors influencing SMUE. Results show an MS increase for all prefectures and a doubling of the national MS from 207 million tonnes (Mt) 520 Mt between 1984 and 2012. Material Stocks are found mainly associated with population size, the highest populated prefectures Tokyo and Osaka also accounting for the highest Material Stocks. Concerning SMUE ranging from 4 to 48 m3/ton for a national average of 27 m3/ton, its main determinants are population density and pipeline size. This research promotes greater understanding of our Stock use condition and thereby facilitates appropriate Stock management.

  • Weight under Steel Wheels: Material Stock and Flow Analysis of High‐Speed Rail in China
    Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Tao Wang, Jun Zhou, Ye Yue, Jie Yang, Seiji Hashimoto
    Abstract:

    Summary The construction of a nation-wide high-speed rail (HSR) network has emerged as a hugely expensive and ambitious infrastructure project in China. As of December 2012, some 8,800 kilometers (km) of double-track HSR lines came into service in the country, accounting for 40% of the total HSR length in the world. The network is expected to expand to 34,000 km or longer in around two decades. As the first HSR system specially built and operated in an economically developing country, it helps integrate the sprawling economy and lift the quality of life of the increasing urban population. China's experiences in HSR are expected to be of value to other countries aiming to adopt bullet train systems, especially those at a similar level of industrialization and urbanization. This work specifically examines Material Stocks and flows associated with the HSR infrastructure construction in China. A major distinction from the construction of HSR tracks in Europe is that nearly 70% of the HSR tracks in China are laid upon bridges or inside tunnels, which are structures that demand great amounts of raw Materials. The entire network, once completed by 2030, will cumulatively require 83 to 137 million tonnes (Mt) of steel and 560 to 920 Mt of cement. This is still a small share of China's use of Material resources. Nonetheless, the massive application of the steel- and cement-intensive structures deserves consideration when assessing the environmental performance of HSR over its entire life cycle.

  • urban Stock over time spatial Material Stock analysis using 4d gis
    Building Research and Information, 2009
    Co-Authors: Hiroki Tanikawa, Seiji Hashimoto
    Abstract:

    A huge amount of construction Material is required in urban areas for developing and maintaining buildings and infrastructure. Ageing Stocks, which were built during a period of rapid growth in Japan (1955–1973), will cause a new waste flow in the near future. In order to assess urban metabolism with regard to building and infrastructure, it is necessary to understand change in its Material accumulation both ‘spatially’ and ‘temporally’. In this analysis, Material accumulation over time is elucidated using four-dimensional Geographical Information Systems (4d-GIS) data at an urban scale. An approximately 8 km2 urban area of Salford in Manchester, UK, and 11 km2 of Wakayama City centre, Japan, were selected as case study sites. In this analysis, the Material Stock of buildings, roadways and railways was estimated locally over time, using a 4d-GIS database: (1) to find the spatial distribution of construction Materials over time, (2) to estimate the demolition curve of buildings based on characteristics of ...