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Zhanlong Song - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Characteristics of limonene formation during Microwave Pyrolysis of scrap tires and quantitative analysis
    Energy, 2018
    Co-Authors: Zhanlong Song, Yaqing Yang, Li Liu, Xiqiang Zhao, Wenlong Wang, Jing Sun, Yanpeng Mao, Xueliang Yuan, Qingsong Wang
    Abstract:

    Abstract Using the test system for the Microwave Pyrolysis of scrap tires, the effects of different factors on the production characteristics of limonene in oils were investigated. The results showed that the optimum processing parameters for the production of limonene were the specific Microwave power of 15 W/g, the weight hourly space velocity of 3.75 h−1, the tire particle size of 0.6 mm, and the absence of steel wires. The yield of limonene in the Pyrolysis oil under this set of conditions was up to 23.4%. According to the Pyrolysis process and the product composition, the mechanism of limonene production under Microwave Pyrolysis conditions was predicted. The content of limonene in the Pyrolysis oil was quantitatively analyzed by an external standard method (ESM) and the peak area normalization method (PANM) separately. The numerical values of the test results obtained by multiplying PANM by the calibration factor of 1.5 equal the corresponding results obtained using the ESM method. Compared with conventional Pyrolysis, the Microwave Pyrolysis of waste tires has a higher yield of limonene under optimized conditions. The results provide an important reference for the high-value utilization of waste tires and the utilization of resources, especially the subsequent production of limonene.

  • Gaseous products evolution during Microwave Pyrolysis of tire powders
    International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zhanlong Song, Yaqing Yang, Long Zhou, Li Liu, Xiqiang Zhao
    Abstract:

    Abstract Microwave Pyrolysis of tire powders were run in a laboratory scale Microwave oven (2.45 GHz). A special attention was dedicated to the yields of gaseous products during the Microwave Pyrolysis at different powers (300, 500, and 700 W). Triple-channel refinery gas chromatograph was used to quickly detect the gas composition of tire Pyrolysis and its evolution during the process. H 2 , CO, and CH 4 , up to 90% of the total volume of pyrolytic gases, were the most predominant gaseous products. As the Pyrolysis proceeded, the composition exhibited a significantly changes, e.g., more H 2 was produced and less CH 4 was generated. As the power increased, the content of CH 4  + CO 2 decreased, while the fractions of H 2  + CO rapidly increased at the intense stage of the Microwave Pyrolysis. The maximum yields of gaseous and liquid products and the maximum conversion of tires were obtained at 500 W.

  • Effect of power level on the Microwave Pyrolysis of tire powder
    Energy, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zhanlong Song, Yaqing Yang, Xiqiang Zhao, Wenlong Wang, Jing Sun, Yanpeng Mao
    Abstract:

    Abstract The pyrolytic performance of tire powder treated under different specific Microwave powers (SMP), powers per 1 g sample, (9, 15, and 24 W/g) was investigated. The experimental results show that the Pyrolysis level of tire powder was enhanced with increasing SMP. The maximum yields of liquid product (45%) and gas product (18.5%) were obtained at 15 and 24 W/g, respectively. In addition, the conversion rates of main organic elements transferred to three-phase products were calculated. All of the evolved gases were collected in successive gasbags, and 80% of the volumes were low-molecular-weight gases like H 2 , CH 4 and C 2 H 4 ; the fraction of gases generated increased with increasing SMP. The liquid products contained a large amount of aromatic hydrocarbons, and more limonene (nearly 10%) was produced in Microwave Pyrolysis than in conventional Pyrolysis of tires. The proximate and ultimate analyses of the solid product showed a slight difference in composition as a function of SMP. Furthermore, there may be a competitive reaction between the sulfur release to the volatiles and sulfur fixation, forming ZnS; the amount of ZnS varied with SMP. The energy recovery was examined, which provides a useful measure of the energy efficiency of Microwave Pyrolysis process.

  • Microwave Pyrolysis of wheat straw: product distribution and generation mechanism.
    Bioresource technology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Xiqiang Zhao, Wenlong Wang, Hongzhen Liu, Zhanlong Song
    Abstract:

    Microwave Pyrolysis of wheat straw is studied, combined with analysis of products, the distribution and generation pathway of products are investigated. Only a small amount of volatiles released when Microwave Pyrolysis of pure straw. Mixtures of adding CuO and Fe3O4 can pyrolyze, and the majority in Pyrolysis products is in liquid-phase. Severe Pyrolysis occur after adding carbon residue, the CO content in Pyrolysis gas products is high, and the maximum volume content of H2 can exceed 35 vol.%. The high-temperature is helpful for increasing the yield of combustible gas in gaseous products, in particular the H2 production, but also helpful for improving the conversion of sample. Pyrolysis is carried out layer by layer from the inside to outside. As the internal material firstly pyrolyze and Pyrolysis products released pass through the low temperature zone, the chance of occurrence of secondary reactions is reduced.

Xiqiang Zhao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Characteristics of limonene formation during Microwave Pyrolysis of scrap tires and quantitative analysis
    Energy, 2018
    Co-Authors: Zhanlong Song, Yaqing Yang, Li Liu, Xiqiang Zhao, Wenlong Wang, Jing Sun, Yanpeng Mao, Xueliang Yuan, Qingsong Wang
    Abstract:

    Abstract Using the test system for the Microwave Pyrolysis of scrap tires, the effects of different factors on the production characteristics of limonene in oils were investigated. The results showed that the optimum processing parameters for the production of limonene were the specific Microwave power of 15 W/g, the weight hourly space velocity of 3.75 h−1, the tire particle size of 0.6 mm, and the absence of steel wires. The yield of limonene in the Pyrolysis oil under this set of conditions was up to 23.4%. According to the Pyrolysis process and the product composition, the mechanism of limonene production under Microwave Pyrolysis conditions was predicted. The content of limonene in the Pyrolysis oil was quantitatively analyzed by an external standard method (ESM) and the peak area normalization method (PANM) separately. The numerical values of the test results obtained by multiplying PANM by the calibration factor of 1.5 equal the corresponding results obtained using the ESM method. Compared with conventional Pyrolysis, the Microwave Pyrolysis of waste tires has a higher yield of limonene under optimized conditions. The results provide an important reference for the high-value utilization of waste tires and the utilization of resources, especially the subsequent production of limonene.

  • Gaseous products evolution during Microwave Pyrolysis of tire powders
    International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zhanlong Song, Yaqing Yang, Long Zhou, Li Liu, Xiqiang Zhao
    Abstract:

    Abstract Microwave Pyrolysis of tire powders were run in a laboratory scale Microwave oven (2.45 GHz). A special attention was dedicated to the yields of gaseous products during the Microwave Pyrolysis at different powers (300, 500, and 700 W). Triple-channel refinery gas chromatograph was used to quickly detect the gas composition of tire Pyrolysis and its evolution during the process. H 2 , CO, and CH 4 , up to 90% of the total volume of pyrolytic gases, were the most predominant gaseous products. As the Pyrolysis proceeded, the composition exhibited a significantly changes, e.g., more H 2 was produced and less CH 4 was generated. As the power increased, the content of CH 4  + CO 2 decreased, while the fractions of H 2  + CO rapidly increased at the intense stage of the Microwave Pyrolysis. The maximum yields of gaseous and liquid products and the maximum conversion of tires were obtained at 500 W.

  • Effect of power level on the Microwave Pyrolysis of tire powder
    Energy, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zhanlong Song, Yaqing Yang, Xiqiang Zhao, Wenlong Wang, Jing Sun, Yanpeng Mao
    Abstract:

    Abstract The pyrolytic performance of tire powder treated under different specific Microwave powers (SMP), powers per 1 g sample, (9, 15, and 24 W/g) was investigated. The experimental results show that the Pyrolysis level of tire powder was enhanced with increasing SMP. The maximum yields of liquid product (45%) and gas product (18.5%) were obtained at 15 and 24 W/g, respectively. In addition, the conversion rates of main organic elements transferred to three-phase products were calculated. All of the evolved gases were collected in successive gasbags, and 80% of the volumes were low-molecular-weight gases like H 2 , CH 4 and C 2 H 4 ; the fraction of gases generated increased with increasing SMP. The liquid products contained a large amount of aromatic hydrocarbons, and more limonene (nearly 10%) was produced in Microwave Pyrolysis than in conventional Pyrolysis of tires. The proximate and ultimate analyses of the solid product showed a slight difference in composition as a function of SMP. Furthermore, there may be a competitive reaction between the sulfur release to the volatiles and sulfur fixation, forming ZnS; the amount of ZnS varied with SMP. The energy recovery was examined, which provides a useful measure of the energy efficiency of Microwave Pyrolysis process.

  • Microwave Pyrolysis of wheat straw: product distribution and generation mechanism.
    Bioresource technology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Xiqiang Zhao, Wenlong Wang, Hongzhen Liu, Zhanlong Song
    Abstract:

    Microwave Pyrolysis of wheat straw is studied, combined with analysis of products, the distribution and generation pathway of products are investigated. Only a small amount of volatiles released when Microwave Pyrolysis of pure straw. Mixtures of adding CuO and Fe3O4 can pyrolyze, and the majority in Pyrolysis products is in liquid-phase. Severe Pyrolysis occur after adding carbon residue, the CO content in Pyrolysis gas products is high, and the maximum volume content of H2 can exceed 35 vol.%. The high-temperature is helpful for increasing the yield of combustible gas in gaseous products, in particular the H2 production, but also helpful for improving the conversion of sample. Pyrolysis is carried out layer by layer from the inside to outside. As the internal material firstly pyrolyze and Pyrolysis products released pass through the low temperature zone, the chance of occurrence of secondary reactions is reduced.

John P. Robinson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Microwave Pyrolysis of biomass for bio-oil production: Scalable processing concepts
    Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017
    Co-Authors: D. Beneroso, Tamara Monti, Emily T. Kostas, John P. Robinson
    Abstract:

    The pursuit of sustainable hydrocarbon alternatives to fossil fuels has prompted an acceleration in the development of new technologies for biomass processing. Microwave Pyrolysis of biomass has long been recognised to provide better quality bio-products in shorter timescales compared to conventional Pyrolysis. Although this topic has been widely assessed and many investigations are currently ongoing, this article gives an overview beyond the physico-chemical Pyrolysis process and covers engineering aspects and the limitations of Microwave heating technology. Herein, we provide innovative scalable concepts to perform the Microwave Pyrolysis of biomass on a large scale, including essential energy and material handling requirements. Furthermore, some of the possible socio-economic and environmental implications derived from the use of this technology in our society are discussed. Such potential concepts are expected to assist the needs of the industrial bioenergy community to move this largely studied process upwards in scale.

  • Microwave Pyrolysis of Wood Pellets
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2010
    Co-Authors: John P. Robinson, Sam Kingman, Richelieu Barranco, Colin E. Snape, H. Al-sayegh
    Abstract:

    The Pyrolysis of wood pellets was investigated using a single-mode Microwave cavity, and the dielectric properties of the wood were measured at temperatures up to 750 °C. Below 600 °C, the only Microwave-absorbing phase within wood is water. This study has shown categorically that Microwave Pyrolysis can be achieved without the use of carbon-rich dopants and that the heating of water alone can be used to induce Pyrolysis of wood. A number of potential mechanisms are discussed that relate to the power density within the heated material. The yield of bio-oil and biogas is a function of the heating rate and power density, and for the samples used in this study, a threshold power density of 5.0 × 108 W/m3 was found, below which Microwave Pyrolysis did not occur. The results and hypotheses presented in this article represent the first steps in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of Microwave Pyrolysis.

Roger Ruan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Biofuel production and kinetics analysis for Microwave Pyrolysis of Douglas fir sawdust pellet
    Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2012
    Co-Authors: Shoujie Ren, James Julson, Hanwu Lei, Lu Wang, Shulin Chen, Roger Ruan
    Abstract:

    Abstract Microwave Pyrolysis of Douglas fir sawdust pellet was investigated to determine the effects of reaction temperature and time on the yields of bio-oil, syngas, and charcoal using a central composite design (CCD) and response surface analysis. The research results indicated that thermo-chemical conversion reactions can take place rapidly in large-sized biomass pellet by using Microwave Pyrolysis. The yields of bio-oil and syngas were increased with the reaction temperature and time. The highest yield of bio-oils was 57.8% (dry biomass basis) obtained at 471 °C and 15 min. GC/MS analysis indicated that the bio-oils were mainly composed of phenols, guaiacols, furans, ketones/aldehydes, and organic acids. The yield of specific chemicals such as furans and phenolic compounds were highly related to the reaction temperature. The syngas contained high value chemicals, such as carbon monoxide, methane, and short chain hydrocarbons. A third-order reaction mechanism fits well the Microwave Pyrolysis of Douglas fir pellet with activation energy of 33.5 kJ/mol and a frequency factor of 3.03 s−1.

  • Phenols and fuels from catalytic Microwave Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass
    2012 Dallas Texas July 29 - August 1 2012, 2012
    Co-Authors: Hanwu Lei, Shoujie Ren, Lu Wang, Yi Wei, Yupeng Liu, Jing Liang, Juming Tang, Qin Zhang, Roger Ruan
    Abstract:

    Catalytic Microwave Pyrolysis of biomass using activated carbon (AC) was investigated to determine the effects of pyrolytic conditions on the yields of phenol and phenolics. The bio-oils with high concentrations of phenol (38.9%) and phenols (including phenol and alkyl substituted phenol) (66.9%) were obtained. The increase of phenols and decrease of guaiacols compared to Pyrolysis without AC addition had a close relationship with the decomposition of lignin under the performance of activated carbon. The high content of phenol and phenolics obtained in this study can be used either as partial substituent of transportation fuel after hydroprocessing or as feedstock for organic synthesis and chemical industry after purification.

  • Microwave Pyrolysis of distillers dried grain with solubles ddgs for biofuel production
    Bioresource Technology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Hanwu Lei, James Julson, Shoujie Ren, Lu Wang, Quan Bu, Johnathan E Holladay, Roger Ruan
    Abstract:

    Abstract Microwave Pyrolysis of distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) was investigated to determine the effects of pyrolytic conditions on the yields of bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. Pyrolysis process variables included reaction temperature, time, and power input. Microwave Pyrolysis of DDGS was analyzed using response surface methodology to find out the effect of process variables on the biofuel (bio-oil and syngas) conversion yield and establish prediction models. Bio-oil recovery was in the range of 26.5–50.3 wt.% of the biomass. Biochar yields were 23.5–62.2% depending on the Pyrolysis conditions. The energy content of DDGS bio-oils was 28 MJ/kg obtained at the 650 °C and 8 min, which was about 66.7% of the heating value of gasoline. GC/MS analysis indicated that the biooil contained a series of important and useful chemical compounds: aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. At least 13% of DDGS bio-oil was the same hydrocarbon compounds found in regular unleaded gasoline.

  • Microwave Pyrolysis of Douglas Fir Sawdust Pellet
    2011 Louisville Kentucky August 7 - August 10 2011, 2011
    Co-Authors: Shoujie Ren, Hanwu Lei, Lu Wang, Shulin Chen, Roger Ruan
    Abstract:

    Microwave Pyrolysis of Douglas fir sawdust pellet was investigated to determine the effects of reaction temperature and time on the yields of bio-oil, biogas, and biochar using a central composition design (CCD) and response surface analysis. The research results indicated that thermochemical conversion reactions can take place rapidly in large-sized biomass pellet by using Microwave Pyrolysis. The yields of bio-oil and biogas were increased with the reaction temperature and time. The highest yield of bio-oil was 53.9% (wet biomass basis) obtained at 470.7°C and 15min. GC/MS analysis indicated that the bio-oils were mainly composed of phenols, guaiacols, furans, ketones/aldehydes, and organic acids. The phenols and guaiacols accounted for the largest amount of chemicals in the bio-oil, which represented 59.7–78.6% under different conditions. The biogases contained high value chemicals, such as carbon monoxide, methane, and short chain hydrocarbons. A third-order reaction mechanism fits well the Microwave Pyrolysis of Douglas fir pellet with activation energy of 33.5 kJ/mol and a frequency factor of 3.03 s–1.

  • Microwave Pyrolysis of Corn Stover
    Transactions of the ASABE, 2009
    Co-Authors: Roger Ruan, Philip H. Steele
    Abstract:

    This study investigated Microwave Pyrolysis of corn stover under different conditions. The process yielded bio-oil, gas, and solid charcoal residue. Under experimental conditions, a power input level above 300 W was necessary to initiate thermal Pyrolysis of a 50 g sample of corn stover. The yields of gas and bio-oil increased to 46.9 wt % and 30.2 wt %, respectively, when Microwave input power increased from 300 to 900 W. A higher power input also favored gas production. Adding 1 wt % pyrolytic charcoal residue to the Pyrolysis of corn stover increased the bio-oil and gas yields, particularly the bio-oil yield. Addition of NaOH to the Pyrolysis of corn stover as catalyst increased the gas yield greatly. The chemical profiles of the gas and bio-oils were also determined using GC and GC-MS, respectively. This study demonstrated that Microwave Pyrolysis can be optimized to produce valuable gas and liquid bio-fuel.

James Julson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Effects of reaction temperature, time and particle size on switchgrass Microwave Pyrolysis and reaction kinetics
    International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 2013
    Co-Authors: Rui Zhou, Hanwu Lei, James Julson
    Abstract:

    This study investigated Microwave Pyrolysis of switchgrass with particle sizes from 0.5 mm to 4 mm and determined the effects of reaction temperature and time on the yields of bio-oil, syngas, and bio-char. A prediction model was satisfactorily developed to describe the bio-oil conversion yield as a function of reaction temperature and time. Second-order reaction kinetics was also developed to model the switchgrass Pyrolysis. Switchgrass with different particle sizes was found to be similarly pyrolyzed by Microwave heating. The research results indicated that thermochemical conversion reactions can take place rapidly in large-sized switchgrass by using Microwave Pyrolysis. GC-MS analysis indicates that the bio-oil contained a series of important and useful chemical compounds: Phenols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and furan derivatives. These chemical compounds evolved were related to the Pyrolysis conditions.

  • The effects of pyrolytic conditions on Microwave Pyrolysis of prairie cordgrass and kinetics
    Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2013
    Co-Authors: Rui Zhou, Hanwu Lei, James Julson
    Abstract:

    Abstract This study investigated Microwave Pyrolysis of prairie cordgrass (PCG) to determine the effects of Pyrolysis temperature and time on the yields of bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. Microwave Pyrolysis of PCG was analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM) to find out the effect of process variables on the bio-oil and syngas yield and established prediction models. Second-order reaction kinetics was developed to model the PCG Pyrolysis. Bio-oil recovery was in the range of 20.3–33.1 wt% of the biomass. GC–MS analysis indicates that the bio-oil contained a series of important and useful chemical compounds: aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. These chemical compounds evolved were related to the Pyrolysis conditions.

  • Biofuel production and kinetics analysis for Microwave Pyrolysis of Douglas fir sawdust pellet
    Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2012
    Co-Authors: Shoujie Ren, James Julson, Hanwu Lei, Lu Wang, Shulin Chen, Roger Ruan
    Abstract:

    Abstract Microwave Pyrolysis of Douglas fir sawdust pellet was investigated to determine the effects of reaction temperature and time on the yields of bio-oil, syngas, and charcoal using a central composite design (CCD) and response surface analysis. The research results indicated that thermo-chemical conversion reactions can take place rapidly in large-sized biomass pellet by using Microwave Pyrolysis. The yields of bio-oil and syngas were increased with the reaction temperature and time. The highest yield of bio-oils was 57.8% (dry biomass basis) obtained at 471 °C and 15 min. GC/MS analysis indicated that the bio-oils were mainly composed of phenols, guaiacols, furans, ketones/aldehydes, and organic acids. The yield of specific chemicals such as furans and phenolic compounds were highly related to the reaction temperature. The syngas contained high value chemicals, such as carbon monoxide, methane, and short chain hydrocarbons. A third-order reaction mechanism fits well the Microwave Pyrolysis of Douglas fir pellet with activation energy of 33.5 kJ/mol and a frequency factor of 3.03 s−1.

  • Microwave Pyrolysis of distillers dried grain with solubles ddgs for biofuel production
    Bioresource Technology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Hanwu Lei, James Julson, Shoujie Ren, Lu Wang, Quan Bu, Johnathan E Holladay, Roger Ruan
    Abstract:

    Abstract Microwave Pyrolysis of distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) was investigated to determine the effects of pyrolytic conditions on the yields of bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. Pyrolysis process variables included reaction temperature, time, and power input. Microwave Pyrolysis of DDGS was analyzed using response surface methodology to find out the effect of process variables on the biofuel (bio-oil and syngas) conversion yield and establish prediction models. Bio-oil recovery was in the range of 26.5–50.3 wt.% of the biomass. Biochar yields were 23.5–62.2% depending on the Pyrolysis conditions. The energy content of DDGS bio-oils was 28 MJ/kg obtained at the 650 °C and 8 min, which was about 66.7% of the heating value of gasoline. GC/MS analysis indicated that the biooil contained a series of important and useful chemical compounds: aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. At least 13% of DDGS bio-oil was the same hydrocarbon compounds found in regular unleaded gasoline.

  • the effects of reaction temperature and time and particle size of corn stover on Microwave Pyrolysis
    Energy & Fuels, 2009
    Co-Authors: James Julson
    Abstract:

    This study investigated Microwave Pyrolysis of corn stover with particle sizes from 0.5 to 4 mm and determined the effects of reaction temperature and time of pyrolytic conditions on the yields of bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. Mineral and GC/MS analysis were used to study the Pyrolysis of corn stover. A prediction model was satisfactorily developed to describe the biofuel conversion yield as a function of reaction temperature and time. Corn stover with different particle sizes was found to be similarly pyrolyzed by Microwave heating. The research results indicate that thermochemical conversion reactions can take place rapidly in large-sized corn stover by using Microwave Pyrolysis. Mineral analysis indicates that most minerals stayed with the biochar. GC/MS analysis indicates that the bio-oil contained a series of important and useful chemical compounds: phenols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and furan derivatives. These chemical compounds evolved were related to the Pyrolysis conditions.