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Heinz Feldmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Identifying Early Target Cells of Nipah Virus Infection in Syrian Hamsters.
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016Co-Authors: Laura Baseler, Heinz Feldmann, Dana P. Scott, Greg Saturday, Eva Horne, Rebecca Rosenke, Tina Thomas, Kimberly Meade-white, Elaine Haddock, Emmie De WitAbstract:Background Nipah Virus causes respiratory and neurologic disease with case fatality rates up to 100% in individual outbreaks. End stage lesions have been described in the respiratory and nervous systems, vasculature and often lymphoid organs in fatal human cases; however, the initial target organs of Nipah Virus infection have not been identified. Here, we detected the initial target tissues and cells of Nipah Virus and tracked Virus dissemination during the early phase of infection in Syrian hamsters inoculated with a Nipah Virus isolate from Malaysia (NiV-M) or Bangladesh (NiV-B). Methodology/Principal Findings Syrian hamsters were euthanized between 4 and 48 hours post intranasal inoculation and tissues were collected and analyzed for the presence of viral RNA, viral antigen and infectious Virus. Virus replication was first detected at 8 hours post inoculation (hpi). Nipah Virus initially targeted type I pneumocytes, bronchiolar respiratory epithelium and alveolar macrophages in the lung and respiratory and olfactory epithelium lining the nasal turbinates. By 16 hpi, Virus disseminated to epithelial cells lining the larynx and trachea. Although the pattern of viral dissemination was similar for both Virus isolates, the rate of spread was slower for NiV-B. Infectious Virus was not detected in the nervous system or blood and widespread vascular infection and lesions within lymphoid organs were not observed, even at 48 hpi. Conclusions/Significance Nipah Virus initially targets the respiratory system. Virus replication in the brain and infection of blood vessels in non-respiratory tissues does not occur during the early phase of infection. However, Virus replicates early in olfactory epithelium and may serve as the first step towards nervous system dissemination, suggesting that development of vaccines that block Virus dissemination or treatments that can access the brain and spinal cord and directly inhibit Virus replication may be necessary for preventing central nervous system pathology.
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single dose live attenuated vesicular stomatitis Virus based vaccine protects african green monkeys from Nipah Virus disease
Vaccine, 2015Co-Authors: Joseph Prescott, Friederike Feldmann, Elaine Haddock, Blair L Debuysscher, Donald J Gardner, Cynthia Martellaro, Dana Scott, Heinz FeldmannAbstract:Nipah Virus is a zoonotic paramyxoVirus that causes severe respiratory and/or encephalitic disease in humans, often resulting in death. It is transmitted from pteropus fruit bats, which serve as the natural reservoir of the Virus, and outbreaks occur on an almost annual basis in Bangladesh or India. Outbreaks are small and sporadic, and several cases of human-to-human transmission have been documented as an important feature of the epidemiology of Nipah Virus disease. There are no approved countermeasures to combat infection and medical intervention is supportive. We recently generated a recombinant replication-competent vesicular stomatitis Virus-based vaccine that encodes a Nipah Virus glycoprotein as an antigen and is highly efficacious in the hamster model of Nipah Virus disease. Herein, we show that this vaccine protects African green monkeys, a well-characterized model of Nipah Virus disease, from disease one month after a single intramuscular administration of the vaccine. Vaccination resulted in a rapid and strong Virus-specific immune response which inhibited Virus shedding and replication. This vaccine platform provides a rapid means to afford protection from Nipah Virus in an outbreak situation.
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syrian hamsters mesocricetus auratus oronasally inoculated with a Nipah Virus isolate from bangladesh or malaysia develop similar respiratory tract lesions
Veterinary Pathology, 2015Co-Authors: Laura Baseler, Vincent J. Munster, Heinz Feldmann, Dana P. Scott, E De WitAbstract:Nipah Virus is a paramyxoVirus in the genus HenipaVirus, which has caused outbreaks in humans in Malaysia, India, Singapore, and Bangladesh. Whereas the human cases in Malaysia were characterized mainly by neurological symptoms and a case fatality rate of ∼40%, cases in Bangladesh also exhibited respiratory disease and had a case fatality rate of ∼70%. Here, we compared the histopathologic changes in the respiratory tract of Syrian hamsters, a well-established small animal disease model for Nipah Virus, inoculated oronasally with Nipah Virus isolates from human cases in Malaysia and Bangladesh. The Nipah Virus isolate from Bangladesh caused slightly more severe rhinitis and bronchointerstitial pneumonia 2 days after inoculation in Syrian hamsters. By day 4, differences in lesion severity could no longer be detected. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated Nipah Virus antigen in the nasal cavity and pulmonary lesions; the amount of Nipah Virus antigen present correlated with lesion severity. Immunohistochemistry...
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Foodborne Transmission of Nipah Virus in Syrian Hamsters
PLoS pathogens, 2014Co-Authors: Emmie De Wit, Joseph Prescott, Heinz Feldmann, Dana P. Scott, Darryl Falzarano, Trenton Bushmaker, Vincent J. MunsterAbstract:Since 2001, outbreaks of Nipah Virus have occurred almost every year in Bangladesh with high case-fatality rates. Epidemiological data suggest that in Bangladesh, Nipah Virus is transmitted from the natural reservoir, fruit bats, to humans via consumption of date palm sap contaminated by bats, with subsequent human-to-human transmission. To experimentally investigate this epidemiological association between drinking of date palm sap and human cases of Nipah Virus infection, we determined the viability of Nipah Virus (strain Bangladesh/200401066) in artificial palm sap. At 22°C Virus titers remained stable for at least 7 days, thus potentially allowing food-borne transmission. Next, we modeled food-borne Nipah Virus infection by supplying Syrian hamsters with artificial palm sap containing Nipah Virus. Drinking of 5×108 TCID50 of Nipah Virus resulted in neurological disease in 5 out of 8 hamsters, indicating that food-borne transmission of Nipah Virus can indeed occur. In comparison, intranasal (i.n.) inoculation with the same dose of Nipah Virus resulted in lethal respiratory disease in all animals. In animals infected with Nipah Virus via drinking, Virus was detected in respiratory tissues rather than in the intestinal tract. Using fluorescently labeled Nipah Virus particles, we showed that during drinking, a substantial amount of Virus is deposited in the lungs, explaining the replication of Nipah Virus in the respiratory tract of these hamsters. Besides the ability of Nipah Virus to infect hamsters via the drinking route, Syrian hamsters infected via that route transmitted the Virus through direct contact with naive hamsters in 2 out of 24 transmission pairs. Although these findings do not directly prove that date palm sap contaminated with Nipah Virus by bats is the origin of Nipah Virus outbreaks in Bangladesh, they provide the first experimental support for this hypothesis. Understanding the Nipah Virus transmission cycle is essential for preventing and mitigating future outbreaks.
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The immune response to Nipah Virus infection
Archives of Virology, 2012Co-Authors: Joseph Prescott, Heinz Feldmann, Vincent J. MunsterAbstract:Nipah Virus has recently emerged as a zoonotic agent that is highly pathogenic in humans. Outbreaks have occurred regularly over the last two decades in South and Southeast Asia, where mortality rates reach as high as 100 %. The natural reservoir of Nipah Virus has been identified as bats from the Pteropus family, where infection is largely asymptomatic. Human disease is characterized by both respiratory and encephalitic components, and thus far, no effective vaccine or intervention strategies are available. Little is know about how the immune response of either the reservoir host or incidental hosts responds to infection, and how this immune response is either inadequate or might contribute to disease in the dead-end host. Experimental vaccines strategies have given us some insight into the immunological requirements for protection. This review summarizes our current understanding of the immune response to Nipah Virus infection and emphasizes the need for further research.
Vincent J. Munster - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nipah Virus Emergence, Transmission, and Pathogenesis
Global Virology I - Identifying and Investigating Viral Diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Emmie De Wit, Vincent J. MunsterAbstract:Nipah Virus was discovered during an outbreak of respiratory and neurological disease in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998–1999 involving 276 human cases, with 106 fatalities. Since 2001, outbreaks of Nipah Virus disease have occurred almost every year in Bangladesh with case-fatality rates up to 90 %. Human disease is characterized by both respiratory and neurological symptoms; effective vaccines or treatments are currently unavailable.Two different transmission cycles from the natural host, fruit bats, to humans have been proposed. In Malaysia, pigs functioned as an intermediate and amplifying host and human-to-human transmission was not described. In Bangladesh, Nipah Virus is thought to be transmitted via consumption of date palm juice contaminated by bats during collection, with subsequent human-to-human transmission in an estimated 50 % of cases.This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on Nipah Virus, with a special focus on the emergence, transmission, and pathogenesis of Nipah Virus. Outbreak intervention strategies and treatment options are also discussed.
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Nipah Virus Emergence, Transmission, and Pathogenesis
Global Virology I - Identifying and Investigating Viral Diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Emmie De Wit, Vincent J. MunsterAbstract:Nipah Virus was discovered during an outbreak of respiratory and neurological disease in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998–1999 involving 276 human cases, with 106 fatalities. Since 2001, outbreaks of Nipah Virus disease have occurred almost every year in Bangladesh with case-fatality rates up to 90 %. Human disease is characterized by both respiratory and neurological symptoms; effective vaccines or treatments are currently unavailable.
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syrian hamsters mesocricetus auratus oronasally inoculated with a Nipah Virus isolate from bangladesh or malaysia develop similar respiratory tract lesions
Veterinary Pathology, 2015Co-Authors: Laura Baseler, Vincent J. Munster, Heinz Feldmann, Dana P. Scott, E De WitAbstract:Nipah Virus is a paramyxoVirus in the genus HenipaVirus, which has caused outbreaks in humans in Malaysia, India, Singapore, and Bangladesh. Whereas the human cases in Malaysia were characterized mainly by neurological symptoms and a case fatality rate of ∼40%, cases in Bangladesh also exhibited respiratory disease and had a case fatality rate of ∼70%. Here, we compared the histopathologic changes in the respiratory tract of Syrian hamsters, a well-established small animal disease model for Nipah Virus, inoculated oronasally with Nipah Virus isolates from human cases in Malaysia and Bangladesh. The Nipah Virus isolate from Bangladesh caused slightly more severe rhinitis and bronchointerstitial pneumonia 2 days after inoculation in Syrian hamsters. By day 4, differences in lesion severity could no longer be detected. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated Nipah Virus antigen in the nasal cavity and pulmonary lesions; the amount of Nipah Virus antigen present correlated with lesion severity. Immunohistochemistry...
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Animal models of disease shed light on Nipah Virus pathogenesis and transmission
The Journal of pathology, 2014Co-Authors: Emmie De Wit, Vincent J. MunsterAbstract:Nipah Virus is an emerging Virus infection that causes yearly disease outbreaks with high case fatality rates in Bangladesh. Nipah Virus causes encephalitis and systemic vasculitis, sometimes in combination with respiratory disease. Pteropus species fruit bats are the natural reservoir of Nipah Virus and zoonotic transmission can occur directly or via an intermediate host; human-to-human transmission occurs regularly. In this review we discuss the current state of knowledge on the pathogenesis and transmission of Nipah Virus, focusing on dissemination of the Virus through its host, known determinants of pathogenicity and routes of zoonotic and human-to-human transmission. Since data from human cases are sparse, this knowledge is largely based on the results of studies performed in animal models that recapitulate Nipah Virus disease in humans.
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Foodborne Transmission of Nipah Virus in Syrian Hamsters
PLoS pathogens, 2014Co-Authors: Emmie De Wit, Joseph Prescott, Heinz Feldmann, Dana P. Scott, Darryl Falzarano, Trenton Bushmaker, Vincent J. MunsterAbstract:Since 2001, outbreaks of Nipah Virus have occurred almost every year in Bangladesh with high case-fatality rates. Epidemiological data suggest that in Bangladesh, Nipah Virus is transmitted from the natural reservoir, fruit bats, to humans via consumption of date palm sap contaminated by bats, with subsequent human-to-human transmission. To experimentally investigate this epidemiological association between drinking of date palm sap and human cases of Nipah Virus infection, we determined the viability of Nipah Virus (strain Bangladesh/200401066) in artificial palm sap. At 22°C Virus titers remained stable for at least 7 days, thus potentially allowing food-borne transmission. Next, we modeled food-borne Nipah Virus infection by supplying Syrian hamsters with artificial palm sap containing Nipah Virus. Drinking of 5×108 TCID50 of Nipah Virus resulted in neurological disease in 5 out of 8 hamsters, indicating that food-borne transmission of Nipah Virus can indeed occur. In comparison, intranasal (i.n.) inoculation with the same dose of Nipah Virus resulted in lethal respiratory disease in all animals. In animals infected with Nipah Virus via drinking, Virus was detected in respiratory tissues rather than in the intestinal tract. Using fluorescently labeled Nipah Virus particles, we showed that during drinking, a substantial amount of Virus is deposited in the lungs, explaining the replication of Nipah Virus in the respiratory tract of these hamsters. Besides the ability of Nipah Virus to infect hamsters via the drinking route, Syrian hamsters infected via that route transmitted the Virus through direct contact with naive hamsters in 2 out of 24 transmission pairs. Although these findings do not directly prove that date palm sap contaminated with Nipah Virus by bats is the origin of Nipah Virus outbreaks in Bangladesh, they provide the first experimental support for this hypothesis. Understanding the Nipah Virus transmission cycle is essential for preventing and mitigating future outbreaks.
Sazaly Abubakar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nipah Virus: Phylogeny and replication
2009Co-Authors: Li-yen Chang, Sazaly AbubakarAbstract:Phylogenetic analysis of Nipah Virus isolates from Malaysia, Bangladesh and Cambodia suggested the presence of at least two different clusters of NiV strains. Based on the major glycoprotein (G) gene, the Nipah Virus-Tambun isolate clustered with Nipah Virus isolates from Cambodia and Bangladesh, whereas the remaining isolates from Malaysia clustered in a separate cluster. Sequence heterogeneity among the Nipah Virus isolates from Malaysia was noted but the overall genomic sequence divergence value was small, suggesting a possible recent introduction of the Virus. Nipah Virus replicated well in porcine stable kidney cells and human lung fibroblast cells. Human monocytes, on the other hand were infected with Nipah Virus but the cells did not support productive infection. Similarly, infection of human neuronal cells did not result in release of high infectious Virus yield. The monocytes can serve to disseminate Nipah Virus from site of infection including across the blood-brain barrier. And in the brain, Nipah Virus is probably spread through cell-to-cell spread mechanism.
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Quantitative estimation of Nipah Virus replication kinetics in vitro
Virology journal, 2006Co-Authors: Li-yen Chang, A. R. Mohd Ali, Sharifah Syed Hassan, Sazaly AbubakarAbstract:Background Nipah Virus is a zoonotic Virus isolated from an outbreak in Malaysia in 1998. The Virus causes infections in humans, pigs, and several other domestic animals. It has also been isolated from fruit bats. The pathogenesis of Nipah Virus infection is still not well described. In the present study, Nipah Virus replication kinetics were estimated from infection of African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) using the one-step SYBR® Green I-based quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay.
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Quantitative estimation of Nipah Virus replication kinetics in vitro
Virology Journal, 2006Co-Authors: Li-yen Chang, Sharifah Syed Hassan, Ar Mohd Ali, Sazaly AbubakarAbstract:Background Nipah Virus is a zoonotic Virus isolated from an outbreak in Malaysia in 1998. The Virus causes infections in humans, pigs, and several other domestic animals. It has also been isolated from fruit bats. The pathogenesis of Nipah Virus infection is still not well described. In the present study, Nipah Virus replication kinetics were estimated from infection of African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) using the one-step SYBR^® Green I-based quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. Results The qRT-PCR had a dynamic range of at least seven orders of magnitude and can detect Nipah Virus from as low as one PFU/μL. Following initiation of infection, it was estimated that Nipah Virus RNA doubles at every ~40 minutes and attained peak intracellular Virus RNA level of ~8.4 log PFU/μL at about 32 hours post-infection (PI). Significant extracellular Nipah Virus RNA release occurred only after 8 hours PI and the level peaked at ~7.9 log PFU/μL at 64 hours PI. The estimated rate of Nipah Virus RNA released into the cell culture medium was ~0.07 log PFU/μL per hour and less than 10% of the released Nipah Virus RNA was infectious. Conclusion The SYBR^® Green I-based qRT-PCR assay enabled quantitative assessment of Nipah Virus RNA synthesis in Vero cells. A low rate of Nipah Virus extracellular RNA release and low infectious Virus yield together with extensive syncytial formation during the infection support a cell-to-cell spread mechanism for Nipah Virus infection.
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Nipah Virus RNA synthesis in cultured pig and human cells
Journal of medical virology, 2006Co-Authors: Li-yen Chang, A. R. Mohd Ali, Sharifah Syed Hassan, Sazaly AbubakarAbstract:Nipah Virus infection of porcine stable kidney cells (PS), human neuronal cells (SK-N-MC), human lung fibroblasts cells (MRC-5), and human monocytes (THP-1) were examined. Rapid progression of cytopathic effects (CPE) and cell death were noted in PS cell cultures treated with Nipah Virus, followed by MRC-5, SK-N-MC, and THP-1 cell cultures, in descending order of rapidity. Significant increase in the intracellular Nipah Virus RNA occurred beginning at 24 hr PI in all the infected cells. Whereas, the extracellular release of Nipah Virus RNA increased significantly beginning at 48 and 72 hr PI for the infected MRC-5 cells and PS cells, respectively. No significant release of extracellular Nipah Virus RNA was detected from the Nipah Virus-infected SK-N-MC and THP-1 cells. At its peak, approximately 6.6 log PFU/microl of extracellular Nipah Virus RNA was released from the Nipah Virus-infected PS cells, with at least a 100-fold less Virus RNA was recorded in the Nipah Virus-infected SK-N-MC and THP-1. Approximately 15.2% (+/-0.1%) of the released Virus from the infected PS cell cultures was infectious in contrast to approximately 5.5% (+/-0.7%) from the infected SK-N-MC cells. The findings suggest that there are no differences in the capacity to support Nipah Virus replication between pigs and humans in fully susceptible PS and MRC-5 cells. However, there are differences between these cells and human neuronal cells and monocytes in the ability to support Nipah Virus replication and Virus release.
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isolation and molecular identification of Nipah Virus from pigs
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2004Co-Authors: Sazaly Abubakar, S H Sharifah, Li-yen Chang, A Mohd R Ali, Khatijah Yusoff, Zulkeflie ZamrodAbstract:Nipah Viruses from pigs from a Malaysian 1998 outbreak were isolated and sequenced. At least two different Nipah Virus strains, including a previously unreported strain, were identified. The findings highlight the possibility that the Malaysia outbreaks had two origins of Nipah Virus infections.
Emily S. Gurley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prioritizing surveillance of Nipah Virus in india
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2019Co-Authors: Raina K Plowright, Emily S. Gurley, Daniel J Becker, Daniel E Crowley, Alex D Washburne, Tao Huang, P O Nameer, Barbara A HanAbstract:The 2018 outbreak of Nipah Virus in Kerala, India, highlights the need for global surveillance of henipaViruses in bats, which are the reservoir hosts for this and other Viruses. Nipah Virus, an emerging paramyxoVirus in the genus HenipaVirus, causes severe disease and stuttering chains of transmission in humans and is considered a potential pandemic threat. In May 2018, an outbreak of Nipah Virus began in Kerala, > 1800 km from the sites of previous outbreaks in eastern India in 2001 and 2007. Twenty-three people were infected and 21 people died (16 deaths and 18 cases were laboratory confirmed). Initial surveillance focused on insectivorous bats (Megaderma spasma), whereas follow-up surveys within Kerala found evidence of Nipah Virus in fruit bats (Pteropus medius). P. medius is the confirmed host in Bangladesh and is now a confirmed host in India. However, other bat species may also serve as reservoir hosts of henipaViruses. To inform surveillance of Nipah Virus in bats, we reviewed and analyzed the published records of Nipah Virus surveillance globally. We applied a trait-based machine learning approach to a subset of species that occur in Asia, Australia, and Oceana. In addition to seven species in Kerala that were previously identified as Nipah Virus seropositive, we identified at least four bat species that, on the basis of trait similarity with known Nipah Virus-seropositive species, have a relatively high likelihood of exposure to Nipah or Nipah-like Viruses in India. These machine-learning approaches provide the first step in the sequence of studies required to assess the risk of Nipah Virus spillover in India. Nipah Virus surveillance not only within Kerala but also elsewhere in India would benefit from a research pipeline that included surveys of known and predicted reservoirs for serological evidence of past infection with Nipah Virus (or cross reacting henipaViruses). Serosurveys should then be followed by longitudinal spatial and temporal studies to detect shedding and isolate Virus from species with evidence of infection. Ecological studies will then be required to understand the dynamics governing prevalence and shedding in bats and the contacts that could pose a risk to public health.
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reducing the risk of foodborne transmission of Nipah Virus
2016Co-Authors: Stephen P. Luby, Nazmun Nahar, Emily S. GurleyAbstract:Nipah Virus is a paramyxoVirus whose wildlife host is large fruit bats in the genus Pteropus. Antibodies against Nipah Virus and closely related HenipaViruses are common among old world fruit bats that live in Australia, across South and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, but human infections with Nipah Virus are uncommon. When humans are infected with Nipah Virus 40 – 70 % die. People who are infected with Nipah Virus can transmit the infection to other people. In the first recognized and largest Nipah outbreak, Nipah Virus was transmitted from bats to pigs in Malaysia. A widespread outbreak among pigs led to infections among people who had close contact with infected pigs. The outbreak was arrested by culling over 900,000 pigs. Human Nipah Virus infections have been identified in Bangladesh nearly every year from 2001 through 2014. The most common pathway of human Nipah infection is from drinking raw date palm sap. Pteropus bats frequently visit trees at night where sap is being collected and lick the sap stream as it flows into the collection pot. Drinking fresh date palm sap is a widely enjoyed seasonal delicacy in Bangladesh. Focused intensive interventions in limited areas discouraging people from drinking raw date palm sap or encouraging sap harvesters to use skirts to prevent bats access to the sap stream have reduced but not eliminated high risk practices.
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Exposure-Based Screening for Nipah Virus Encephalitis, Bangladesh
Emerging infectious diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Hossain M.s. Sazzad, Stephen P. Luby, Ute Ströher, Peter Daszak, Sharmin Sultana, Sayma Afroj, Mahmudur Rahman, Emily S. GurleyAbstract:We measured the performance of exposure screening questions to identify Nipah Virus encephalitis in hospitalized encephalitis patients during the 2012–13 Nipah Virus season in Bangladesh. The sensitivity (93%), specificity (82%), positive predictive value (37%), and negative predictive value (99%) results suggested that screening questions could more quickly identify persons with Nipah Virus encephalitis.
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recurrent zoonotic transmission of Nipah Virus into humans bangladesh 2001 2007
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2009Co-Authors: Stephen P. Luby, Paul A. Rota, Pierre E Rollin, Emily S. Gurley, Jahangir M Hossain, Benazir Ahmed, Shakila Banu, Salah Uddin Khan, Nusrat Homaira, James A. ComerAbstract:Human Nipah outbreaks recur in a specific region and time of year in Bangladesh. Fruit bats are the reservoir host for Nipah Virus. We identified 23 introductions of Nipah Virus into human populations in central and northwestern Bangladesh from 2001 through 2007. Ten introductions affected multiple persons (median 10). Illness onset occurred from December through May but not every year. We identified 122 cases of human Nipah infection. The mean age of case-patients was 27 years; 87 (71%) died. In 62 (51%) Nipah Virus–infected patients, illness developed 5–15 days after close contact with another Nipah case-patient. Nine (7%) Nipah case-patients transmitted Virus to others. Nipah case-patients who had difficulty breathing were more likely than those without respiratory difficulty to transmit Nipah (12% vs. 0%, p = 0.03). Although a small minority of infected patients transmit Nipah Virus, more than half of identified cases result from person-to-person transmission. Interventions to prevent Virus transmission from bats to humans and from person to person are needed.
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Recurrent Zoonotic Transmission of Nipah Virus into Humans, Bangladesh, 2001–2007
Emerging infectious diseases, 2009Co-Authors: Stephen P. Luby, Paul A. Rota, Pierre E Rollin, M. Jahangir Hossain, Emily S. Gurley, Benazir Ahmed, Shakila Banu, Salah Uddin Khan, Nusrat Homaira, James A. ComerAbstract:Human Nipah outbreaks recur in a specific region and time of year in Bangladesh. Fruit bats are the reservoir host for Nipah Virus. We identified 23 introductions of Nipah Virus into human populations in central and northwestern Bangladesh from 2001 through 2007. Ten introductions affected multiple persons (median 10). Illness onset occurred from December through May but not every year. We identified 122 cases of human Nipah infection. The mean age of case-patients was 27 years; 87 (71%) died. In 62 (51%) Nipah Virus–infected patients, illness developed 5–15 days after close contact with another Nipah case-patient. Nine (7%) Nipah case-patients transmitted Virus to others. Nipah case-patients who had difficulty breathing were more likely than those without respiratory difficulty to transmit Nipah (12% vs. 0%, p = 0.03). Although a small minority of infected patients transmit Nipah Virus, more than half of identified cases result from person-to-person transmission. Interventions to prevent Virus transmission from bats to humans and from person to person are needed.
Thomas G. Ksiazek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nipah Virus infection in dogs, Malaysia, 1999.
Emerging infectious diseases, 2009Co-Authors: James N. Mills, Patrick C. Stockton, Asiah N.m. Alim, Michel L. Bunning, Ong Bee Lee, Kent D. Wagoner, Brian R. Amman, Thomas G. KsiazekAbstract:The 1999 outbreak of Nipah Virus encephalitis in humans and pigs in Peninsular Malaysia ended with the evacuation of humans and culling of pigs in the epidemic area. Serologic screening showed that, in the absence of infected pigs, dogs were not a secondary reservoir for Nipah Virus.
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person to person transmission of Nipah Virus in a bangladeshi community
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2007Co-Authors: Emily S. Gurley, Joel M. Montgomery, Michael Bell, Darin S. Carroll, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Jahangir M Hossain, Abul Kalam Azad, Mohammed Rafiqul Islam, Mohammed Abdur Rahim Molla, Paul A. RotaAbstract:An encephalitis outbreak was investigated in Faridpur District, Bangladesh, in April–May 2004 to determine the cause of the outbreak and risk factors for disease. Biologic specimens were tested for Nipah Virus. Surfaces were evaluated for Nipah Virus contamination by using reverse transcription–PCR (RT-PCR). Thirty-six cases of Nipah Virus illness were identified; 75% of case-patients died. Multiple peaks of illness occurred, and 33 case-patients had close contact with another Nipah Virus patient before their illness. Results from a case-control study showed that contact with 1 patient carried the highest risk for infection (odds ratio 6.7, 95% confidence interval 2.9–16.8, p<0.001). RT-PCR testing of environmental samples confirmed Nipah Virus contamination of hospital surfaces. This investigation provides evidence for person-to-person transmission of Nipah Virus. Capacity for person-to-person transmission increases the potential for wider spread of this highly lethal pathogen and highlights the need for infection control strategies for resource-poor settings.
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Person-to-Person Transmission of Nipah Virus in a Bangladeshi Community
Emerging infectious diseases, 2007Co-Authors: Emily S. Gurley, M. Jahangir Hossain, Joel M. Montgomery, Michael Bell, Darin S. Carroll, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Abul Kalam Azad, Mohammed Rafiqul Islam, Mohammed Abdur Rahim Molla, Paul A. RotaAbstract:An encephalitis outbreak was investigated in Faridpur District, Bangladesh, in April–May 2004 to determine the cause of the outbreak and risk factors for disease. Biologic specimens were tested for Nipah Virus. Surfaces were evaluated for Nipah Virus contamination by using reverse transcription–PCR (RT-PCR). Thirty-six cases of Nipah Virus illness were identified; 75% of case-patients died. Multiple peaks of illness occurred, and 33 case-patients had close contact with another Nipah Virus patient before their illness. Results from a case-control study showed that contact with 1 patient carried the highest risk for infection (odds ratio 6.7, 95% confidence interval 2.9–16.8, p
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genetic characterization of Nipah Virus bangladesh 2004
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2005Co-Authors: Brian H. Harcourt, Azaibi Tamin, Pierre E Rollin, Thomas G. Ksiazek, James A. Comer, Nadine Bowden, Luis Lowe, Xin Liu, Bettina Bankamp, M. Jahangir HossainAbstract:Until 2004, identification of Nipah Virus (NV)-like outbreaks in Bangladesh was based on serology. We describe the genetic characterization of a new strain of NV isolated during outbreaks in Bangladesh (NV-B) in 2004, which confirms that NV was the etiologic agent responsible for these outbreaks.
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Bat Nipah Virus, Thailand
Emerging infectious diseases, 2005Co-Authors: Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, Pierre E Rollin, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Patrick C. Stockton, Charles E Rupprecht, Boonlert Lumlertdacha, Kalyanee Boongird, Sawai Wanghongsa, Lawan Chanhome, Thiravat HemachudhaAbstract:Surveillance for Nipah Virus (NV) was conducted in Thailand's bat population. Immunoglobulin G antibodies to NV were detected with enzyme immunoassay in 82 of 1,304 bats. NV RNA was found in bat saliva and urine. These data suggest the persistence of NV infection in Thai bats.
