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Scott G Hinch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exceptionally high mortality of adult female salmon a large scale pattern and a conservation concern
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2021Co-Authors: Scott G Hinch, Anthony P Farrell, Erika J Eliason, Nolan N Bett, Steven J Cooke, David A PattersonAbstract:In recent decades, the relative proportion of female sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) on spawning grounds of several British Columbia populations has declined. Coincident with the decline has be...
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intraspecific differences in endurance swim performance and cardiac size in sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka parr tested at three temperatures
Canadian Journal of Zoology, 2017Co-Authors: Erika J Eliason, Andrew G Lotto, Marika Kirstin Gale, Charlotte K Whitney, Scott G HinchAbstract:Pacific salmon encounter widely varying environmental conditions across populations. Performance traits and environmental tolerance limits are predicted to be related to the typical abiotic and biotic conditions encountered by each population. Endurance swim performance at three different temperatures (8, 12, 22 °C) was compared across nine populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792)) parr from British Columbia, Canada, reared in a common laboratory environment. In addition, relative ventricular mass (RVM) was compared between good and poor performers from each population. Populations significantly differed in endurance swim performance and these differences were related to the natal lake environment. Specifically, parr populations that reside in warm, shallow lakes (Okanagan, Scotch, and Stellako) had superior swim performance at 12 °C compared with 8 °C. All other populations from deeper, cooler lakes had equivalent swim performance at 8 and 12 °C. Individual variability in swim pe...
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maternal programming of offspring hypothalamic pituitary interrenal axis in wild sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka
General and Comparative Endocrinology, 2017Co-Authors: Natalie Sopinka, David A Patterson, Jennifer D Jeffrey, Nicholas J Burnett, Kathleen M Gilmour, Scott G HinchAbstract:In fishes, maternal exposure to a stressor can influence offspring size and behavior. However, less is known about how maternal stress influences physiological processes in offspring, such as function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis. We examined the impact of chronic maternal exposure to an acute chase stressor on the stress response/HPI activity of progeny in wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Resting plasma cortisol and brain preoptic area (POA) corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA levels did not vary between offspring reared from undisturbed, control females and offspring reared from females exposed to the stressor. However, resting levels of POA glucocorticoid receptors (GR1 and GR2), and head kidney melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) were elevated in offspring reared from stressor-exposed females. Offspring reared from stressor-exposed females had lower plasma cortisol levels 1-h after an acute chase stressor compared to cortisol levels in offspring reared from control females. In offspring reared from chased females, mRNA levels of genes associated with cortisol biosynthesis were reduced in the head kidney post-chase. In offspring reared from control females, mRNA levels in the head kidney did not vary pre- to post-chase. Together, the results of the present study suggest maternal programming of progeny with respect to baseline and stressor-induced mediators of HPI axis activity.
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disentangling the roles of air exposure gill net injury and facilitated recovery on the postcapture and release mortality and behavior of adult migratory sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in freshwater
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2014Co-Authors: Vivian M Nguyen, David A Patterson, Anthony P Farrell, D Robichaud, Graham D Raby, Michael R Donaldson, Andrew G Lotto, William G Willmore, Scott G HinchAbstract:AbstractWe sought to improve the understanding of delayed mortality in migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) captured and released in freshwater fisheries. Using biotelemetry, blood physiology, and reflex assessments, we evaluated the relative roles of gill net injury and air exposure and investigated whether using a recovery box improved survival. Fish (), captured by beach seine, were allocated to four treatment groups: captured only, air exposed, injured, and injured and air exposed. Only half of the fish in each group were provided with a 15-min facilitated recovery. After treatment, fish were radio-tagged and released to resume their migration. Blood status was assessed in 36 additional untagged fish sampled after the four treatments. Compared with fish sampled immediately on capture, all treatments resulted in elevated plasma lactate and cortisol concentrations. After air exposure, plasma osmolality was elevated and reflexes were significantly impaired relative to the control and injured tre...
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Climate effects on growth, phenology, and survival of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): a synthesis of the current state of knowledge and future research directions
Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2012Co-Authors: Eduardo G Martins, Steven J Cooke, Scott G Hinch, David A PattersonAbstract:Sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) is one of the most iconic and valued species of Pacific salmon. Various studies have examined the potential effects of future climate change on sockeye salmon, but there is currently no synthesis of the documented effects of climate on this species. In this paper, we present a synthesis of 80 peer-reviewed publications in the English language evaluating the effects of climate on sockeye salmon growth, phenology, and survival. The great majority of studies examined have been conducted with stocks from North America (90 % of studies). Survival (55 %) has been the most frequently studied aspect of the sockeye salmon life history in relation to climate, followed by growth (45 %) and phenology (30 %), with temperature (83.4 %) being the climate-related variable most frequently examined in such studies. Across life stages, the effects of climate-related variables have been most frequently studied on fry (36.3 %) and least studied on spawners (7.5 %). Our synthesis revealed that associations between temperature and growth, phenology, or survival have been uncovered for all the life stages of sockeye salmon, whereas relationships with other climate-related variables have been sparse. There is substantial evidence that sockeye salmon are influenced by thermal conditions experienced at regional, rather than ocean- or continental-wide scales, and that responses to temperature vary among and within stocks. The mechanisms by which climate affect sockeye salmon during the early stages in freshwater and while at sea are still poorly understood and warrant future research. More research on the effects of non-temperature, climate-related variables (e.g. stream flow, ocean pH), inter-generational and carry-over effects of climate, interaction between climate and non-climate stressors, and adaptation to climate change are also needed. Such information will be critical to advance our understanding of how sockeye salmon stocks will fare with future climate change.
Anthony P Farrell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exceptionally high mortality of adult female salmon a large scale pattern and a conservation concern
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2021Co-Authors: Scott G Hinch, Anthony P Farrell, Erika J Eliason, Nolan N Bett, Steven J Cooke, David A PattersonAbstract:In recent decades, the relative proportion of female sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) on spawning grounds of several British Columbia populations has declined. Coincident with the decline has be...
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disentangling the roles of air exposure gill net injury and facilitated recovery on the postcapture and release mortality and behavior of adult migratory sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in freshwater
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2014Co-Authors: Vivian M Nguyen, David A Patterson, Anthony P Farrell, D Robichaud, Graham D Raby, Michael R Donaldson, Andrew G Lotto, William G Willmore, Scott G HinchAbstract:AbstractWe sought to improve the understanding of delayed mortality in migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) captured and released in freshwater fisheries. Using biotelemetry, blood physiology, and reflex assessments, we evaluated the relative roles of gill net injury and air exposure and investigated whether using a recovery box improved survival. Fish (), captured by beach seine, were allocated to four treatment groups: captured only, air exposed, injured, and injured and air exposed. Only half of the fish in each group were provided with a 15-min facilitated recovery. After treatment, fish were radio-tagged and released to resume their migration. Blood status was assessed in 36 additional untagged fish sampled after the four treatments. Compared with fish sampled immediately on capture, all treatments resulted in elevated plasma lactate and cortisol concentrations. After air exposure, plasma osmolality was elevated and reflexes were significantly impaired relative to the control and injured tre...
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dead fish swimming a review of research on the early migration and high premature mortality in adult fraser river sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka
Journal of Fish Biology, 2012Co-Authors: Scott G Hinch, Anthony P Farrell, Steven J Cooke, Kristina M Miller, Michael Lapointe, David A PattersonAbstract:Adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka destined for the Fraser River, British Columbia are some of the most economically important populations but changes in the timing of their homeward migration have led to management challenges and conservation concerns. After a directed migration from the open ocean to the coast, this group historically would mill just off shore for 3–6 weeks prior to migrating up the Fraser River. This milling behaviour changed abruptly in 1995 and thereafter, decreasing to only a few days in some years (termed early migration), with dramatic consequences that have necessitated risk-averse management strategies. Early migrating fish consistently suffer extremely high mortality (exceeding 90% in some years) during freshwater migration and on spawning grounds prior to spawning. This synthesis examines multidisciplinary, collaborative research aimed at understanding what triggers early migration, why it results in high mortality, and how fisheries managers can utilize these scientific results. Tissue analyses from thousands of O. nerka captured along their migration trajectory from ocean to spawning grounds, including hundreds that were tracked with biotelemetry, have revealed that early migrants are more reproductively advanced and ill-prepared for osmoregulatory transition upon their entry into fresh water. Gene array profiles indicate that many early migrants are also immunocompromised and stressed, carrying a genomic profile consistent with a viral infection. The causes of these physiological changes are still under investigation. Early migration brings O. nerka into the river when it is 3–6 ◦ C warmer than historical norms, which for some late-run populations approaches or exceeds their critical maxima leading to the collapse of metabolic and cardiac scope, and mortality. As peak spawning dates have not changed, the surviving early migrants tend to mill in warm lakes near to spawning areas. These results in the accumulation of many more thermal units and longer exposures to freshwater diseases and parasites compared to fish that delay freshwater entry by milling in the cool ocean environment. Experiments have confirmed that thermally driven processes are a primary cause of mortality for early-entry migrants. The Fraser River late-run O. nerka early migration
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effects of river temperature and climate warming on stock specific survival of adult migrating fraser river sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka
Global Change Biology, 2011Co-Authors: Eduardo G Martins, David A Patterson, Scott G Hinch, Steven J Cooke, Merran J Hague, Kristina M Miller, Michael Lapointe, Karl K English, Anthony P FarrellAbstract:Mean summer water temperatures in the Fraser River (British Columbia, Canada) have increased by � 1.51C since the 1950s. In recent years, record high river temperatures during spawning migrations of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) have been associated with high mortality events, raising concerns about long-term viability of the numerous natal stocks faced with climate warming. In this study, the effect of freshwater thermal experience on spawning migration survival was estimated by fitting capture–recapture models to telemetry data collected for 1474 adults (captured in either the ocean or river between 2002 and 2007) from four Fraser River sockeye salmon stockaggregates (Chilko, Quesnel, Stellako-Late Stuart and Adams). Survival of Adams sockeye salmon was the most impacted by warm temperatures encountered in the lower river, followed by that of Stellako-Late Stuart and Quesnel. In contrast, survival of Chilko fish was insensitive to the encountered river temperature. In all stocks, in-river survival of ocean-captured sockeye salmon was higher than that of river-captured fish and, generally, the difference was more pronounced under warm temperatures. The survival–temperature relationships for ocean-captured fish were used to predict historic (1961–1990) and future (2010–2099) survival under simulated lower river thermal experiences for the Quesnel, Stellako-Late Stuart and Adams stocks. A decrease of 9–16% in survival of all these stocks was predicted by the end of the century if the Fraser River continues to warm as expected. However, the decrease in future survival of Adams sockeye salmon would occur only if fish continue to enter the river abnormally early, towards warmer periods of the summer, as they have done since 1995. The survival estimates and predictions presented here are likely optimistic and emphasize the need to consider stock-specific responses to temperature and climate warming into fisheries management and conservation strategies.
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simultaneous biologging of heart rate and acceleration and their relationships with energy expenditure in free swimming sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka
Journal of Comparative Physiology B-biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology, 2010Co-Authors: Timothy Clark, David A Patterson, Scott G Hinch, Erik Sandblom, Peter B Frappell, Anthony P FarrellAbstract:Monitoring the physiological status and behaviour of free-swimming fishes remains a challenging task, although great promise stems from techniques such as biologging and biotelemetry. Here, implanted data loggers were used to simultaneously measure heart rate (fH), visceral temperature, and a derivation of acceleration in two groups of wild adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) held at two different water speeds (slow and fast). Calibration experiments performed with individual fish in a swim tunnel respirometer generated strong relationships between acceleration, fH, tail beat frequency and energy expenditure over a wide range of swimming velocities. The regression equations were then used to estimate the overall energy expenditure of the groups of fish held at different water speeds. As expected, fish held at faster water speeds exhibited greater fH and acceleration, and correspondingly a higher estimated energy expenditure than fish held at slower water speeds. These estimates were consistent with gross somatic energy density of fish at death, as determined using proximate analyses of a dorsal tissue sample. Heart rate alone and in combination with acceleration, rather than acceleration alone, provided the most accurate proxies for energy expenditure in these studies. Even so, acceleration provided useful information on the behaviour of fish and may itself prove to be a valuable proxy for energy expenditure under different environmental conditions, using a different derivation of the acceleration data, and/or with further calibration experiments. These results strengthen the possibility that biologging or biotelemetry of fH and acceleration may be usefully applied to migrating sockeye salmon to monitor physiology and behaviour, and to estimate energy use in the natural environment.
David A Patterson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exceptionally high mortality of adult female salmon a large scale pattern and a conservation concern
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2021Co-Authors: Scott G Hinch, Anthony P Farrell, Erika J Eliason, Nolan N Bett, Steven J Cooke, David A PattersonAbstract:In recent decades, the relative proportion of female sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) on spawning grounds of several British Columbia populations has declined. Coincident with the decline has be...
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Limits on performance and survival of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during food deprivation: a laboratory-based study
Conservation Physiology, 2021Co-Authors: Samantha M Wilson, Kendra A Robinson, Sarah Gutzmann, Jonathan W Moore, David A PattersonAbstract:Abstract Long-distance migrations can be energetically demanding and can represent phases of high mortality. Understanding relationships between body condition and migratory performance can help illuminate the challenges and vulnerabilities of migratory species. Juvenile anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) may migrate over 1000 km from their freshwater nursery habitats to estuary and ocean feeding grounds. During the period corresponding to the seaward migration of sockeye salmon, we held smolts in the laboratory to ask the following: (i) Does non-feeding migration duration influence prolonged swim performance and survival? (ii) What are the relationships between individual body condition and swim performance and survival? Wild sockeye salmon were intercepted during their migration and held without food for up to 61 days to represent the non-feeding freshwater migration and the extremes of poor estuary habitat. We conducted 40 sets of prolonged swim trials on 319 fish from 3 treatment groups that represented entrance to the marine environment on (i) an average,(ii) a delayed and (iii) a severely delayed migration schedule. Experimentally controlled freshwater migration duration did not impact swim performance or survival. Swim performance decreased concomitant with condition factor, where smolts with a Fulton’s condition factor of <0.69 were less likely (<50% probability) to complete the swim test (90 min swim test, at ~0.50 m/s). Survival of salmon smolts in the laboratory was less likely at energy densities of less than 3.47 MJ/kg. Swim performance decreased much sooner than survival, suggesting that swim performance, and therefore condition factor, may be a good indicator of survival of migratory smolts, as fish with reduced swim performance will likely be predated. These two relationships, one more ecologically relevant and one more clinical, help reveal the limits of long-distance migration for juvenile salmon and can be used to determine population-specific starvation risk associated with various freshwater and marine habitat conditions.
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maternal programming of offspring hypothalamic pituitary interrenal axis in wild sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka
General and Comparative Endocrinology, 2017Co-Authors: Natalie Sopinka, David A Patterson, Jennifer D Jeffrey, Nicholas J Burnett, Kathleen M Gilmour, Scott G HinchAbstract:In fishes, maternal exposure to a stressor can influence offspring size and behavior. However, less is known about how maternal stress influences physiological processes in offspring, such as function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis. We examined the impact of chronic maternal exposure to an acute chase stressor on the stress response/HPI activity of progeny in wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Resting plasma cortisol and brain preoptic area (POA) corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA levels did not vary between offspring reared from undisturbed, control females and offspring reared from females exposed to the stressor. However, resting levels of POA glucocorticoid receptors (GR1 and GR2), and head kidney melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) were elevated in offspring reared from stressor-exposed females. Offspring reared from stressor-exposed females had lower plasma cortisol levels 1-h after an acute chase stressor compared to cortisol levels in offspring reared from control females. In offspring reared from chased females, mRNA levels of genes associated with cortisol biosynthesis were reduced in the head kidney post-chase. In offspring reared from control females, mRNA levels in the head kidney did not vary pre- to post-chase. Together, the results of the present study suggest maternal programming of progeny with respect to baseline and stressor-induced mediators of HPI axis activity.
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condition dependence in the marine exit timing of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka returning to copper creek haida gwaii
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2017Co-Authors: Peter J Katinic, David A Patterson, Ronald C YdenbergAbstract:We examined a small population of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that enters their natal stream, to hold in their natal lake, months (>130 days) prior to spawning. This effectively decouples the influence of spawn timing requirements and behaviours from river entry (alternately referred to as “marine exit”) timing and is therefore a good model to study the migration strategies specifically associated with marine exit. We found individuals with early marine exit had higher growth rates in the months prior to river entry, had greater lipid density, were more likely male, more likely of the 2.2 versus 1.2 age class, had smaller gonads, and (if female) had more and smaller eggs. Body size at river entry did not vary seasonally. These patterns are explained using a life history model proposing that individual fish exit the sea when the marginal fitness benefits of further growth are outweighed by the marginal fitness cost of further marine residence. This point is reached at different times depending on b...
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disentangling the roles of air exposure gill net injury and facilitated recovery on the postcapture and release mortality and behavior of adult migratory sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in freshwater
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2014Co-Authors: Vivian M Nguyen, David A Patterson, Anthony P Farrell, D Robichaud, Graham D Raby, Michael R Donaldson, Andrew G Lotto, William G Willmore, Scott G HinchAbstract:AbstractWe sought to improve the understanding of delayed mortality in migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) captured and released in freshwater fisheries. Using biotelemetry, blood physiology, and reflex assessments, we evaluated the relative roles of gill net injury and air exposure and investigated whether using a recovery box improved survival. Fish (), captured by beach seine, were allocated to four treatment groups: captured only, air exposed, injured, and injured and air exposed. Only half of the fish in each group were provided with a 15-min facilitated recovery. After treatment, fish were radio-tagged and released to resume their migration. Blood status was assessed in 36 additional untagged fish sampled after the four treatments. Compared with fish sampled immediately on capture, all treatments resulted in elevated plasma lactate and cortisol concentrations. After air exposure, plasma osmolality was elevated and reflexes were significantly impaired relative to the control and injured tre...
Ralf M Schweiggert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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deposition form and bioaccessibility of keto carotenoids from mamey sapote pouteria sapota red bell pepper capsicum annuum and sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka filet
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Tania Chaconordonez, Patricia Esquivel, Victor M Jimenez, Reinhold Carle, Ralf M SchweiggertAbstract:The ultrastructure and carotenoid-bearing structures of mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota) chromoplasts were elucidated using light and transmission electron microscopy and compared to carotenoid deposition forms in red bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Globular–tubular chromoplasts of sapote contained numerous lipid globules and tubules embodying unique provitamin A keto-carotenoids in a lipid-dissolved and presumably liquid-crystalline form, respectively. Bioaccessibility of sapotexanthin and cryptocapsin was compared to that of structurally related keto-carotenoids from red bell pepper and salmon. Capsanthin from bell pepper was the most bioaccessible pigment, followed by sapotexanthin and cryptocapsin esters from mamey sapote. In contrast, astaxanthin from salmon was the least bioaccessible keto-carotenoid. Thermal treatment and fat addition consistently enhanced bioaccessibility, except for astaxanthin from naturally lipid-rich salmon, which remained unaffected. Altho...
Tania Chaconordonez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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deposition form and bioaccessibility of keto carotenoids from mamey sapote pouteria sapota red bell pepper capsicum annuum and sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka filet
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Tania Chaconordonez, Patricia Esquivel, Victor M Jimenez, Reinhold Carle, Ralf M SchweiggertAbstract:The ultrastructure and carotenoid-bearing structures of mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota) chromoplasts were elucidated using light and transmission electron microscopy and compared to carotenoid deposition forms in red bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Globular–tubular chromoplasts of sapote contained numerous lipid globules and tubules embodying unique provitamin A keto-carotenoids in a lipid-dissolved and presumably liquid-crystalline form, respectively. Bioaccessibility of sapotexanthin and cryptocapsin was compared to that of structurally related keto-carotenoids from red bell pepper and salmon. Capsanthin from bell pepper was the most bioaccessible pigment, followed by sapotexanthin and cryptocapsin esters from mamey sapote. In contrast, astaxanthin from salmon was the least bioaccessible keto-carotenoid. Thermal treatment and fat addition consistently enhanced bioaccessibility, except for astaxanthin from naturally lipid-rich salmon, which remained unaffected. Altho...
