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Kurunthachalam Kannan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Parabens in stretch mark creams: A source of exposure in pregnant and lactating women.
The Science of the total environment, 2020Co-Authors: Hongkai Zhu, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Abstract Parabens are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in personal care products (PCPs). Stretch mark cream is widely used by pregnant and lactating women for the treatment of striae gravidarum. This can be a potential source of paraben exposure, not only to pregnant/lactating women but also to fetuses/newborns. Little is known, however, with regard to the occurrence of Parabens in stretch mark creams. In this study, we analyzed eight Parabens and their metabolites in 31 popular stretch mark creams originated from various countries including China. The concentrations of Σparaben (sum of eight Parabens/metabolites) ranged from 0.007 to 1630 μg/g, with mean and median values of 453 and 273 μg/g, respectively. Methyl- and propyl-Parabens accounted for >95% of Σparaben concentrations. We examined the measured paraben concentrations against ingredients listed on the product labels. Parabens were listed as ingredients in those creams that contained concentrations >100 μg/g except for four samples with such high concentrations. Six cream samples that were labeled ‘paraben-free’ contained trace levels (0.007–9.92 μg/g) of these preservatives. Mean dermal ∑paraben exposure dose from the use of stretch mark creams (30.6 μg/kg bw/day) was well below the current acceptable daily intake value (5 mg/kg bw/day). In comparison to diet and indoor dust ingestion pathways, paraben-laden stretch mark cream may be a major source of paraben exposure in pregnant and lactating women. This study provides information on Parabens and other preservatives in stretch mark creams and measures to reduce exposures during pregnancy and lactation.
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urinary levels of environmental phenols and Parabens and antioxidant enzyme activity in the blood of women
Environmental Research, 2020Co-Authors: Anna Z Pollack, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Sunni L Mumford, Jenna R Krall, Andrea Carmichael, Victoria C Andriessen, Enrique F SchistermanAbstract:Abstract Background The balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes is one biological mechanism by which environmental and lifestyle exposures affect health outcomes. Yet, no studies have examined the relationship between environmental phenolic compounds and Parabens or their mixtures in relation to antioxidant enzyme activity in women of reproductive age. Methods Sixteen environmental phenols and Parabens were measured in urine 2–5 times across two months of follow-up in 143 women aged 18–44 years. Four antioxidant enzymes, erythrocyte and plasma glutathione peroxidase (eGPx, pGPx), glutathione reductase (GSHR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in plasma. Linear mixed models were adjusted for age, body mass index, race, and creatinine and were weighted with inverse probability of exposure weights. Multi-chemical exposures were estimated using hierarchical principal component analysis (PCA). Results In line with our hypothesis that environmental phenols and Parabens would be associated with decreased antioxidant enzymes, butyl, benzyl, ethyl, and propyl Parabens were associated with lower levels of eGPx. Methyl paraben, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,5-dichlorophenol were associated with reduced SOD. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was associated with increased levels of pGPx and GSHR. Several Parabens were associated with modest decreases in eGPx and SOD, biomarkers of antioxidant defense. Increases in pGPx and GSHR were noted in relation to butyl and ethyl Parabens. Co-exposures to Parabens were associated with decreased eGPx (β = −1.08, 95% CI: −1.74, −0.43) in principal components mixed models, while co-exposure to benzophenones-3 and -1 were associated with increased eGPx (β = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.20, 1.64). Conclusion These findings indicate that nonpersistent chemicals altered antioxidant enzyme activity. Further human studies are necessary to delineate the relationship between environmental phenol and paraben exposures with erythrocyte and plasma activities of antioxidant enzymes.
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temporal trends of Parabens and their metabolites in mollusks from the chinese bohai sea during 2006 2015 species specific accumulation and implications for human exposure
Environmental Science & Technology, 2018Co-Authors: Chunyang Liao, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Parabens are used as preservatives in many consumer products, and human exposure to these chemicals has been a public concern. In this study, mollusks (n = 186), collected from the Chinese Bohai Sea during 2006–2015, were analyzed for six Parabens and their five metabolites. The total concentration of Parabens was in the range of 2.66–299 ng/g dw (geometric mean: 24.1). Methyl paraben and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were the predominant parent and metabolic Parabens, respectively found in mollusks. Mollusk species, Mactra veneriformis, Mytilus edulis, and Cyclina sinensis contained elevated concentrations of both parent and metabolic Parabens. A gradual increase in paraben concentrations was found in mollusks collected between 2006 and 2012. Principal component analysis suggested the existence of a common source for these chemicals in mollusks. Consumption of mollusks can contribute to human exposures and we estimated daily intakes of Parabens through the consumption of mollusks. This is the first study to repo...
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Parabens in human urine from several asian countries greece and the united states
Chemosphere, 2018Co-Authors: Masato Honda, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Morgan RobinsonAbstract:Abstract Parabens, esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid, are commonly used as antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics and personal care products. Although several studies report exposure of humans to Parabens in Western countries, little is known about exposure of humans to Parabens in Asian countries. In this study, we determined concentrations of six Parabens in spot urine samples collected from nine countries and estimated daily intakes (DI) and potential health risks of Parabens. Ethyl-paraben, methyl-paraben, and propyl-paraben were detected frequently at 100, 98.0, and 80.3%, respectively, with representative median concentrations of 0.68, 7.02, and 1.21 ng/mL, respectively, for all nine countries. Urine samples from females (total median concentration: 32.3 ng/mL) contained significantly higher concentrations of Parabens than did those from males (5.46 ng/mL). Urine samples from Korea (total median paraben concentration: 227 ng/mL) had the highest concentrations, which were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those found in other countries (3.67–29.1 ng/mL). The estimated DI of Parabens (on the basis of concentrations measured in urine) varied widely, and several samples had propyl-paraben exposures above the acceptable DI. Our results suggest that paraben exposure is ubiquitous in Asian countries, and further assessment of potential health risk of these chemicals is needed.
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fate of Parabens and their metabolites in two wastewater treatment plants in new york state united states
Environmental Science & Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Wei Wang, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Little is known about the occurrence and fate of Parabens and their metabolites in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, mass loadings, removal efficiencies, and environmental emission of six Parabens, four of their metabolites (4-hydroxy benzoate, 3,4-dihydroxy benzoate, methyl-protocatechuate, and ethyl-protocatechuate) and benzoic acid were studied based on the concentrations determined in wastewater influent, primary effluent, final effluent, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sludge collected from two WWTPs (denoted as WWTPA and WWTPB) in the Albany area of New York State. The median respective concentrations of sum of Parabens (ΣParabens = 6 parent compounds) and paraben-metabolites (Σmetabolites = 4 metabolites) were 73.1–158 and 5460–10,000 ng/L in influents, and 1.96–5.57 and 2060–2550 ng/L in final effluents. The concentrations of Σmetabolites were significantly higher than those of ΣParabens in sludge and SPM. The removal efficiencies for Parabens (89.6–99.9%) were higher tha...
Chunyang Liao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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paraben concentrations in human fingernail and its association with personal care product use
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2020Co-Authors: Xinyi Cui, Yi Chen, Chunyang LiaoAbstract:Abstract Parabens are used as antimicrobial preservatives in a range of consumer products. However, very limited information is available about the association between use of personal care products and paraben burden in human tissues. Accumulation of Parabens in some non-destructive biomarkers (such as human fingernail) is essential for paraben biomonitoring. In this study, 50 human fingernail samples were collected from Nanjing, China. A subset of participants (n = 32) also provided their face cream samples (as the representative of personal care products). Six Parabens, including methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP), butyl- (BuP), heptyl- (HeP), and benzyl-Parabens (BzP), together with their major metabolites were measured in the fingernail and face cream samples. Total concentrations of Parabens and their major metabolites were 39.9–27400 ng/g in fingernails. MeP, PrP and EtP were the three dominant Parabens in fingernails with median values of 3140, 1290, and 127 ng/g, respectively. Significantly higher levels in female fingernails than those in male fingernails were observed for MeP, PrP, EtP, BuP, and the MeP metabolite (methyl protocatechuate, OH–MeP) (p
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spatial distribution of Parabens triclocarban triclosan bisphenols and tetrabromobisphenol a and its alternatives in municipal sewage sludges in china
Science of The Total Environment, 2019Co-Authors: Yun Wang, Chunyang Liao, Kegang Zhang, He Zhang, Guibin JiangAbstract:Abstract Parabens, triclocarban (TCC), triclosan (TCS), bisphenols (BPs), and tetrabromobisphenol A and its alternatives (TBBPAs) are used in a broad range of daily consumer products and industrial productions. Concerns have been raised over exposure of humans to these chemicals, because of their adverse health effects. However, information on the spatial distribution of Parabens, TCC, TCS, BPs and TBBPAs in sludge from waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in China is still limited. In this study, 19 endocrine disrupting chemicals, including six Parabens, two antimicrobials (TCC and TCS), eight BPs and three TBBPAs, were determined in sludges from 46 WWTPs across China. Concentrations of target chemicals were found in a decreased order as: ∑(TCC + TCS) (mean: 3930, range: 1340–11,100 ng/g dw) > ∑8BPs (201, 23.1–1240 ng/g dw) > ∑6Parabens (67.9, 10.4–272 ng/g dw) > ∑3TBBPAs (18.4, 1.36–195 ng/g dw). Methyl paraben (MeP), TCC, bisphenol A (BPA) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were the major compounds found in sludge, accounting for 89.0%, 57.7%, 85.8% and 93.3% of ∑6Parabens, ∑(TCC + TCS), ∑8BPs and ∑3TBBPAs, respectively. Elevated concentrations of BPs and TBBPAs were found in sludges from the Northeast China and Central South China (p 0.05). Calculation of mass loading showed that sludge from East China (1340 kg/yr) and South Central China (1060 kg/yr) released relatively more such chemicals. This nationwide study provided baseline concentrations of these chemicals in sludges and estimated their environmental release through sludge in China.
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temporal trends of Parabens and their metabolites in mollusks from the chinese bohai sea during 2006 2015 species specific accumulation and implications for human exposure
Environmental Science & Technology, 2018Co-Authors: Chunyang Liao, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Parabens are used as preservatives in many consumer products, and human exposure to these chemicals has been a public concern. In this study, mollusks (n = 186), collected from the Chinese Bohai Sea during 2006–2015, were analyzed for six Parabens and their five metabolites. The total concentration of Parabens was in the range of 2.66–299 ng/g dw (geometric mean: 24.1). Methyl paraben and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were the predominant parent and metabolic Parabens, respectively found in mollusks. Mollusk species, Mactra veneriformis, Mytilus edulis, and Cyclina sinensis contained elevated concentrations of both parent and metabolic Parabens. A gradual increase in paraben concentrations was found in mollusks collected between 2006 and 2012. Principal component analysis suggested the existence of a common source for these chemicals in mollusks. Consumption of mollusks can contribute to human exposures and we estimated daily intakes of Parabens through the consumption of mollusks. This is the first study to repo...
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Parabens in sediment and sewage sludge from the united states japan and korea spatial distribution and temporal trends
Environmental Science & Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Chunyang Liao, Hyobang Moon, Sunggyu Lee, Nobuyoshi Yamashita, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Parabens (alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid) are widely used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foodstuffs as broad-spectrum antimicrobial preservatives. Laboratory animal studies have shown that Parabens possess weak estrogenic activity. Widespread exposure of humans to Parabens has raised significant public health concerns. Despite such concern, little is known about the occurrence of Parabens in the environment. In this study, six paraben analogues, methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP), butyl- (BuP), benzyl-(BzP), and heptyl Parabens (HepP), were determined in surface sediment and sediment core samples collected from several locations in the United States (U.S.), Japan, and Korea by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Concentrations of Parabens also were determined in sewage sludge collected from several wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Korea. MeP was found in all samples, including surface sediment, sediment core, and sludge samples, at concentrations ranging from 0.312 to 540 ng/g dry weight (dw). PrP was detected in the majority of samples (79%), and the concentrations were, in general, 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than MeP concentrations. Significant positive correlations were found among the concentrations of paraben analogues in sediment and sludge, which suggested the existence of similar sources of origin for these compounds. The sum concentrations of six Parabens (∑PBs) in sludge (geometric mean: 66.3, median: 89.5 ng/g dw) were remarkably higher than those in sediment (5.48, 5.24 ng/g dw). Vertical profiles of Parabens in sediment cores from the U.S. showed a gradual increase in concentrations in the past decade, although such a trend was not clear in sediment core from Tokyo Bay, Japan.
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Occurrence of Parabens in foodstuffs from China and its implications for human dietary exposure.
Environment international, 2013Co-Authors: Chunyang Liao, Lingxin Chen, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Parabens are alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and are used as antimicrobial preservatives in a range of consumer products, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foodstuffs. Despite their widespread use, prior to this study, paraben concentrations in foodstuffs from China and human dietary exposure to these chemicals have been unknown. In this study, concentrations of six Parabens were determined in 13 categories of food samples (n=282), including cereals and cereal products, meat, fish and seafood, eggs, dairy products, bean products, fruits, vegetables, cookies, beverages, cooking oils, condiments, and others, collected from nine cities in China. Almost all (detection rate: 99%) food samples contained at least one of the Parabens analyzed, and the total concentrations (ΣParabens; sum of six Parabens) ranged from below limit of quantification (LOQ) to 2530ng/g fresh weight, with an overall mean value of 39.3ng/g. Methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), and propyl paraben (PrP) were the major paraben analogs found in foodstuffs, and these compounds accounted for 59%, 24%, and 10%, respectively, of ΣParaben concentrations. Although the mean concentrations of ΣParabens varied among different categories of food items (from 0.839ng/g in beverages to 100ng/g in vegetables), the concentrations were not statistically significant among the 13 food categories, including canned foodstuffs. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of Parabens was based on the measured concentrations in foods and the corresponding daily food ingestion rates. The mean and 95th percentile values for EDI were 1010 and 3040ng/kg body weight (bw)/day for adult men and 1060 and 3170ng/kg bw/day for adult women, respectively.
Philippa D Darbre - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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combinations of Parabens at concentrations measured in human breast tissue can increase proliferation of mcf 7 human breast cancer cells
Journal of Applied Toxicology, 2013Co-Authors: Amelia K Charles, Philippa D DarbreAbstract:The alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (Parabens), which are used as preservatives in consumer products, possess oestrogenic activity and have been measured in human breast tissue. This has raised concerns for a potential involvement in the development of human breast cancer. In this paper, we have investigated the extent to which proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells can be increased by exposure to the five Parabens either alone or in combination at concentrations as recently measured in 160 human breast tissue samples. Determination of no-observed-effect concentrations (NOEC), lowest-observed-effect concentrations (LOEC), EC50 and EC100 values for stimulation of proliferation of MCF-7 cells by five Parabens revealed that 43/160 (27%) of the human breast tissue samples contained at least one paraben at a concentration ≥ LOEC and 64/160 (40%) > NOEC. Proliferation of MCF-7 cells could be increased by combining all five Parabens at concentrations down to the 50th percentile (median) values measured in the tissues. For the 22 tissue samples taken at the site of ER + PR + primary cancers, 12 contained a sufficient concentration of one or more paraben to stimulate proliferation of MCF-7 cells. This demonstrates that Parabens, either alone or in combination, are present in human breast tissue at concentrations sufficient to stimulate the proliferation of MCF-7 cells in vitro, and that functional consequences of the presence of paraben in human breast tissue should be assessed on the basis of all five Parabens and not single Parabens individually. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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oestrogenic activity of Parabens in mcf7 human breast cancer cells
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2002Co-Authors: J R Byford, L E Shaw, M G B Drew, G S Pope, Maurice J Sauer, Philippa D DarbreAbstract:Parabens (4-hydroxybenzoic acid esters) have been recently reported to have oestrogenic activity in yeast cells and animal models. Since the human population is exposed to Parabens through their widespread use as preservatives in foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, we have investigated here whether oestrogenic activity of these compounds can also be detected in oestrogen-sensitive human cells. We report on the oestrogenic effects of four Parabens (methylparaben, ethylparaben, n-propylparaben, n-butylparaben) in oestrogen-dependent MCF7 human breast cancer cells. Competitive inhibition of [3H]oestradiol binding to MCF7 cell oestrogen receptors could be detected at 1,000,000-fold molar excess of n-butylparaben (86%), n-propylparaben (77%), ethyl-paraben (54%) and methylparaben (21%). At concentrations of 10(-6)M and above, Parabens were are able to increase expression of both transfected (ERE-CAT reporter gene) and endogenous (pS2) oestrogen-regulated genes in these cells. They could also increase proliferation of the cells in monolayer culture, which could be inhibited by the antiestrogen ICI 182,780, indicating that the effects were mediated through the oestrogen receptor. However, no antagonist activity of Parabens could be detected on regulation of cell proliferation by 17 beta-oestradiol at 10(-10)M. Molecular modelling has indicated the mode by which paraben molecules can bind into the ligand binding pocket of the crystal structure of the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in place of 17beta-oestradiol; it has furthermore shown that two paraben molecules can bind simultaneously in a mode in which their phenolic hydroxyl groups bind similarly to those of the meso-hexoestrol molecule. Future work will need to address the extent to which Parabens can accumulate in hormonally sensitive tissues and also the extent to which their weak oestrogenic activity can add to the more general environmental oestrogen problem.
Eiliv Lund - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Plasma concentrations of Parabens in postmenopausal women and self-reported use of personal care products: the NOWAC postgenome study
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 2011Co-Authors: Torkjel M Sandanger, Sandra Huber, Tonje Braathen, Henriette Leknes, Eiliv LundAbstract:Parabens are used extensively in personal care products; however, their estrogenic properties have raised concern over risks to human health. High levels of total Parabens, mainly as conjugates, have been reported in human plasma/serum, with limited data on native Parabens. Our objective was to assess and link plasma concentrations of native common Parabens to self-reported use of personal care products in women from the general population. The information was obtained from an extensive questionnaire on diet and lifestyle previously answered by the women in the NOWAC study. Plasma samples from 332 individuals were extracted and cleaned up by automated solid phase extraction and analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Native methyl paraben dominated and was detected in 63% of the samples, with a median level of 9.4 ng/ml. Ethyl paraben (median
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plasma concentrations of Parabens in postmenopausal women and self reported use of personal care products the nowac postgenome study
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2011Co-Authors: Torkjel M Sandanger, Sandra Huber, Tonje Braathen, Henriette Leknes, Morten K Moe, Eiliv LundAbstract:Parabens are used extensively in personal care products; however, their estrogenic properties have raised concern over risks to human health. High levels of total Parabens, mainly as conjugates, have been reported in human plasma/serum, with limited data on native Parabens. Our objective was to assess and link plasma concentrations of native common Parabens to self-reported use of personal care products in women from the general population. The information was obtained from an extensive questionnaire on diet and lifestyle previously answered by the women in the NOWAC study. Plasma samples from 332 individuals were extracted and cleaned up by automated solid phase extraction and analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Native methyl paraben dominated and was detected in 63% of the samples, with a median level of 9.4 ng/ml. Ethyl paraben (median < 3 ng/ml) and propyl paraben (median < 2 ng/ml) were detected in 22 and 29%, respectively. Butyl and benzyl Parabens were not detected. For the first time, elevated levels of native Parabens are reported in women from the general population. The concentrations were significantly associated with the use of skin lotions, indicating that frequent (daily or more) use maintain elevated concentrations despite the Parabens short half-lives. These findings clearly emphasize the need to study potential health effects in the general population.
Torkjel M Sandanger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Plasma concentrations of Parabens in postmenopausal women and self-reported use of personal care products: the NOWAC postgenome study
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 2011Co-Authors: Torkjel M Sandanger, Sandra Huber, Tonje Braathen, Henriette Leknes, Eiliv LundAbstract:Parabens are used extensively in personal care products; however, their estrogenic properties have raised concern over risks to human health. High levels of total Parabens, mainly as conjugates, have been reported in human plasma/serum, with limited data on native Parabens. Our objective was to assess and link plasma concentrations of native common Parabens to self-reported use of personal care products in women from the general population. The information was obtained from an extensive questionnaire on diet and lifestyle previously answered by the women in the NOWAC study. Plasma samples from 332 individuals were extracted and cleaned up by automated solid phase extraction and analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Native methyl paraben dominated and was detected in 63% of the samples, with a median level of 9.4 ng/ml. Ethyl paraben (median
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plasma concentrations of Parabens in postmenopausal women and self reported use of personal care products the nowac postgenome study
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2011Co-Authors: Torkjel M Sandanger, Sandra Huber, Tonje Braathen, Henriette Leknes, Morten K Moe, Eiliv LundAbstract:Parabens are used extensively in personal care products; however, their estrogenic properties have raised concern over risks to human health. High levels of total Parabens, mainly as conjugates, have been reported in human plasma/serum, with limited data on native Parabens. Our objective was to assess and link plasma concentrations of native common Parabens to self-reported use of personal care products in women from the general population. The information was obtained from an extensive questionnaire on diet and lifestyle previously answered by the women in the NOWAC study. Plasma samples from 332 individuals were extracted and cleaned up by automated solid phase extraction and analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Native methyl paraben dominated and was detected in 63% of the samples, with a median level of 9.4 ng/ml. Ethyl paraben (median < 3 ng/ml) and propyl paraben (median < 2 ng/ml) were detected in 22 and 29%, respectively. Butyl and benzyl Parabens were not detected. For the first time, elevated levels of native Parabens are reported in women from the general population. The concentrations were significantly associated with the use of skin lotions, indicating that frequent (daily or more) use maintain elevated concentrations despite the Parabens short half-lives. These findings clearly emphasize the need to study potential health effects in the general population.
