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S. W. Adkins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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managing an invasive weed species Parthenium hysterophorus with suppressive plant species in australian grasslands
Plants (Basel Switzerland), 2020Co-Authors: Amalia Belgeri, Asad Shabbir, Ali Ahsan Bajwa, S C Navie, Gabrielle Viviansmith, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:Parthenium weed has been invading native and managed Australian grasslands for almost 40 years. This study quantified the potential of selected plant mixtures to suppress the growth of Parthenium weed and followed their response to grazing and their impact upon plant community diversity. The first mixture consisted of predominantly introduced species including Rhodes grass, Bisset bluegrass, butterfly pea and green panic. This mixture produced biomass rapidly and showed tolerance to weed species other than Parthenium weed. However, the mixture was unable to suppress the growth of Parthenium weed. The second mixture of predominantly native pasture species (including forest bluegrass, Queensland bluegrass, Buffel grass and siratro) produced biomass relatively slowly, but eventually reached the same biomass production as the first mixture 12 weeks after planting. This mixture suppressed Parthenium weed re-establishment by 78% compared to the control treatment. Its tolerance to the invasion of other weed species and the maintenance of forage species evenness was also superior. The total diversity was five times higher for the mixture communities as compared to the plant community in the control treatment. Therefore, using the suppressive pasture mixtures may provide an improved sustainable management approach for Parthenium weed in grasslands.
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the phytotoxic activity of Parthenium hysterophorus l seedlings on a range of pasture species
Crop Protection, 2020Co-Authors: Boyang Shi, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:The optimised plant-box bioassay technique was used to investigate the phytotoxic activity of Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) seedlings on the growth of lettuce (control) and other agriculturally important pasture seedlings. The suppression of seedling growth was greater for native pasture species than for the introduced species. Lettuce seedling growth exhibited different levels of sensitivity to seedlings from different biotypes of Parthenium weed coming from its native and introduced range. Two biotypes from the native range (USA and Argentina) gave a stronger suppression than another (Mexico) and all biotypes tested from the introduced range (Australia, China and Vietnam). In addition, there was no significant difference found between two Australian biotypes. The phytotoxic capacity of Parthenium weed seedlings was positioned into the lower end of a range of other known phytotoxic species with higher and lower levels of phytotoxic activity. This indicates that Parthenium weed may not a very strong phytotoxic species.
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competition dynamics of Parthenium hysterophorus in direct seeded aerobic rice fields
Experimental Agriculture, 2020Co-Authors: Ali Ahsan Bajwa, Bhagirath S. Chauhan, Muhammad Farooq, Aman Ullah, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:Parthenium hysterophorus is a prolific invasive weed species, which infests many crops in over 40 countries around the world. A 2-year field study was carried out to quantify the potential impacts of this weed on direct-seeded rice. Parthenium weed was allowed to compete for 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks after crop emergence, while full season weedy and weed-free plots were maintained as controls. Parthenium weed plants grew taller and attained more biomass as the competition duration prolonged. The yield and yield-related attributes of rice were negatively affected with increasing competition duration. The season-long competition caused the highest reductions in panicle number (28–34%), panicle length (26–27%), grains per panicle (22–23%) and grain yield (33 and 38%) of rice in both years. Weed competition for 2–8 weeks caused 5–34% and 6–33% losses in rice grain yield during both years, respectively. Importantly, Parthenium weed control after 8 weeks of competition did not improve rice yield significantly. The results suggested that Parthenium weed should be controlled in rice fields between 4 and 8 weeks after crop emergence under direct-seeded conditions to avoid over 10% yield losses.
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suppresive plants as weed management tool managing Parthenium hysterophorus under simulated grazing in australian grasslands
Journal of Environmental Management, 2019Co-Authors: Asad Shabbir, Naeem Khan, D L George, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:Parthenium hysterophorus L. is among one of the most problematic invasive grassland weeds in Australia, and in many other countries around the world. It can reduce pasture and livestock production, natural community biodiversity, and negatively affect human and animal health. Sowing of selected suppressive pasture plants in Parthenium weed infested grasslands has shown potential to improve efficacy of management. However, such species need to be tested for their ability to suppress weed growth under grazing conditions. The Parthenium weed suppressive and fodder production capacity of six selected pasture species [purple pigeon grass (Setaria incrassata), buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea), Kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra), bull Mitchell grass (Astrebla squarrosa) and Indian bluegrass (Bothriochloa pertusa)] was tested under no (0%), low (25%), moderate (50%) and heavy (75%) simulated grazing pressures in a grassland area of south-central Queensland, Australia. Purple pigeon grass, buffel grass and butterfly pea legume suppressed the growth of Parthenium weed by >50% under low and moderate simulated grazing pressures, as well as generating moderate to high amounts of fodder biomass (up to 5.07 t ha per year). Native species, Kangaroo grass and bull Mitchell grass both suppressed the Parthenium weed's growth by >50% under low simulated grazing pressure, however, they generated low to moderate amounts of biomass, 1.83 t ha and 2.7 t ha per year, respectively. The sowing of selected suppressive pasture species in Parthenium weed infested grasslands with low-to-moderate grazing pressure, assuming this corresponds closely with the simulated treatment, would provide an additional tool to the best practice weed management strategy as well as sustaining fodder production.
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impact of invasive plant species on the livelihoods of farming households evidence from Parthenium hysterophorus invasion in rural punjab pakistan
Biological Invasions, 2019Co-Authors: Ali Ahsan Bajwa, Bhagirath S. Chauhan, Ahmad Nawaz, Muhammad Farooq, Lava Yadav, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:Invasive plant species often have negative impacts on agriculture and society in addition to their detrimental effects on biodiversity and environment. It is important to assess such impacts to devise effective management plans. A field survey study was carried out to assess the socio-economic effects of a highly invasive plant species, Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) across the three different cropping regions in Punjab province of Pakistan. The farming communities of different cropping regions reported significant effects of Parthenium weed on their crop and livestock production, health and social well-being. The mixed cropping region was heavily infested and most affected region, whereas the cotton–wheat region was least affected. Farmers were well-aware of Parthenium weed presence, its biology, habitat, and mode of dispersal across the landscape. All the major crops cultivated were infested by varying degrees of weed densities with potato, sugarcane and maize being the most infested crops. Farmers were generally good at managing the weed in crops which cost them significant amounts of money (ca. $205 per household). Parthenium weed also infested the fodder collection and grazing sites affecting the livestock production negatively. Each farmer lost an additional ca. $935 annually due to the weed infestations on fodder collection sites. A significant proportion of farmers also reported negative effects of the weed on animal health (22–36%) and human health (14–24%). The average annual costs associated with animal health and human health were ca. $2031 and $73 per household, respectively. Despite acknowledging the value of weed management in non-cropped areas, fewer farmers managed it practically in such areas. Most farmers reported Parthenium weed as a very difficult-to-manage weed. About 37% of farmers were willing while 60% were likely to participate in a potential management program in future. A comprehensive management strategy is urgently needed to address the looming crisis of Parthenium weed invasion across the province and similar approach must be implemented at the national and international level.
Asad Shabbir - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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managing an invasive weed species Parthenium hysterophorus with suppressive plant species in australian grasslands
Plants (Basel Switzerland), 2020Co-Authors: Amalia Belgeri, Asad Shabbir, Ali Ahsan Bajwa, S C Navie, Gabrielle Viviansmith, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:Parthenium weed has been invading native and managed Australian grasslands for almost 40 years. This study quantified the potential of selected plant mixtures to suppress the growth of Parthenium weed and followed their response to grazing and their impact upon plant community diversity. The first mixture consisted of predominantly introduced species including Rhodes grass, Bisset bluegrass, butterfly pea and green panic. This mixture produced biomass rapidly and showed tolerance to weed species other than Parthenium weed. However, the mixture was unable to suppress the growth of Parthenium weed. The second mixture of predominantly native pasture species (including forest bluegrass, Queensland bluegrass, Buffel grass and siratro) produced biomass relatively slowly, but eventually reached the same biomass production as the first mixture 12 weeks after planting. This mixture suppressed Parthenium weed re-establishment by 78% compared to the control treatment. Its tolerance to the invasion of other weed species and the maintenance of forage species evenness was also superior. The total diversity was five times higher for the mixture communities as compared to the plant community in the control treatment. Therefore, using the suppressive pasture mixtures may provide an improved sustainable management approach for Parthenium weed in grasslands.
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suppresive plants as weed management tool managing Parthenium hysterophorus under simulated grazing in australian grasslands
Journal of Environmental Management, 2019Co-Authors: Asad Shabbir, Naeem Khan, D L George, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:Parthenium hysterophorus L. is among one of the most problematic invasive grassland weeds in Australia, and in many other countries around the world. It can reduce pasture and livestock production, natural community biodiversity, and negatively affect human and animal health. Sowing of selected suppressive pasture plants in Parthenium weed infested grasslands has shown potential to improve efficacy of management. However, such species need to be tested for their ability to suppress weed growth under grazing conditions. The Parthenium weed suppressive and fodder production capacity of six selected pasture species [purple pigeon grass (Setaria incrassata), buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea), Kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra), bull Mitchell grass (Astrebla squarrosa) and Indian bluegrass (Bothriochloa pertusa)] was tested under no (0%), low (25%), moderate (50%) and heavy (75%) simulated grazing pressures in a grassland area of south-central Queensland, Australia. Purple pigeon grass, buffel grass and butterfly pea legume suppressed the growth of Parthenium weed by >50% under low and moderate simulated grazing pressures, as well as generating moderate to high amounts of fodder biomass (up to 5.07 t ha per year). Native species, Kangaroo grass and bull Mitchell grass both suppressed the Parthenium weed's growth by >50% under low simulated grazing pressure, however, they generated low to moderate amounts of biomass, 1.83 t ha and 2.7 t ha per year, respectively. The sowing of selected suppressive pasture species in Parthenium weed infested grasslands with low-to-moderate grazing pressure, assuming this corresponds closely with the simulated treatment, would provide an additional tool to the best practice weed management strategy as well as sustaining fodder production.
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An introduction to the 'demon plant' Parthenium weed
'CABI Publishing', 2019Co-Authors: Adkins S. W., Asad Shabbir, Dhileepan K.Abstract:Research on Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) is in progress in many countries, including Australia, India, South Africa, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, Sri Lanka and Nepal. This book, with contributions from expert researchers with extensive involvement in Parthenium weed research from these countries, has collected and synthesized existing knowledge on Parthenium weed in 16 chapters covering aspects of: (i) biology; (ii) ecology; (iii) genetics; (iv) introduction histories; (v) geographical distribution; (vi) the impact on agriculture, natural forests and the environment of protected areas; (vii) allelopathy; (viii) impacts on human and animal health; (ix) potential uses; and (x) management strategies, including chemical, cultural and biological control methods. The book also provides current distribution records/status of the weed, along with future risks of spread based on climate change. There are dedicated chapters on the current status of Parthenium weed problems in Australia and the Pacific, Southern Asia, East and South-east Asia, North Africa and the Middle East, and southern Africa. All chapters have relevant photos and figures included to make the reading interesting. This is the first book on Parthenium weed under the CABI invasive species series. The book will be of immense value to all countries with a Parthenium problem, which will benefit by sharing knowledge and experience
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Biological control under a changing climate: The efficacy of the Parthenium weed stem-galling moth under an atmosphere enriched with CO2
Biological Control, 2019Co-Authors: Asad Shabbir, Kunjithapatham Dhileepan, Myron P. ZaluckiAbstract:Abstract Parthenium hysterophorus (Parthenium weed) is a highly invasive species that has become a major weed in Australia and many other parts of the world. The present study reports on the effect of atmospheric CO2 enrichment upon the performance and effectiveness of one of its biological control agents, Epiblema strenuana (stem-galling moth). Parthenium weed plants, when grown under an elevated CO2 concentration (550 µmol mol−1), produced a significantly greater dry biomass (38%), produced more branches (35%) and seeds per plant (37%), than plants grown under an ambient CO2 concentration (380 µmol mol−1). Galls produced by E. strenuana significantly reduced the height (46%) and dry biomass (45%) of Parthenium weed under the elevated CO2 concentration. In the presence of E. strenuana, the total number of cypselae produced by plants was 60 or 32% less at ambient or elevated CO2 concentrations, respectively. X-ray revealed that E. strenuana had a significant negative impact upon cypsela fill under elevated CO2 concentration with about 50% not being filled. Gall induction by E. strenuana stimulated lateral branching and this was observed in plants grown both under elevated and ambient CO2 concentrations. Under elevated CO2 and in the presence of E. strenuana, net photosynthesis and water use efficiency were decreased by 25 and 28%, respectively. Despite Parthenium weed producing more biomass and seed, this study indicates that the efficacy of E. strenuana as a biological control agent of Parthenium weed is likely to be retained in a future climate with an elevated CO2 concentration.
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root growth responses of Parthenium weed and different pasture plants under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide
Journal of The National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 2018Co-Authors: Naeem Khan, Z Hanif, Khalid Naveed, Asad Shabbir, I. A. Khan, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an alien invasive species reducing pasture productivity and livestock production in Australia and other countries around the world. Three C4 pasture grasses ( Setaria incrassata , Astrebla squarrosa and Bothriochloa decipiens ) and one C3 pasture legume species ( Clitoria ternatea ), all previously known to be suppressive of the growth of Parthenium weed under ambient CO2 (390 μmolmol-1), were re-tested under an elevated atmospheric CO2 (550 μmolmol-1) level in a controlled environment growth chamber. When grown alone and under elevated atmospheric CO2 level, the root dry biomass of S . incrassata and A . squarrosa did not get affected significantly, whereas that of B . decipiens , C . ternatea and P . hysterophorus significantly increased by 10, 34 and 26 %, respectively. When S . incrassata and A . squarrosa were grown together with Parthenium weed under the same conditions, their root dry biomass reduced by 20 and 16 %, while that of B . decipiens and C . ternatea was increased by 7 and 28 %, respectively. The root to shoot ratio of S . incrassata and A . squarrosa decreased significantly by 24 and 16 %, while that of B . decipiens , C . ternatea and Parthenium weed increased by 6, 17 and 12 %, respectively, under the same conditions. These results have important implications for the management of Parthenium weed in future climate scenarios involving elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. Our results suggest that some pasture species with the potential to suppress the growth of Parthenium weed under the present climate will remain an important tool in managing pastures invaded by Parthenium weed in the future.
Js Pasricha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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pattern of cross sensitivity between 4 compositae plants Parthenium hysterophorus xanthium strumarium helianthus annuus and chrysanthemum coronarium in indian patients
Contact Dermatitis, 1994Co-Authors: Th. Nandakishore, Js PasrichaAbstract:To assess the pattern of cross-sensitivity between 4 members of the Compositae family, namely Parthenium hysterophorus L., Xanthium strumarium L., Helianthus annuus L. and Chrysanthemum coronarium L., 63 patients clinically diagnosed to have airborne contact dermatitis, and 51 controls having well-defined patterns of contact dermatitis caused by agents other than plants, were patch tested with measured amounts of standardized aqueous extracts of these plants. Positive reactions were obtained in 62 patients and 13 controls with Parthenium hysterophorus, in 47 patients and 9 controls with Xanthium strumarium, in 7 patients and 2 controls with Helianthus annuus. and in 13 of the 57 patients and one out of 28 controls tested with Chrysanthemum coronarium. 2 patients were allergic to all 4 of the plants; 14 patients to 3 plants, namely Parthenium. Xanthium and Chrysanthemum in 9 cases and Parthenium. Xanthium and Helianthus in 5 cases; 32 patients to 2 plants, namely Parthenium and Xanthium in 30 cases, and Parthenium and Chrysanthemum, and Xanthium and Chrysanthemum in 1 case each; 15 patients were allergic to 1 plant only, that being Parthenium. All the 47 patients allergic to Xanthium. 13 patients allergic to Chrysanthemum and 7 patients allergic to Helianthus were positive with some other plant as well. There was 1 patient who was allergic to Xanthium and Chrysanthemum but not to Parthenium. The titre of contact hypersensitivity (TCH) determined in the patients allergic to Parthenium, Xanthium and Helianthus showed values that varied widely with each plant in different patients, and there was no parallelism between the TCH with various plants. In 36 patients, the TCH was highest with Parthenium and in 3 patients with Xanthium. In 7 patients the TCH was the same with Parthenium and Xanthium The TCH with Helianthus was lower than or equal to that with the other plants. Thus, it seems that most of the patients in this group were primarily sensitized to Parthenium, while in a few cases Xanthium was the primary sensitizer. Several of these cross-reacted with other Compositae plants. One patient from Srinagar, where Chrysanthemum is more prevalent while Parthenium has not yet infiltrated, showed the severest patch test reaction to Chrysanthemum, while the reactions to Parthenium and Xanthium were milder. He was possibly sensitized primarily to Chrysanthemum and cross-reacted with Parthenium and Xanthium.
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a high rate of cross sensitivity between Parthenium hysterophorus and xanthium strumarium in indian patients with contact dermatitis
Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 1994Co-Authors: Js PasrichaAbstract:Parthenium hysterophorus is well known to produce contact dermatitis in India. Xanthium strumarium is another weed also belonging to the Compositae family present in India since much earlier times, but not recognised among the plants causing contact dermatitis. We have found a very high rate of cross-sensitivity between the two plants in patients presenting air-borne contact dermatitis. Of the 28 patients with air-borne contact dermatitis. 22 revealed positive patch tests with aqueous extracts of both plants, one patient showed a negative patch test with Parthenium hysterophorus and a positive test with Xanthium strumarium, while five patients were negative with both plants. In a control group of 15 patients with contact dermatitis due to other agents, only one patient showed a positive patch test with Xanthium strumarium, while the patch test with Parthenium hysterophorus was negative. Patch tests performed with serial 10-fold dilutions of standard extracts of both plants to determine the degree (titre) of contact hypersensitivity (TCH) revealed variable litres in different patients. Some patients had a much higher titre with Parthenium hysterophorus while others had a higher titre with Xanthium strumarium. The antigen in Xanthium strumarium, like that of Parthenium hysterophorus, could be extracted with water, acetone, ethanol, chloroform, benzene, ether and carbon tetrachloride. Infra-red spectrophotometry of extracts in ether revealed similar spectra in the two plants. The antigens in the two plants seem lo be very similar.
Ali Ahsan Bajwa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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managing an invasive weed species Parthenium hysterophorus with suppressive plant species in australian grasslands
Plants (Basel Switzerland), 2020Co-Authors: Amalia Belgeri, Asad Shabbir, Ali Ahsan Bajwa, S C Navie, Gabrielle Viviansmith, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:Parthenium weed has been invading native and managed Australian grasslands for almost 40 years. This study quantified the potential of selected plant mixtures to suppress the growth of Parthenium weed and followed their response to grazing and their impact upon plant community diversity. The first mixture consisted of predominantly introduced species including Rhodes grass, Bisset bluegrass, butterfly pea and green panic. This mixture produced biomass rapidly and showed tolerance to weed species other than Parthenium weed. However, the mixture was unable to suppress the growth of Parthenium weed. The second mixture of predominantly native pasture species (including forest bluegrass, Queensland bluegrass, Buffel grass and siratro) produced biomass relatively slowly, but eventually reached the same biomass production as the first mixture 12 weeks after planting. This mixture suppressed Parthenium weed re-establishment by 78% compared to the control treatment. Its tolerance to the invasion of other weed species and the maintenance of forage species evenness was also superior. The total diversity was five times higher for the mixture communities as compared to the plant community in the control treatment. Therefore, using the suppressive pasture mixtures may provide an improved sustainable management approach for Parthenium weed in grasslands.
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Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) competition with grain sorghum under arid conditions
Experimental Agriculture, 2020Co-Authors: Ali Ahsan Bajwa, Bhagirath S. Chauhan, Ahmad Nawaz, Muhammad Farooq, Steve W. AdkinsAbstract:Parthenium weed is an invasive species in a growing number of countries where it infests numerous crop fields, including sorghum. Two field studies were conducted to quantify the effect of Parthenium weed on the performance of grain sorghum at different weed densities (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 plants m) and durations of weed-crop competition (season-long weed-free, weed-free after 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks, and season-long weedy). Our aim was to identify the density threshold and ideal duration to control Parthenium weed in sorghum fields. Both field experiments were planned in a randomised complete block design each with three replications in 2016 and were repeated in 2017. Parthenium weed biomass increased significantly with increasing density and competition duration. The increasing Parthenium weed density had a linear negative effect on sorghum growth, yield and yield-contributing traits. The highest yield loss, of up to 66%, was recorded at the highest Parthenium weed density of 20 plants m when compared to weed-free treatment. In addition, the season-long competition of this weed with sorghum caused 81% reduction in grain yield over weed-free treatment. According to our results, Parthenium weed should be managed below a density of 5 plants m and throughout the crop growth duration in grain sorghum fields as it can cause serious yield losses even at low densities and through strong competition at early as well as late growth stages of the crop.
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competition dynamics of Parthenium hysterophorus in direct seeded aerobic rice fields
Experimental Agriculture, 2020Co-Authors: Ali Ahsan Bajwa, Bhagirath S. Chauhan, Muhammad Farooq, Aman Ullah, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:Parthenium hysterophorus is a prolific invasive weed species, which infests many crops in over 40 countries around the world. A 2-year field study was carried out to quantify the potential impacts of this weed on direct-seeded rice. Parthenium weed was allowed to compete for 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks after crop emergence, while full season weedy and weed-free plots were maintained as controls. Parthenium weed plants grew taller and attained more biomass as the competition duration prolonged. The yield and yield-related attributes of rice were negatively affected with increasing competition duration. The season-long competition caused the highest reductions in panicle number (28–34%), panicle length (26–27%), grains per panicle (22–23%) and grain yield (33 and 38%) of rice in both years. Weed competition for 2–8 weeks caused 5–34% and 6–33% losses in rice grain yield during both years, respectively. Importantly, Parthenium weed control after 8 weeks of competition did not improve rice yield significantly. The results suggested that Parthenium weed should be controlled in rice fields between 4 and 8 weeks after crop emergence under direct-seeded conditions to avoid over 10% yield losses.
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impact of invasive plant species on the livelihoods of farming households evidence from Parthenium hysterophorus invasion in rural punjab pakistan
Biological Invasions, 2019Co-Authors: Ali Ahsan Bajwa, Bhagirath S. Chauhan, Ahmad Nawaz, Muhammad Farooq, Lava Yadav, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:Invasive plant species often have negative impacts on agriculture and society in addition to their detrimental effects on biodiversity and environment. It is important to assess such impacts to devise effective management plans. A field survey study was carried out to assess the socio-economic effects of a highly invasive plant species, Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) across the three different cropping regions in Punjab province of Pakistan. The farming communities of different cropping regions reported significant effects of Parthenium weed on their crop and livestock production, health and social well-being. The mixed cropping region was heavily infested and most affected region, whereas the cotton–wheat region was least affected. Farmers were well-aware of Parthenium weed presence, its biology, habitat, and mode of dispersal across the landscape. All the major crops cultivated were infested by varying degrees of weed densities with potato, sugarcane and maize being the most infested crops. Farmers were generally good at managing the weed in crops which cost them significant amounts of money (ca. $205 per household). Parthenium weed also infested the fodder collection and grazing sites affecting the livestock production negatively. Each farmer lost an additional ca. $935 annually due to the weed infestations on fodder collection sites. A significant proportion of farmers also reported negative effects of the weed on animal health (22–36%) and human health (14–24%). The average annual costs associated with animal health and human health were ca. $2031 and $73 per household, respectively. Despite acknowledging the value of weed management in non-cropped areas, fewer farmers managed it practically in such areas. Most farmers reported Parthenium weed as a very difficult-to-manage weed. About 37% of farmers were willing while 60% were likely to participate in a potential management program in future. A comprehensive management strategy is urgently needed to address the looming crisis of Parthenium weed invasion across the province and similar approach must be implemented at the national and international level.
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effect of different densities of Parthenium weed Parthenium hysterophorus l on the performance of direct seeded rice under aerobic conditions
Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2019Co-Authors: Ali Ahsan Bajwa, Bhagirath S. Chauhan, Muhammad Farooq, Aman Ullah, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an emerging weed species in direct-seeded aerobic systems of rice production. This two-year field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of five different densities (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 plants m ) of Parthenium weed on rice yield and yield-related attributes. Parthenium weed produced ca. 38 to 178% higher biomass at its densities of 10 to 20 plants m as compared to the lowest density of 5 plants m . The paddy yield and yield-related attributes were negatively affected with an increase in the Parthenium weed density. In both years, the highest reductions in number of rice panicles (14 to 17%), panicle length (10 to 11%), number of grains per panicle (11 to 18%), 1000-grain weight (8 to 21%) and paddy yield (30 to 35%) were recorded at the highest Parthenium weed density (20 plants m ) tested. However, the lower densities of 5 to 15 Parthenium weed plants m also caused 11 to 24% and 12 to 26% losses in paddy yield during the years 2016 and 2017, respectively. Therefore, this weed species should be controlled below the density of 5 plants m to avoid the substantial yield losses (over 15%) in direct-seeded rice.
Naeem Khan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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suppresive plants as weed management tool managing Parthenium hysterophorus under simulated grazing in australian grasslands
Journal of Environmental Management, 2019Co-Authors: Asad Shabbir, Naeem Khan, D L George, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:Parthenium hysterophorus L. is among one of the most problematic invasive grassland weeds in Australia, and in many other countries around the world. It can reduce pasture and livestock production, natural community biodiversity, and negatively affect human and animal health. Sowing of selected suppressive pasture plants in Parthenium weed infested grasslands has shown potential to improve efficacy of management. However, such species need to be tested for their ability to suppress weed growth under grazing conditions. The Parthenium weed suppressive and fodder production capacity of six selected pasture species [purple pigeon grass (Setaria incrassata), buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea), Kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra), bull Mitchell grass (Astrebla squarrosa) and Indian bluegrass (Bothriochloa pertusa)] was tested under no (0%), low (25%), moderate (50%) and heavy (75%) simulated grazing pressures in a grassland area of south-central Queensland, Australia. Purple pigeon grass, buffel grass and butterfly pea legume suppressed the growth of Parthenium weed by >50% under low and moderate simulated grazing pressures, as well as generating moderate to high amounts of fodder biomass (up to 5.07 t ha per year). Native species, Kangaroo grass and bull Mitchell grass both suppressed the Parthenium weed's growth by >50% under low simulated grazing pressure, however, they generated low to moderate amounts of biomass, 1.83 t ha and 2.7 t ha per year, respectively. The sowing of selected suppressive pasture species in Parthenium weed infested grasslands with low-to-moderate grazing pressure, assuming this corresponds closely with the simulated treatment, would provide an additional tool to the best practice weed management strategy as well as sustaining fodder production.
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Biological control
'CABI Publishing', 2019Co-Authors: Dhileepan K., Mcfadyen R., Strathie L., Naeem KhanAbstract:Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) is susceptible to herbivory, but there are no herbivores or pathogens in the introduced ranges that are known to exert any critical impact on Parthenium weed. Classical biological control, using host-specific (highly selective) natural enemies introduced from the native range of the plant, to cause vegetative or reproductive suppression, is the most cost-effective, long-term management option for Parthenium weed. This chapter focuses on biological control of Parthenium weed. It covers key biological control agents available for the management of the weed, which are mainly based on Australian initiatives. This chapter also encompasses introduction history and status of Parthenium weed biological control agents in other parts of the world, for example Eastern and South Africa, South Asia and the Pacific Islands. For effective management of Parthenium weed, integrating various biological control options that include classical biological control, mycoherbicides and suppressive plants with management tools such as chemical, physical, grazing management and cultural management is desirable
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root growth responses of Parthenium weed and different pasture plants under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide
Journal of The National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 2018Co-Authors: Naeem Khan, Z Hanif, Khalid Naveed, Asad Shabbir, I. A. Khan, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an alien invasive species reducing pasture productivity and livestock production in Australia and other countries around the world. Three C4 pasture grasses ( Setaria incrassata , Astrebla squarrosa and Bothriochloa decipiens ) and one C3 pasture legume species ( Clitoria ternatea ), all previously known to be suppressive of the growth of Parthenium weed under ambient CO2 (390 μmolmol-1), were re-tested under an elevated atmospheric CO2 (550 μmolmol-1) level in a controlled environment growth chamber. When grown alone and under elevated atmospheric CO2 level, the root dry biomass of S . incrassata and A . squarrosa did not get affected significantly, whereas that of B . decipiens , C . ternatea and P . hysterophorus significantly increased by 10, 34 and 26 %, respectively. When S . incrassata and A . squarrosa were grown together with Parthenium weed under the same conditions, their root dry biomass reduced by 20 and 16 %, while that of B . decipiens and C . ternatea was increased by 7 and 28 %, respectively. The root to shoot ratio of S . incrassata and A . squarrosa decreased significantly by 24 and 16 %, while that of B . decipiens , C . ternatea and Parthenium weed increased by 6, 17 and 12 %, respectively, under the same conditions. These results have important implications for the management of Parthenium weed in future climate scenarios involving elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. Our results suggest that some pasture species with the potential to suppress the growth of Parthenium weed under the present climate will remain an important tool in managing pastures invaded by Parthenium weed in the future.
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the combined effect of biological control with plant competition on the management of Parthenium weed Parthenium hysterophorus l
Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2015Co-Authors: Asad Shabbir, Christopher J Odonnell, Naeem Khan, K Dhileepan, Myron P. Zalucki, Zahid Hanif, S. W. AdkinsAbstract:Parthenium hysterophorus L., (Asteraceae) commonly known as Parthenium weed, is a highly invasive plant that has become a problematic weed of pasture lands in Australia and many other countries around the world. For the management of this weed, an integrated approach comprising biological control and plant competition strategies was tested in southern central Queensland. Two competitive pasture plant species (butterfly pea and buffel grass), selected for their high competitive ability, worked successfully with the biological control agent (Epiblema strenuana Walker) to synergistically reduce the biomass of Parthenium weed, by between 62 and 69%. In the presence of biological control agent, the corresponding biomass of competitive plants, butterfly pea and buffel grass increased in comparison to when the biological control agent had been excluded, by 15 and 35%, respectively. This suggests that biological control and competitive plants can complement one another to bring about improved management of Parthenium weed in Australia. Further, this approach may be adopted in countries where some of the biological control agents are already present including South Africa, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan and Nepal.
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long term sustainable management of Parthenium weed Parthenium hysterophorus l using suppressive pasture plants
2011Co-Authors: Naeem KhanAbstract:Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is a broad leaf herbaceous invasive Asteraceae weed of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. This weed is imposing severe losses in pasture and crop production systems, and affects livestock and reduces plant biodiversity. The weed also puts human and animal health at risk as it causes various diseases such as allergies, hay fever, rhinitis and other respiratory complications in both people and livestock. To address one of the major issues due to this weed in southern Queensland, that of ‘pasture production losses’ it was thought necessary to develop a new sustainable management approach using suppressive plants. Such an approach would provide quality fodder, reduce the growth of Parthenium weed and hopefully reduce the presently existing great seed bank in the soil. Glasshouse trials were undertaken to investigate the suppressive ability of 20 test species upon Parthenium weed growth. Five species from this present glasshouse study, five from earlier glasshouse studies and one species on the basis of its suspected high biomass production and suppressive ability were selected and then retested under field conditions in Australia at two locations. In addition, three species, selected from the field trials undertaken in central and southern Queensland and two more species selected on the basis of their performance in Pakistan and in other countries were tested in Pakistan at two further locations. Six out of the seven tested species at one location in Australia, were then also tested in a simulated grazing trial. Lastly, the suppressive ability of a selection of suppressive species was studied under an elevated CO2 concentration (550 ppmv) in a controlled growth facility. All of these studies were designed to help develop an improved management approach for Parthenium weed that could help minimize the pasture losses and to reduce the weeds spread in the present, as well as under future climates. Out of the 20 native and introduced test species, 10 were shown to be suppressive to the growth of Parthenium weed under a glasshouse conditions. Test species, such as purple pigeon grass, guinea grass, and buffel grass were all ranked as strongly suppressive and produced suppressive index (SI) values of > 1.5. Other test species, such as bull Mitchell grass, Indian bluegrass, Kangaroo grass, hoop Mitchell grass, pitted bluegrass and lablab gave moderate SI values of ≥ 1.0. Silky brown top, red leg grass, centurion, curly Mitchell grass, cotton panic grass, forest bluegrass, weeping grass, desert bluegrass, Wallaby grass and black spear grass were all less suppressive than Parthenium weed and gave low SI values of 50 %. It was interesting to note that all of these suppressive species also produced greater shoot biomass for fodder purposes. Under field conditions in Pakistan, Rhodes grass, Rhodesia sorghum and rice bean (all introduced) while buffel grass (native to Pakistan), all showed significant suppressive ability upon the growth of Parthenium weed. In addition, some of these selected species also demonstrated a similar suppressive ability against Parthenium weed growth in two locations of Pakistan. The same suppressive species were also those that produced greater shoot biomass for fodder purposes. Following on from the field studies, six test species were then studied for their suppressive ability over the growth of Parthenium weed under four simulated grazing pressures: no (0 %), low (25 %), moderate (50 %) or heavy (75 %) grazing pressures at Injune southern Queensland. Parthenium weed growth was suppressed by > 50 % under the low and moderate simulated grazing pressures by purple pigeon grass and buffel grass. These two species were also shown to produce high amounts of fodder under these two grazing pressures. Kangaroo grass, bull Mitchell grass and butterfly pea all suppressed Parthenium weed growth by > 50 % under the low simulated grazing pressure. In addition, Kangaroo grass and butterfly pea have also produced high amounts of palatable fodder under this simulated grazing pressure, while bull Mitchell grass yielded comparatively less fodder. Butterfly pea and bull Mitchell grass were less suppressive of the growth of the weed and produced comparatively less fodder under all simulated grazing pressures. The best species for suppression the growth of Parthenium weed and for the production of fodder was purple pigeon grass. Its strong suppressive and highly productive performance was probably due to its rapid shoot biomass production and rapid and greater attainment of height. The SI values of the test species operating a C4 photosynthetic mechanism (purple pigeon grass and bull Mitchell grass) were reduced when these plants were grown under an elevated CO2 condition (550 ppmv) and in competition with Parthenium weed. Additionally, the growth of Parthenium weed was found to increase under these conditions, both when grown alone as well as when grown with the C4 grass species, while that of the C4 species remained unchanged when grown alone. The SI values of the test species operating a C3 photosynthetic mechanism (e.g. butterfly pea) greatly increased under an elevated CO2 condition (550 ppmv) and in competition with Parthenium weed. The growth of both plant species (i.e. butterfly pea and Parthenium weed) was found to increase under these conditions; however the growth of butterfly pea, being a C3 broadleaf legume, was increased more than that of Parthenium weed and hence promoted its suppressive ability over Parthenium weed by producing higher total biomass. The significance of these findings is that Parthenium weed could be managed sustainably by using a suppressive plants approach in the infested pastural lands of central and southern Queensland and could be useful in other locations within Australia. In addition, these findings could also useful to be considered as a sustainable management approach of Parthenium weed in other countries such as Pakistan.
