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S. N. Balakrishnan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • ICARCV - Optimal impulse control for cow Parturient Paresis treatment design
    2016 14th International Conference on Control Automation Robotics and Vision (ICARCV), 2016
    Co-Authors: Xiaohua Wang, Yueyue Xing, Zhonghua Miao, S. N. Balakrishnan
    Abstract:

    Parturient Paresis(milk fever) is a common disease associated with the onset of parturition in dairy cows. The disease is considered due to a large increased demand for calcium. Several work has mathematically and biologically modelled this process. Based on the existing models on calcium dynamics in diary cows, an optimal impulse treatment is proposed in this paper. The treatment is executed at a fixed time interval and lasts a relatively very small time duration, which is termed as a "fixed time impulse" control. For the optimization, with a selected objective function, a series of equations for optimality are to be satisfied, including control equations, costate equations and state equations. Those impulsive differential equations form a two point boundary value problem and are difficult to solve. A numerical scheme, SNAC(Single Network Adaptive Critic), is then proposed. The algorithm key is to use one neural network to capture the optimal relation between the pre-impulse state and the after-impluse costate. After the neural network is trained and the relation is captured, the optimal impulse dosage of medicine can be provided when a Parturient Paresis is detected, and the cow's calcium level can be brought back to the normal status. Simulations are presented for illustrative purposes.

  • Optimal impulse control for cow Parturient Paresis treatment design
    2016 14th International Conference on Control Automation Robotics and Vision (ICARCV), 2016
    Co-Authors: Xiaohua Wang, Yueyue Xing, Zhonghua Miao, S. N. Balakrishnan
    Abstract:

    Parturient Paresis(milk fever) is a common disease associated with the onset of parturition in dairy cows. The disease is considered due to a large increased demand for calcium. Several work has mathematically and biologically modelled this process. Based on the existing models on calcium dynamics in diary cows, an optimal impulse treatment is proposed in this paper. The treatment is executed at a fixed time interval and lasts a relatively very small time duration, which is termed as a "fixed time impulse" control. For the optimization, with a selected objective function, a series of equations for optimality are to be satisfied, including control equations, costate equations and state equations. Those impulsive differential equations form a two point boundary value problem and are difficult to solve. A numerical scheme, SNAC(Single Network Adaptive Critic), is then proposed. The algorithm key is to use one neural network to capture the optimal relation between the pre-impulse state and the after-impluse costate. After the neural network is trained and the relation is captured, the optimal impulse dosage of medicine can be provided when a Parturient Paresis is detected, and the cow's calcium level can be brought back to the normal status. Simulations are presented for illustrative purposes.

  • Development and Analysis of a Feedback Treatment Strategy for Parturient Paresis of Cows
    2013
    Co-Authors: Radhakant Padhi, S. N. Balakrishnan
    Abstract:

    Abstract—An intelligent on-line feedback treatment strategy based on nonlinear optimal control theory is presented for the Parturient Paresis of cows. A limitation in the development of an existing nonlinear mathematical model for the homogeneous system is addressed and further modified to incorporate a control input. A neural network based optimal feedback controller is synthesized for the treatment of the disease. Detailed studies are used to analyze the effectiveness of a feedback medication strategy and it is compared with the current ’impulse ’ strategy. The results show that while the current practice may fail in some cases, especially if it is carried out before the condition of a patient deteriorates, the proposed continuous medication process may be initiated at any time. Moreover the proposed on-line continuous infusion strategy never leads to severe hypercalcemic problems, thereby avoiding an associated disastrous consequence of cardiac arrest. A comparison study with linear quadratic regulator theory brings out the advantages of the nonlinear control synthesis approach. Index Terms—Biomedical system, calcium homeostatis, neural networks, optimal control, Parturient Paresis

  • Development and analysis of a feedback treatment strategy for Parturient Paresis of cows
    IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Radhakant Padhi, S. N. Balakrishnan
    Abstract:

    An intelligent on-line feedback treatment strategy based on nonlinear optimal control theory is presented for the Parturient Paresis of cows. A limitation in the development of an existing nonlinear mathematical model for the homogeneous system is addressed and further modified to incorporate a control input. A neural network based optimal feedback controller is synthesized for the treatment of the disease. Detailed studies are used to analyze the effectiveness of a feedback medication strategy and it is compared with the current 'impulse' strategy. The results show that while the current practice may fail in some cases, especially if it is carried out before the condition of a patient deteriorates, the proposed continuous medication process may be initiated at any time. Moreover the proposed on-line continuous infusion strategy never leads to severe hypercalcemic problems, thereby avoiding an associated disastrous consequence of cardiac arrest. A comparison study with linear quadratic regulator theory brings out the advantages of the nonlinear control synthesis approach.

  • An optimal control based treatment strategy for Parturient Paresis using neural networks
    Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (CCA'01) (Cat. No.01CH37204), 2001
    Co-Authors: Radhakant Padhi, S. N. Balakrishnan
    Abstract:

    An optimal online feedback treatment strategy is developed for the Parturient Paresis of cows, based on nonlinear optimal control theory. A limitation in the development of an existing mathematical model for calcium homeostasis is addressed and the model is extended to incorporate control inputs. An optimal feedback controller is synthesized for the nonlinear system using neural networks. Though the main aim of this paper is to solve the biomedical control problem, the methodology presented in this paper is a general computational tool, which can be applied to solve a fairly general class nonlinear optimal control problems.

Radhakant Padhi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Development and Analysis of a Feedback Treatment Strategy for Parturient Paresis of Cows
    2013
    Co-Authors: Radhakant Padhi, S. N. Balakrishnan
    Abstract:

    Abstract—An intelligent on-line feedback treatment strategy based on nonlinear optimal control theory is presented for the Parturient Paresis of cows. A limitation in the development of an existing nonlinear mathematical model for the homogeneous system is addressed and further modified to incorporate a control input. A neural network based optimal feedback controller is synthesized for the treatment of the disease. Detailed studies are used to analyze the effectiveness of a feedback medication strategy and it is compared with the current ’impulse ’ strategy. The results show that while the current practice may fail in some cases, especially if it is carried out before the condition of a patient deteriorates, the proposed continuous medication process may be initiated at any time. Moreover the proposed on-line continuous infusion strategy never leads to severe hypercalcemic problems, thereby avoiding an associated disastrous consequence of cardiac arrest. A comparison study with linear quadratic regulator theory brings out the advantages of the nonlinear control synthesis approach. Index Terms—Biomedical system, calcium homeostatis, neural networks, optimal control, Parturient Paresis

  • Feedback linearization based computer controlled medication design for automatic treatment of Parturient Paresis of cows
    Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, 2006
    Co-Authors: Radhakant Padhi
    Abstract:

    Based on an existing model for calcium homeostatis (dynamics) and taking the help of feedback linearization philosophy of nonlinear control theory, two control design (medication) strategies are presented for automatic treatment of Parturient Paresis (milk fever) disease of cows. An important advantage of the new approach is that it results in a simple and straightforward method and eliminates the necessity of a significantly more complex neural network based nonlinear optimal control technique, as proposed by the author earlier. As an added advantage, unlike the neural network technique, the new approach leads to 'closed form solution' for the nonlinear controller. Moreover, global asymptotic stability of the closed loop system is always guaranteed. Besides theoretical justifications, the resulting controllers (medication strategies) are validated from numerical simulation studies of the nonlinear system as well. Moreover, from a numerical study about the robustness of the algorithms with respect to parametric uncertainty, it was observed that the optimal control formulation is a better option over the dynamic inversion formulation.

  • Development and analysis of a feedback treatment strategy for Parturient Paresis of cows
    IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Radhakant Padhi, S. N. Balakrishnan
    Abstract:

    An intelligent on-line feedback treatment strategy based on nonlinear optimal control theory is presented for the Parturient Paresis of cows. A limitation in the development of an existing nonlinear mathematical model for the homogeneous system is addressed and further modified to incorporate a control input. A neural network based optimal feedback controller is synthesized for the treatment of the disease. Detailed studies are used to analyze the effectiveness of a feedback medication strategy and it is compared with the current 'impulse' strategy. The results show that while the current practice may fail in some cases, especially if it is carried out before the condition of a patient deteriorates, the proposed continuous medication process may be initiated at any time. Moreover the proposed on-line continuous infusion strategy never leads to severe hypercalcemic problems, thereby avoiding an associated disastrous consequence of cardiac arrest. A comparison study with linear quadratic regulator theory brings out the advantages of the nonlinear control synthesis approach.

  • An optimal control based treatment strategy for Parturient Paresis using neural networks
    Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (CCA'01) (Cat. No.01CH37204), 2001
    Co-Authors: Radhakant Padhi, S. N. Balakrishnan
    Abstract:

    An optimal online feedback treatment strategy is developed for the Parturient Paresis of cows, based on nonlinear optimal control theory. A limitation in the development of an existing mathematical model for calcium homeostasis is addressed and the model is extended to incorporate control inputs. An optimal feedback controller is synthesized for the nonlinear system using neural networks. Though the main aim of this paper is to solve the biomedical control problem, the methodology presented in this paper is a general computational tool, which can be applied to solve a fairly general class nonlinear optimal control problems.

M. Jonsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a comparative study of the effectiveness of calcium propionate and calcium chloride for the prevention of Parturient Paresis in dairy cows
    Journal of Dairy Science, 1998
    Co-Authors: Björn Pehrson, Camilla I Svensson, M. Jonsson
    Abstract:

    The efficacy of calcium propionate for the prevention of Parturient Paresis (milk fever) was compared with that of calcium chloride using 194 cows that had experienced milk fever during the previous calving. The cows were mainly of the Swedish Red and White and Swedish Friesian breeds and were divided randomly into an experimental group (n = 99) and a control group (n = 95). The cows in the experimental group received up to six boluses of 20 g of calcium as calcium propionate between 36 h before and 24 h after calving; the cows in the control group received up to four doses of 54 g of calcium as a commercially available oily solution of calcium chloride during the same period. Incidence of milk fever was recorded as the percentage of cows that were treated by a veterinarian because they showed clinical signs of the disease and had a blood calcium concentration less than 8.0 mg/dl. Twenty-five (25.3%) cows in the experimental group and 22 cows (23.2%) in the control group developed milk fever. The incidence of milk fever for cows in both groups was significantly lower than the 36.0% found in 713 cows that had experienced milk fever during their previous calving but received no prophylactic treatment. Therefore, calcium propionate was considered to have had a significant preventive effect, comparable with that of calcium chloride.

Michael Hässig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Treatment of cows with Parturient Paresis using intravenous calcium and oral sodium phosphate
    Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ueli Braun, Daniela Grob, Michael Hässig
    Abstract:

    The goal of this study was to investigate whether intravenous infusion of 1000 ml 40% calcium borogluconate combined with the oral adminstration of 500 g sodium phosphate leads to a better cure rate and longer-lasting normocalcaemia and normophosphataemia than standard intravenous treatment with 500 ml calcium borogluconate in cows with Parturient Paresis. Forty recumbent cows with hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia were alternately allocated to group A or B. Cows of both groups were treated intravenously with 500 ml 40% calcium borogluconate, and cows of group B additionally received another 500 ml calcium borogluconate via slow intravenous infusion and 500 g sodium phosphate administered via an orogastric tube. Thirty-two cows stood within 8 hours after the start of treatment and 8 did not; of the 32 cows that stood, 18 belonged to group A and 14 to group B (90% of group A vs. 70% of group B; P = 0.23). Seven cows relapsed; of these and the 8 that did not respond to initial treatment, 10 stood after two standard intravenous treatments. Downer cow syndrome occurred in 5 cows, 3 of which recovered after aggressive therapy. The overall cure rate did not differ significantly between groups A and B. Twelve (60%) cows of group A and 14 (70%) cows of group B were cured after a single treatment and of the remaining 14, 11 were cured after two or more treatments. Two downer cows were euthanized and one other died of heart failure during treatment. Serum calcium concentrations during the first eight hours after the start of treatment were significantly higher in group B than in group A, and oral sodium phosphate caused a significant and lasting increase in inorganic phosphate. More cows of group B than group A were cured after a single treatment (P > 0.05). These findings, although not statistically significant, are promising and should be verified using a larger number of cows.

  • Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Kalziumlaktat bei Kühen post partum
    Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 2012
    Co-Authors: Ueli Braun, M Blatter, Michael Hässig
    Abstract:

    The oral administration of calcium lactate for prophylaxis of bovine Parturient Paresis has been promoted for a number of years. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of this treatment on the serum concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium in Parturient cows. Five fresh calved cows were given a drench containing calcium lactate and 5 control cows received the same drench but without calcium lactate. There were no significant differences in the serum concentrations of total and ionised calcium and magnesium between treated and control cows within 24 hours of treatment. Because the calcium lactate drench did not significantly affect calcium concentrations in the blood of fresh cows, it appears highly questionable whether the administration of calcium lactate decreases the risk of bovine Parturient Paresis. Based on our results, the oral administration of calcium lactate can not be recommended for prophylaxis of bovine Parturient Paresis.

  • Effect of intravenous calcium borogluconate and sodium phosphate in cows with Parturient Paresis
    The Veterinary record, 2009
    Co-Authors: Ueli Braun, Ulrich Bleul, P Zulliger, Annette Liesegang, Michael Hässig
    Abstract:

    Thirty cows with Parturient Paresis were divided into three groups of 10. All the cows were given 500 ml of a 40 per cent calcium borogluconate solution intravenously over a period of 10 minutes, and 20 were also given 500 ml of a 10 per cent solution of sodium phosphate intravenously; in 10 of the cows this solution was administered over a period of 10 minutes immediately after the calcium borogluconate solution, and in the other 10 cows 200 ml of the solution was administered rapidly and the remaining 300 ml was added to 10 litres of sodium chloride and glucose solution and infused slowly over six hours. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the outcome of the treatments; six or seven of the cows in each group stood within eight hours of the treatment. There were no significant differences between the changes in serum calcium concentrations among the groups. The mean concentrations of inorganic phosphorus in the groups given sodium phosphate were increased above the normal range initially, but after eight hours there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the numbers of cows that were hypophosphataemic. There were no significant differences between the three groups with respect to changes after treatment in the serum concentrations of magnesium or parathyroid hormone.

  • Untersuchungen zur Prophylaxe der Gebärparese mit Kalzium und Natriumphosphat per os
    Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 2008
    Co-Authors: Ueli Braun, Michael Hässig, Annette Liesegang, B. Bryce, Ulrich Bleul
    Abstract:

    The goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of calcium chloride, sodium phosphate or a combination of these two substances administered orally immediately postpartum for the prevention of Parturient Paresis in cows. Thirty-two cows that had had Parturient Paresis at the previous calving, and in which serum biochemistry had shown hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia, were used in the study. The cows were transferred to the Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich, five days before their expected due dates. On a randomized trial, the cows were given calcium chloride, sodium phosphate, both substances or no treatment (controls) via a stomach tube immediately postpartum and 12 hours later. The cows were monitored for 96 hours during which time blood was collected on a regular basis for the determination of total calcium, ionized calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium concentrations. Of the 32 cows treated, 19 (59%) had Parturient Paresis and 13 (41%) did not. The incidence of Parturient Paresis did not differ significantly among the groups although there was a tendency for a lower incidence in cows treated with both calcium chloride and sodium phosphate. The various treatments had no apparent effect on serum calcium concentration. The concentration of inorganic phosphorus increased significantly in cows treated with sodium phosphate compared with the controls. The results of this study showed that cows treated with both calcium chloride and sodium phosphate orally tended to have a lower incidence of Parturient Paresis. Further investigation into multiple administrations of oral calcium chloride and sodium phosphate, started before parturition, for the prevention of Parturient Paresis is required.

  • Effect of intravenous calcium and oral sodium phosphate in cows with Parturient Paresis
    Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 2007
    Co-Authors: Ueli Braun, J Dumelin, N Siegwart, Ulrich Bleul, Michael Hässig
    Abstract:

    The goal of this study was to determine whether oral administration of sodium phosphate in conjunction with intravenous calcium is more efficaceous than intravenous calcium alone for the treatment of Parturient Paresis. Thirty cows with Parturient Paresis were examined and treated by the same veterinarian. The cows were divided randomly into two groups of 15 cows each. Cows in group A received 500 ml of a 40 per cent calcium borogluconate solution containing 15.65 g calcium gluconate and borogluconate, with a supplement of 6 per cent magnesium hypophosphite (9.85 g magnesium hypophosphite) intravenously over a period of approximately 15 min. Cows in group B received the same treatment as well as 350 g of monobasic sodium phosphate (70 g inorganic phosphate, NaH2PO4 2 H2O, Streuli) dissolved in 0.5 litres of distilled water orally via a stomach tube. After treatment, the heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, superficial body temperature, rumen motility, appetite and defecation of the cows were monitored every hour for eight h. The cows' attempts to rise and their ability to stand were also noted. Initially, the results of clinical examination and serum electrolyte analyses did not differ between the two groups of cows.Within one hour of treatment, stupor was not observed in any of the cows. The general demeanour after treatment did not differ significantly between the two groups. In both groups, the average rectal temperature increased within two hours of the initiation of treatment, from 38.0 +/- 0.95 degrees C to 38.5 +/- 0.40 degrees C. There was no significant difference in the recovery rate between the groups. Of the 30 cows, 22 (73.3 per cent) stood within eight hours of treatment (10 cows from group A and 12 cows from group B). The type of treatment did not affect the time required to stand: cows in group A stood within 47.3 +/- 44 minutes and cows in group B stood within 24.2 +/- 32 minutes after the start of treatment. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that oral treatment with 350 g of sodium phosphate together with intravenous infusion of calcium in cows with Parturient Paresis results in an improved outcome, even though all the cows had hypophosphataemia as well as hypocalcaemia.

Ueli Braun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Treatment of cows with Parturient Paresis using intravenous calcium and oral sodium phosphate
    Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ueli Braun, Daniela Grob, Michael Hässig
    Abstract:

    The goal of this study was to investigate whether intravenous infusion of 1000 ml 40% calcium borogluconate combined with the oral adminstration of 500 g sodium phosphate leads to a better cure rate and longer-lasting normocalcaemia and normophosphataemia than standard intravenous treatment with 500 ml calcium borogluconate in cows with Parturient Paresis. Forty recumbent cows with hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia were alternately allocated to group A or B. Cows of both groups were treated intravenously with 500 ml 40% calcium borogluconate, and cows of group B additionally received another 500 ml calcium borogluconate via slow intravenous infusion and 500 g sodium phosphate administered via an orogastric tube. Thirty-two cows stood within 8 hours after the start of treatment and 8 did not; of the 32 cows that stood, 18 belonged to group A and 14 to group B (90% of group A vs. 70% of group B; P = 0.23). Seven cows relapsed; of these and the 8 that did not respond to initial treatment, 10 stood after two standard intravenous treatments. Downer cow syndrome occurred in 5 cows, 3 of which recovered after aggressive therapy. The overall cure rate did not differ significantly between groups A and B. Twelve (60%) cows of group A and 14 (70%) cows of group B were cured after a single treatment and of the remaining 14, 11 were cured after two or more treatments. Two downer cows were euthanized and one other died of heart failure during treatment. Serum calcium concentrations during the first eight hours after the start of treatment were significantly higher in group B than in group A, and oral sodium phosphate caused a significant and lasting increase in inorganic phosphate. More cows of group B than group A were cured after a single treatment (P > 0.05). These findings, although not statistically significant, are promising and should be verified using a larger number of cows.

  • Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Kalziumlaktat bei Kühen post partum
    Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 2012
    Co-Authors: Ueli Braun, M Blatter, Michael Hässig
    Abstract:

    The oral administration of calcium lactate for prophylaxis of bovine Parturient Paresis has been promoted for a number of years. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of this treatment on the serum concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium in Parturient cows. Five fresh calved cows were given a drench containing calcium lactate and 5 control cows received the same drench but without calcium lactate. There were no significant differences in the serum concentrations of total and ionised calcium and magnesium between treated and control cows within 24 hours of treatment. Because the calcium lactate drench did not significantly affect calcium concentrations in the blood of fresh cows, it appears highly questionable whether the administration of calcium lactate decreases the risk of bovine Parturient Paresis. Based on our results, the oral administration of calcium lactate can not be recommended for prophylaxis of bovine Parturient Paresis.

  • Effect of intravenous calcium borogluconate and sodium phosphate in cows with Parturient Paresis
    The Veterinary record, 2009
    Co-Authors: Ueli Braun, Ulrich Bleul, P Zulliger, Annette Liesegang, Michael Hässig
    Abstract:

    Thirty cows with Parturient Paresis were divided into three groups of 10. All the cows were given 500 ml of a 40 per cent calcium borogluconate solution intravenously over a period of 10 minutes, and 20 were also given 500 ml of a 10 per cent solution of sodium phosphate intravenously; in 10 of the cows this solution was administered over a period of 10 minutes immediately after the calcium borogluconate solution, and in the other 10 cows 200 ml of the solution was administered rapidly and the remaining 300 ml was added to 10 litres of sodium chloride and glucose solution and infused slowly over six hours. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the outcome of the treatments; six or seven of the cows in each group stood within eight hours of the treatment. There were no significant differences between the changes in serum calcium concentrations among the groups. The mean concentrations of inorganic phosphorus in the groups given sodium phosphate were increased above the normal range initially, but after eight hours there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the numbers of cows that were hypophosphataemic. There were no significant differences between the three groups with respect to changes after treatment in the serum concentrations of magnesium or parathyroid hormone.

  • Untersuchungen zur Prophylaxe der Gebärparese mit Kalzium und Natriumphosphat per os
    Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 2008
    Co-Authors: Ueli Braun, Michael Hässig, Annette Liesegang, B. Bryce, Ulrich Bleul
    Abstract:

    The goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of calcium chloride, sodium phosphate or a combination of these two substances administered orally immediately postpartum for the prevention of Parturient Paresis in cows. Thirty-two cows that had had Parturient Paresis at the previous calving, and in which serum biochemistry had shown hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia, were used in the study. The cows were transferred to the Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich, five days before their expected due dates. On a randomized trial, the cows were given calcium chloride, sodium phosphate, both substances or no treatment (controls) via a stomach tube immediately postpartum and 12 hours later. The cows were monitored for 96 hours during which time blood was collected on a regular basis for the determination of total calcium, ionized calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium concentrations. Of the 32 cows treated, 19 (59%) had Parturient Paresis and 13 (41%) did not. The incidence of Parturient Paresis did not differ significantly among the groups although there was a tendency for a lower incidence in cows treated with both calcium chloride and sodium phosphate. The various treatments had no apparent effect on serum calcium concentration. The concentration of inorganic phosphorus increased significantly in cows treated with sodium phosphate compared with the controls. The results of this study showed that cows treated with both calcium chloride and sodium phosphate orally tended to have a lower incidence of Parturient Paresis. Further investigation into multiple administrations of oral calcium chloride and sodium phosphate, started before parturition, for the prevention of Parturient Paresis is required.

  • Effect of intravenous calcium and oral sodium phosphate in cows with Parturient Paresis
    Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 2007
    Co-Authors: Ueli Braun, J Dumelin, N Siegwart, Ulrich Bleul, Michael Hässig
    Abstract:

    The goal of this study was to determine whether oral administration of sodium phosphate in conjunction with intravenous calcium is more efficaceous than intravenous calcium alone for the treatment of Parturient Paresis. Thirty cows with Parturient Paresis were examined and treated by the same veterinarian. The cows were divided randomly into two groups of 15 cows each. Cows in group A received 500 ml of a 40 per cent calcium borogluconate solution containing 15.65 g calcium gluconate and borogluconate, with a supplement of 6 per cent magnesium hypophosphite (9.85 g magnesium hypophosphite) intravenously over a period of approximately 15 min. Cows in group B received the same treatment as well as 350 g of monobasic sodium phosphate (70 g inorganic phosphate, NaH2PO4 2 H2O, Streuli) dissolved in 0.5 litres of distilled water orally via a stomach tube. After treatment, the heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, superficial body temperature, rumen motility, appetite and defecation of the cows were monitored every hour for eight h. The cows' attempts to rise and their ability to stand were also noted. Initially, the results of clinical examination and serum electrolyte analyses did not differ between the two groups of cows.Within one hour of treatment, stupor was not observed in any of the cows. The general demeanour after treatment did not differ significantly between the two groups. In both groups, the average rectal temperature increased within two hours of the initiation of treatment, from 38.0 +/- 0.95 degrees C to 38.5 +/- 0.40 degrees C. There was no significant difference in the recovery rate between the groups. Of the 30 cows, 22 (73.3 per cent) stood within eight hours of treatment (10 cows from group A and 12 cows from group B). The type of treatment did not affect the time required to stand: cows in group A stood within 47.3 +/- 44 minutes and cows in group B stood within 24.2 +/- 32 minutes after the start of treatment. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that oral treatment with 350 g of sodium phosphate together with intravenous infusion of calcium in cows with Parturient Paresis results in an improved outcome, even though all the cows had hypophosphataemia as well as hypocalcaemia.