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Ekaterina Zhuravskaya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Middleman Minorities and Ethnic Conflict: Evidence from Pogroms
2020Co-Authors: Seyhun Orcan Sakalli, Ruben Durante, Irena Grosfeld, Ekaterina ZhuravskayaAbstract:All over the world market-dominant minorities are victims of ethno-religious hatred and violence. This paper aims to test the theory that ethnic violence had pragmatic economic roots and ethnic violence was directly related to occupational segregation across ethnicities against the alternative “scapegoat theory,” according to which Jews were blamed for all economic misfortunes of the majority. In order to test these theories, we focus on Pogroms between 1800 and 1939, i.e., episodes of anti-Jewish violence, in the Pale of Settlement, where Jews were confined to live within the Russian Empire. We combine a novel data set on Pogroms and the professional and ethnic composition of the Russian Empire with data on historical climate and yield data. Using fixed-effects model, we document that heat stress in growing season, i.e., spring, leads to a fall in grain yield. Then, we exploit heat stress in spring as an exogenous source of variation in income and find that negative income shocks increase the likelihood of violence against Jews, but only during Pogrom waves that are triggered by political turmoil. We find that the likelihood of anti-Jewish violence in the face of an income shock is higher in localities with a greater Jewish concentration among creditors. Our findings show that the ethno-economic segregation is an important determinant of violence against minorities.
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Middleman Minorities and Ethnic Violence: Anti-Jewish Pogroms in the Russian Empire
2020Co-Authors: Irena Grosfeld, Seyhun Orcan Sakalli, Ekaterina ZhuravskayaAbstract:Using detailed panel data from the Pale of Settlement area between 1800 and 1927, we document that anti-Jewish Pogroms--mob violence against the Jewish minority--broke out when economic shocks coincided with political turmoil. When this happened, Pogroms primarily occurred in places where Jews dominated middleman occupations, i.e., moneylending and grain trading. This evidence is inconsistent with the scapegoating hypothesis, according to which Jews were blamed for all misfortunes of the majority. Instead, the evidence is consistent with the politico-economic mechanism, in which Jewish middlemen served as providers of insurance against economic shocks to peasants and urban grain buyers in a relationship based on repeated interactions. When economic shocks occurred in times of political stability, rolling over or forgiving debts was an equilibrium outcome because both sides valued their future relationship. In contrast, during political turmoil, debtors could not commit to paying in the future, and consequently, moneylenders and grain traders had to demand immediate (re)payment. This led to ethnic violence, in which the break in the relationship between the majority and Jewish middlemen was the igniting factor.
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Middleman Minorities and Ethnic Violence: Anti-Jewish Pogroms in the Russian Empire
The Review of Economic Studies, 2016Co-Authors: Irena Grosfeld, Seyhun Orcan Sakalli, Ekaterina ZhuravskayaAbstract:We present evidence to reconcile two seemingly contradictory observations: on the one hand, minorities often choose middleman occupations, such as traders and moneylenders, to avoid competition with the majority and, as a consequence, avoid conflict; on the other hand, middleman minorities do become the primary target of persecution. Using panel data on anti-Jewish Pogroms in Eastern Europe between 1800 and 1927, we document that ethnic violence broke out when crop failures coincided with political turmoil. Crop failures without political turmoil did not cause Pogroms. At the intersection of economic and political shocks, Pogroms occurred in places where Jews dominated moneylending and trade in grain. This evidence is consistent with the following mechanism. When political situation was stable, negative economic shocks did not instigate Pogroms because the majority valued future services of Jewish middlemen. In contrast, in times of a sharp increase in political uncertainty, Jewish middlemen became the primary target of mob violence following an economic shock as the value of their future services fell. Peasants organized Pogroms when they could not repay loans to Jewish creditors and buyers of grain turned against Jews blaming Jewish traders for an increase in grain prices.
Agnieszka Friedrich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the image of the warsaw Pogrom of 1881 in late nineteenth century polish literature
East European Jewish Affairs, 2010Co-Authors: Agnieszka FriedrichAbstract:This article interprets how the Christmas 1881 Warsaw Pogrom was depicted in Polish literature, using novels and short stories written soon after this incident as the source. It considers Eliza Orzeszkowa's “O Żydach i kwestii zydowskiej,” written soon after the Pogrom, in which she tried to analyse the reasons for what had happened in Warsaw. Other sources it examines are Konopnicka's short story “Mendel Gdanski” and Boleslaw Prus's Lalka, which is often considered the best Polish novel of the nineteenth century. In analysing these sources, the article considers the varying responses to the Pogrom, which was a kind of shock, since Polish liberals considered their part of the tsarist empire exempt from the anti‐Jewish excesses that had occurred in earlier months in southern Russia. However, the outbreak of violence in the Polish capital inevitably meant a closer re‐examination of the Polish context and its often complex Jewish–gentile relationship.
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The image of the Warsaw Pogrom of 1881 in late nineteenth‐century Polish literature
East European Jewish Affairs, 2010Co-Authors: Agnieszka FriedrichAbstract:This article interprets how the Christmas 1881 Warsaw Pogrom was depicted in Polish literature, using novels and short stories written soon after this incident as the source. It considers Eliza Orzeszkowa's “O Żydach i kwestii zydowskiej,” written soon after the Pogrom, in which she tried to analyse the reasons for what had happened in Warsaw. Other sources it examines are Konopnicka's short story “Mendel Gdanski” and Boleslaw Prus's Lalka, which is often considered the best Polish novel of the nineteenth century. In analysing these sources, the article considers the varying responses to the Pogrom, which was a kind of shock, since Polish liberals considered their part of the tsarist empire exempt from the anti‐Jewish excesses that had occurred in earlier months in southern Russia. However, the outbreak of violence in the Polish capital inevitably meant a closer re‐examination of the Polish context and its often complex Jewish–gentile relationship.
Parvis Ghassemfachandi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pogrom in gujarat hindu nationalism and anti muslim violence in india
2012Co-Authors: Parvis GhassemfachandiAbstract:List of Figures vii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 "Why do you leave? Fight for us!" 31 Chapter 2 Word and Image 59 Chapter 3 The Gujarat Pogrom 93 Chapter 4 The Lack of Muslim Vulnerability 123 Chapter 5 Vibrant Vegetarian Gujarat 153 Chapter 6 Ahimsa, Gandhi, and the Angry Hindu 185 Chapter 7 Split City Body 213 Chapter 8 Heterogeneity and the Nation 257 Postscript 273 Notes 283 List of Abbreviations 303 Glossary 305 References 309 Index 323
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ahimsa identification and sacrifice in the gujarat Pogrom
Social Anthropology, 2010Co-Authors: Parvis GhassemfachandiAbstract:Central Gujarat is often called the ‘laboratory of Hindutva’. This paper examines how complicity during the Gujarat Pogrom in 2002 was tied to an imagery of sacrifice invoked through a language of ritual and diet. By means of the spectacle of uncanny terrorism, the deployment of sacrificial language, rumours of abduction of young women, and circulation of images of excess, a Hindu victim was mimetically constructed through Muslim victimisation. Ahimsa, initially deployed as an ethical critique of the violence of sacrifice, was transformed into an element of violent identification contributing to widespread complicity among residents of the city of Ahmedabad.
Barry Croke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Improving crop production for food security and improved livelihoods on the East India Plateau. I. Rainfall-related risks with rice and opportunities for improved cropping systems
Agricultural Systems, 2015Co-Authors: Peter S Cornish, Dinabandhu Karmakar, Sudipta Das, Ashok Kumar, Barry CrokeAbstract:Rainfed transplanted rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple crop of the East India Plateau (EIP), where it is low yielding and drought-prone despite high annual rainfall (>1200 mm). Although grown traditionally on lowlands associated with drainage lines, population pressure has forced rice onto terraced slopes (medium-uplands) that now comprise >80% of the rice area, and the only rice land for many families. Crop monitoring, soil water measurement and soil water-balance modelling in Pogro watershed (West Bengal) were used to explore rainfall-related risks associated with rice-fallow on medium-upland and to examine opportunities for using rainfall more effectively. The analysis was extended to three more EIP locations by using the model with long-term rainfall. Rice depends on sustained ponding for transplanting and good yields, but in Pogro, failure to meet this condition on medium-uplands led to delayed or failed transplanting and/or periodic or premature draining of fields in five years from 2005 to 2011. Modelled ponding duration was more variable than rainfall. Most farmers have adapted to variable ponding by growing medium-duration varieties on medium-uplands, rather than the longer types grown in lowlands. However, the average ponding duration of 65 days over all four locations was well short of the ~90 days required. Even shorter-duration varieties would provide only a partial solution as ponding was
Irena Grosfeld - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Middleman Minorities and Ethnic Conflict: Evidence from Pogroms
2020Co-Authors: Seyhun Orcan Sakalli, Ruben Durante, Irena Grosfeld, Ekaterina ZhuravskayaAbstract:All over the world market-dominant minorities are victims of ethno-religious hatred and violence. This paper aims to test the theory that ethnic violence had pragmatic economic roots and ethnic violence was directly related to occupational segregation across ethnicities against the alternative “scapegoat theory,” according to which Jews were blamed for all economic misfortunes of the majority. In order to test these theories, we focus on Pogroms between 1800 and 1939, i.e., episodes of anti-Jewish violence, in the Pale of Settlement, where Jews were confined to live within the Russian Empire. We combine a novel data set on Pogroms and the professional and ethnic composition of the Russian Empire with data on historical climate and yield data. Using fixed-effects model, we document that heat stress in growing season, i.e., spring, leads to a fall in grain yield. Then, we exploit heat stress in spring as an exogenous source of variation in income and find that negative income shocks increase the likelihood of violence against Jews, but only during Pogrom waves that are triggered by political turmoil. We find that the likelihood of anti-Jewish violence in the face of an income shock is higher in localities with a greater Jewish concentration among creditors. Our findings show that the ethno-economic segregation is an important determinant of violence against minorities.
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Middleman Minorities and Ethnic Violence: Anti-Jewish Pogroms in the Russian Empire
2020Co-Authors: Irena Grosfeld, Seyhun Orcan Sakalli, Ekaterina ZhuravskayaAbstract:Using detailed panel data from the Pale of Settlement area between 1800 and 1927, we document that anti-Jewish Pogroms--mob violence against the Jewish minority--broke out when economic shocks coincided with political turmoil. When this happened, Pogroms primarily occurred in places where Jews dominated middleman occupations, i.e., moneylending and grain trading. This evidence is inconsistent with the scapegoating hypothesis, according to which Jews were blamed for all misfortunes of the majority. Instead, the evidence is consistent with the politico-economic mechanism, in which Jewish middlemen served as providers of insurance against economic shocks to peasants and urban grain buyers in a relationship based on repeated interactions. When economic shocks occurred in times of political stability, rolling over or forgiving debts was an equilibrium outcome because both sides valued their future relationship. In contrast, during political turmoil, debtors could not commit to paying in the future, and consequently, moneylenders and grain traders had to demand immediate (re)payment. This led to ethnic violence, in which the break in the relationship between the majority and Jewish middlemen was the igniting factor.
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Middleman Minorities and Ethnic Violence: Anti-Jewish Pogroms in the Russian Empire
The Review of Economic Studies, 2016Co-Authors: Irena Grosfeld, Seyhun Orcan Sakalli, Ekaterina ZhuravskayaAbstract:We present evidence to reconcile two seemingly contradictory observations: on the one hand, minorities often choose middleman occupations, such as traders and moneylenders, to avoid competition with the majority and, as a consequence, avoid conflict; on the other hand, middleman minorities do become the primary target of persecution. Using panel data on anti-Jewish Pogroms in Eastern Europe between 1800 and 1927, we document that ethnic violence broke out when crop failures coincided with political turmoil. Crop failures without political turmoil did not cause Pogroms. At the intersection of economic and political shocks, Pogroms occurred in places where Jews dominated moneylending and trade in grain. This evidence is consistent with the following mechanism. When political situation was stable, negative economic shocks did not instigate Pogroms because the majority valued future services of Jewish middlemen. In contrast, in times of a sharp increase in political uncertainty, Jewish middlemen became the primary target of mob violence following an economic shock as the value of their future services fell. Peasants organized Pogroms when they could not repay loans to Jewish creditors and buyers of grain turned against Jews blaming Jewish traders for an increase in grain prices.