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Kip E. Panter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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usda ars Poisonous Plant research laboratory history and current research on western north american rangelands
Rangelands, 2016Co-Authors: James A Pfister, Kevin D Welch, Kip E. Panter, Daniel Cook, L F JamesAbstract:On the Ground Poisonous Plants on western North American rangelands have historically been troublesome to livestock producers. Research on toxic Plants was initiated by the United States Department of Agriculture in the late 1890s to solve problems for the livestock industry. TheUnitedStatesDepartment ofAgricultureAgricultural Resource Service Poisonous PlantResearch Laboratory in Logan, Utah continues to provide research-based solutions to Poisonous Plant problems besetting livestock producers, hobby farmers and small holders, veterinarians, and extension personnel. Principal Plants of current research interest include larkspur, lupine, locoweed, selenium accumulating Plants, pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing Plants, and ponderosa pine.
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Poisonous Plants: Biomarkers for Diagnosis
Biomarkers in Toxicology, 2014Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Kevin D Welch, Dale R GardnerAbstract:Research on Poisonous Plants in the USA began over 100 years ago and resulted from livestock poisonings by locoweeds, larkspurs, lupines, hemlocks, death camas, selenium-accumulating forages, and other Plants. Poisonings soon began to occur in livestock as the migration westward resulted in overgrazing and exposure of livestock to unfamiliar rangelands and toxic forbs. Research was initiated by the U.S. government in an attempt to mitigate losses and to further encourage settlement of the west. Much of this early research was based on identifying the offending Plant and observational studies to describe the poisonings in livestock. Over the last 50 years, advances in technology and research have resulted in identification of thousands of phytochemicals, characterization of their biological effects, and development of management methods or treatments to mitigate poisoning. Identification of biomarkers to improve diagnosis of Plant toxicoses has always been an important need for clinicians, diagnostic labs, and scientists. However, few biomarkers specific for Plant toxicoses exist. At the USDA Poisonous Plant Research Lab, one area of research emphasis is development of biomarkers specific for Poisonous Plant diagnosis. This includes chemical detection of toxins in specific tissues, histopathological description, and biochemical changes associated with specific Poisonous Plant toxicoses. In this chapter, some of the most important Poisonous Plants and their toxins that affect livestock are reviewed, and the current status of biomarker development is discussed.
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Poisonous Plants: effects on embryo and fetal development.
Birth defects research. Part C Embryo today : reviews, 2013Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Dale R Gardner, Kevin D Welch, Benedict T. GreenAbstract:Poisonous Plant research in the United States began over 100 years ago as a result of livestock losses from toxic Plants as settlers migrated westward with their flocks, herds, and families. Major losses were soon associated with Poisonous Plants, such as locoweeds, selenium accumulating Plants, poison-hemlock, larkspurs, Veratrum, lupines, death camas, water hemlock, and others. Identification of Plants associated with poisoning, chemistry of the Plants, physiological effects, pathology, diagnosis, and prognosis, why animals eat the Plants, and grazing management to mitigate losses became the overarching mission of the current Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory. Additionally, spin-off benefits resulting from the animal research have provided novel compounds, new techniques, and animal models to study human health conditions (biomedical research). The Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory has become an international leader of Poisonous Plant research as evidenced by the recent completion of the ninth International Symposium on Poisonous Plant Research held July 2013 in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China. In this article, we review Plants that negatively impact embryo/fetal and neonatal growth and development, with emphasis on those Plants that cause birth defects. Although this article focuses on the general aspects of selected groups of Plants and their effects on the developing offspring, a companion paper in this volume reviews current understanding of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of toxicoses and teratogenesis. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 99:223-234, 2013. Published 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
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The Good and the Bad of Poisonous Plants: An Introduction to the USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory
Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2012Co-Authors: Kevin D Welch, Dale R Gardner, Kip E. Panter, Bryan L. StegelmeierAbstract:This article provides an overview of the Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory (PPRL), about the unique services and activities of the PPRL and the potential assistance that they can provide to Plant poisoning incidences. The PPRL is a federal research laboratory. It is part of the Agricultural Research Service, the in-house research arm of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The mission of the PPRL is to identify toxic Plants and their toxic compounds, determine how the Plants poison animals, and develop diagnostic and prognostic procedures for poisoned animals. Furthermore, the PPRL's mission is to identify the conditions under which poisoning occurs and develop management strategies and treatments to reduce losses. Information obtained through research efforts at the PPRL is mostly used by the livestock industry, natural resource managers, veterinarians, chemists, Plant and animal scientists, extension personnel, and other state and federal agencies. PPRL currently has 9 scientists and 17 support staff, representing various disciplines consisting of toxicology, reproductive toxicology, veterinary medicine, chemistry, animal science, range science, and Plant physiology. This team of scientists provides an interdisciplinary approach to applied and basic research to develop solutions to Plant intoxications. While the mission of the PPRL primarily impacts the livestock industry, spinoff benefits such as development of animal models, isolation and characterization of novel compounds, elucidation of biological and molecular mechanisms of action, national and international collaborations, and outreach efforts are significant to biomedical researchers. The staff at the PPRL has extensive knowledge regarding a number of Poisonous Plants. Although the focus of their knowledge is on Plants that affect livestock, oftentimes, these Plants are also Poisonous to humans, and thus, similar principles could apply for cases of human poisonings. Consequently, the information provided herein could be of benefit to healthcare providers for human cases as well.
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solutions to locoweed poisoning in new mexico and the western united states collaborative research between new mexico state university and the usda agricultural research service Poisonous Plant lab
Rangelands, 2009Co-Authors: David Graham, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, Kevin D Welch, Kip E. Panter, James A Pfister, Daniel Cook, Rebecca Creamer, Andres F Cibils, Michael H Ralphs, Manny EnciniasAbstract:Solutions to Locoweed Poisoning in New Mexico and the Western United States: Collaborative research between New Mexico State University and the USDA–Agricultural Research Service Poisonous Plant Lab DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v31i6_cook
L F James - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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usda ars Poisonous Plant research laboratory history and current research on western north american rangelands
Rangelands, 2016Co-Authors: James A Pfister, Kevin D Welch, Kip E. Panter, Daniel Cook, L F JamesAbstract:On the Ground Poisonous Plants on western North American rangelands have historically been troublesome to livestock producers. Research on toxic Plants was initiated by the United States Department of Agriculture in the late 1890s to solve problems for the livestock industry. TheUnitedStatesDepartment ofAgricultureAgricultural Resource Service Poisonous PlantResearch Laboratory in Logan, Utah continues to provide research-based solutions to Poisonous Plant problems besetting livestock producers, hobby farmers and small holders, veterinarians, and extension personnel. Principal Plants of current research interest include larkspur, lupine, locoweed, selenium accumulating Plants, pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing Plants, and ponderosa pine.
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biomedical applications of Poisonous Plant research
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2004Co-Authors: L F James, Kip E. Panter, William Gaffield, Russell J. MolyneuxAbstract:Research designed to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the toxicity of Plants to livestock that graze them has been extremely successful. The knowledge gained has been used to design management techniques to prevent economic losses, predict potential outbreaks of poisoning, and treat affected animals. The availability of these compounds in pure form has now provided scientists with tools to develop animal models for human diseases, study modes of action at the molecular level, and apply such knowledge to the development of potential drug candidates for the treatment of a number of genetic and infectious conditions. These advances are illustrated by specific examples of biomedical applications of the toxins of Veratrum californicum (western false hellebore), Lupinus species (lupines), and Astragalus and Oxytropis species (locoweeds).
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Reproductive losses to Poisonous Plants: influence of management strategies.
Journal of Range Management, 2002Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, Dale R Gardner, L F James, James A Pfister, Michael H Ralphs, Stephen T. LeeAbstract:Poisonous Plants that impair normal reproductive functions in livestock include Veratrum californicum Durand, lupines, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. R (2) know what Poisonous Plants grow on ranges and understand their effects; (3) develop a management plan to provide for alternate grazing in Poisonous Plant-free pastures during critical times; (4) provide for balanced nutrition, including protein, energy, minerals and vitamins; (5) maintain a good herd health program; (6) integrate an herbicide treatment program to reduce Poisonous Plant populations or to maintain clean pastures for alternate grazing; and, (7) manage the range for maximum forage production. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v55i3_panter
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history of usda Poisonous Plant research
Journal of Natural Toxins, 1999Co-Authors: L F JamesAbstract:Research on Poisonous Plants was instituted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as a result of serious livestock poisoning by Plants as the pioneers moved west in the mid-to-late 1800s and early 1900s. Historical records indicate the USDA began Poisonous Plant research in 1894 under the direction of Mr. V. K. Chestnut, a botanist (Table 1 briefly summarizes those who have directed Poisonous Plant research from the inception to the present). Mr. Chestnut's responsibility (1894-1904) was primarily administrative, although he did extensive field work in Washington and Montana. Temporary field stations were set up to study specific Poisonous Plant problems. These included field stations at Hugo and Woodland Park, Colorado, and Imperial, Nebraska (1905-1909), to study locoweed; Gunnison, Colorado (1910-1912), to primarily study larkspur; and Greycliff, Montana (1912-1915), to study the Poisonous Plants of the Yellowstone Valley. Dr. Rodney True replaced Mr. Chestnut in 1904 and in 1905 hired Dr. C. D. Marsh (1905-1930) to establish the temporary field stations listed above. In 1915 a permanent facility was established at Salina, Utah, under the direction of C. D. Marsh who remained in charge until 1930 when he retired; he was followed by A. B. Clawson until 1937 when Dr. Ward Huffman was placed in charge. Research on Poisonous Plants was located at the Salina Experiment Station until 1955 when the station was closed and the laboratory moved to the campus of Utah State Agricultural College at Logan, Utah, where it is currently located. Dr. Wayne Binns was hired as the director of the laboratory in 1954 and retired in 1972. In 1972 Dr. Lynn F. James, who joined the PRPL staff in July 1957, was appointed as Research Leader and presently directs the research at the Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory. Language: en
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teratological research at the usda ars Poisonous Plant research laboratory
Journal of Natural Toxins, 1999Co-Authors: L F JamesAbstract:Research on teratogenic Plants started at the USDA-Agricultural Research Service-Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory in the mid 1950s when Dr. Wayne Binns, Director of the laboratory, was asked to investigate the cause of a cyclopian facial/skeletal birth defect in lambs. Dr. Lynn F. James joined the staff shortly after. These two people worked as a team wherein most planning was done jointly with Binns supervising most of the laboratory work and James the field studies. It was determined that when pregnant ewes grazed Veratrum californicum on day 14 of gestation a significant number of lambs had the cyclopic defect. Skeletal and cleft palate birth defects in calves was associated with pregnant cows grazing certain lupine species during 40-70 days of gestation. Shortly thereafter research work was initiated on locoweed which caused abortions, wasting, right heart failure, skeletal birth defects, and fetal right heart failure. Dr. Richard F. Keeler, a chemist who joined the staff in the early 1960s, isolated and characterized the teratogens in V. californicum as the steroidal alkaloids cyclopamine, jervine, and cycloposine. He also described the teratogen in lupines as the quinolizidine alkaloid anagyrine and the piperidine alkaloid ammodendrine. Drs. Russell Molyneux and James identified the toxin in locoweed as the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine. In 1974 the editor of Nutrition Today (Vols. 9 and 4) wrote "The idea that birth defects occurring in humans may be in some way related to diet is not widely held ..." Dr. Lynn James pointed out in this issue that such defects in animals can be produced with absolute predictability and regularity by foods ordinarily beneficial to livestock. Management strategies have been developed to prevent or minimize the economic impact of the cyclopian lamb and the crooked calf condition on livestock producers and well on the way to doing the same with locoweed. It is of interest to note that livestock research on Veratrum, lupines and locoweed and toxins therefrom are now significant research tools for specific human health problems. Language: en
Kevin D Welch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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usda ars Poisonous Plant research laboratory history and current research on western north american rangelands
Rangelands, 2016Co-Authors: James A Pfister, Kevin D Welch, Kip E. Panter, Daniel Cook, L F JamesAbstract:On the Ground Poisonous Plants on western North American rangelands have historically been troublesome to livestock producers. Research on toxic Plants was initiated by the United States Department of Agriculture in the late 1890s to solve problems for the livestock industry. TheUnitedStatesDepartment ofAgricultureAgricultural Resource Service Poisonous PlantResearch Laboratory in Logan, Utah continues to provide research-based solutions to Poisonous Plant problems besetting livestock producers, hobby farmers and small holders, veterinarians, and extension personnel. Principal Plants of current research interest include larkspur, lupine, locoweed, selenium accumulating Plants, pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing Plants, and ponderosa pine.
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Poisonous Plants: Biomarkers for Diagnosis
Biomarkers in Toxicology, 2014Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Kevin D Welch, Dale R GardnerAbstract:Research on Poisonous Plants in the USA began over 100 years ago and resulted from livestock poisonings by locoweeds, larkspurs, lupines, hemlocks, death camas, selenium-accumulating forages, and other Plants. Poisonings soon began to occur in livestock as the migration westward resulted in overgrazing and exposure of livestock to unfamiliar rangelands and toxic forbs. Research was initiated by the U.S. government in an attempt to mitigate losses and to further encourage settlement of the west. Much of this early research was based on identifying the offending Plant and observational studies to describe the poisonings in livestock. Over the last 50 years, advances in technology and research have resulted in identification of thousands of phytochemicals, characterization of their biological effects, and development of management methods or treatments to mitigate poisoning. Identification of biomarkers to improve diagnosis of Plant toxicoses has always been an important need for clinicians, diagnostic labs, and scientists. However, few biomarkers specific for Plant toxicoses exist. At the USDA Poisonous Plant Research Lab, one area of research emphasis is development of biomarkers specific for Poisonous Plant diagnosis. This includes chemical detection of toxins in specific tissues, histopathological description, and biochemical changes associated with specific Poisonous Plant toxicoses. In this chapter, some of the most important Poisonous Plants and their toxins that affect livestock are reviewed, and the current status of biomarker development is discussed.
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Poisonous Plants: effects on embryo and fetal development.
Birth defects research. Part C Embryo today : reviews, 2013Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Dale R Gardner, Kevin D Welch, Benedict T. GreenAbstract:Poisonous Plant research in the United States began over 100 years ago as a result of livestock losses from toxic Plants as settlers migrated westward with their flocks, herds, and families. Major losses were soon associated with Poisonous Plants, such as locoweeds, selenium accumulating Plants, poison-hemlock, larkspurs, Veratrum, lupines, death camas, water hemlock, and others. Identification of Plants associated with poisoning, chemistry of the Plants, physiological effects, pathology, diagnosis, and prognosis, why animals eat the Plants, and grazing management to mitigate losses became the overarching mission of the current Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory. Additionally, spin-off benefits resulting from the animal research have provided novel compounds, new techniques, and animal models to study human health conditions (biomedical research). The Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory has become an international leader of Poisonous Plant research as evidenced by the recent completion of the ninth International Symposium on Poisonous Plant Research held July 2013 in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China. In this article, we review Plants that negatively impact embryo/fetal and neonatal growth and development, with emphasis on those Plants that cause birth defects. Although this article focuses on the general aspects of selected groups of Plants and their effects on the developing offspring, a companion paper in this volume reviews current understanding of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of toxicoses and teratogenesis. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 99:223-234, 2013. Published 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
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The Good and the Bad of Poisonous Plants: An Introduction to the USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory
Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2012Co-Authors: Kevin D Welch, Dale R Gardner, Kip E. Panter, Bryan L. StegelmeierAbstract:This article provides an overview of the Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory (PPRL), about the unique services and activities of the PPRL and the potential assistance that they can provide to Plant poisoning incidences. The PPRL is a federal research laboratory. It is part of the Agricultural Research Service, the in-house research arm of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The mission of the PPRL is to identify toxic Plants and their toxic compounds, determine how the Plants poison animals, and develop diagnostic and prognostic procedures for poisoned animals. Furthermore, the PPRL's mission is to identify the conditions under which poisoning occurs and develop management strategies and treatments to reduce losses. Information obtained through research efforts at the PPRL is mostly used by the livestock industry, natural resource managers, veterinarians, chemists, Plant and animal scientists, extension personnel, and other state and federal agencies. PPRL currently has 9 scientists and 17 support staff, representing various disciplines consisting of toxicology, reproductive toxicology, veterinary medicine, chemistry, animal science, range science, and Plant physiology. This team of scientists provides an interdisciplinary approach to applied and basic research to develop solutions to Plant intoxications. While the mission of the PPRL primarily impacts the livestock industry, spinoff benefits such as development of animal models, isolation and characterization of novel compounds, elucidation of biological and molecular mechanisms of action, national and international collaborations, and outreach efforts are significant to biomedical researchers. The staff at the PPRL has extensive knowledge regarding a number of Poisonous Plants. Although the focus of their knowledge is on Plants that affect livestock, oftentimes, these Plants are also Poisonous to humans, and thus, similar principles could apply for cases of human poisonings. Consequently, the information provided herein could be of benefit to healthcare providers for human cases as well.
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solutions to locoweed poisoning in new mexico and the western united states collaborative research between new mexico state university and the usda agricultural research service Poisonous Plant lab
Rangelands, 2009Co-Authors: David Graham, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, Kevin D Welch, Kip E. Panter, James A Pfister, Daniel Cook, Rebecca Creamer, Andres F Cibils, Michael H Ralphs, Manny EnciniasAbstract:Solutions to Locoweed Poisoning in New Mexico and the Western United States: Collaborative research between New Mexico State University and the USDA–Agricultural Research Service Poisonous Plant Lab DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v31i6_cook
Naoki Asano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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alkaloids from the Poisonous Plant ipomoea carnea effects on intracellular lysosomal glycosidase activities in human lymphoblast cultures
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003Co-Authors: Kyoko Ikeda, Isao Adachi, Mitsue Haraguchi, Atsushi Kato, Naoki AsanoAbstract:: There is natural intoxication of livestock by the ingestion of Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae) in Brazil and other parts of the world. The alkaloidal glycosidase inhibitors swainsonine, 2-epi-lentiginosine, and calystegines B(1), B(2), B(3), and C(1) have been identified as constituents of this Plant. Swainsonine is a potent inhibitor of rat lysosomal alpha-mannosidase, with an IC(50) value of 0.02 microM, whereas calystegines B(1), B(2), and C(1) are potent inhibitors of rat lysosomal beta-glucosidase, with IC(50) values of 2.1, 0.75, and 0.84 microM, respectively. The action of swainsonine results in a lysosomal storage disorder that closely mimics alpha-mannosidosis in humans. To determine whether the toxicity of I. carnea to livestock is due to purely swainsonine or due to a combination of effects by swainsonine and calystegines, intracellular lysosomal glycosidase activities in normal human lymphoblasts grown with inhibitors in the medium were examined. Incubation of lymphoblasts with 0.1 microM swainsonine for 3 days resulted in approximately 60% reduction of alpha-mannosidase activity. On the other hand, calystegines B(2) and C(1) showed no inhibition of beta-glucosidase up to 1 mM; instead inclusion of calystegines B(2) and C(1) at 100 microM in the culture medium increased its activity by 1.5- and 1.6-fold, respectively. Calystegines B(2) and C(1) seem to act as chemical chaperones, enhancing correct folding of the enzyme and enabling smooth trafficking to the lysosome. The lysosomal beta-glucosidase inhibitory calystegines seem to have little risk of inducing intoxication of livestock.
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alkaloidal components in the Poisonous Plant ipomoea carnea convolvulaceae
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003Co-Authors: Mitsue Haraguchi, Kyoko Ikeda, Yasuhiro Minami, Russell J. Molyneux, Alison A Watson, Robert J Nash, Silvana Lima Gorniak, Atsushi Kato, Naoki AsanoAbstract:Natural intoxication of livestock by the ingestion of Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae) sometimes occurs in tropical regions of the world. Polyhydroxylated alkaloids were isolated from the leaves, flowers, and seeds of the Poisonous Plant and characterized. Chromatographic separation of the leaf extract resulted in the isolation of swainsonine (1), 2-epi-lentiginosine (2), calystegines B1 (3), B2 (4), B3 (5), and C1 (6), and N-methyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (7). The contents of 1 in the fresh leaves and flowers were 0.0029 and 0.0028%, respectively, whereas the contents of 1, 3, and 4 in the seeds were 10 times higher than those in the leaves and flowers. Alkaloids 3, 4, and 6 showed a potent inhibitory activity toward rat lysosomal ‚-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 2.1, 0.75, and 0.84 IM, respectively, and alkaloid 5 was a moderate inhibitor of R- and ‚-mannosidases. Although alkaloid 1 is known as a powerful inhibitor of lysosomal R-mannosidase (IC50 ) 0.02 IM), alkaloid 2, which has been thought to be an intermediate in the biosynthesis of 1, was also a potent inhibitor of R-mannosidase with an IC50 value of 4.6 IM.
Mitsue Haraguchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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alkaloids from the Poisonous Plant ipomoea carnea effects on intracellular lysosomal glycosidase activities in human lymphoblast cultures
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003Co-Authors: Kyoko Ikeda, Isao Adachi, Mitsue Haraguchi, Atsushi Kato, Naoki AsanoAbstract:: There is natural intoxication of livestock by the ingestion of Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae) in Brazil and other parts of the world. The alkaloidal glycosidase inhibitors swainsonine, 2-epi-lentiginosine, and calystegines B(1), B(2), B(3), and C(1) have been identified as constituents of this Plant. Swainsonine is a potent inhibitor of rat lysosomal alpha-mannosidase, with an IC(50) value of 0.02 microM, whereas calystegines B(1), B(2), and C(1) are potent inhibitors of rat lysosomal beta-glucosidase, with IC(50) values of 2.1, 0.75, and 0.84 microM, respectively. The action of swainsonine results in a lysosomal storage disorder that closely mimics alpha-mannosidosis in humans. To determine whether the toxicity of I. carnea to livestock is due to purely swainsonine or due to a combination of effects by swainsonine and calystegines, intracellular lysosomal glycosidase activities in normal human lymphoblasts grown with inhibitors in the medium were examined. Incubation of lymphoblasts with 0.1 microM swainsonine for 3 days resulted in approximately 60% reduction of alpha-mannosidase activity. On the other hand, calystegines B(2) and C(1) showed no inhibition of beta-glucosidase up to 1 mM; instead inclusion of calystegines B(2) and C(1) at 100 microM in the culture medium increased its activity by 1.5- and 1.6-fold, respectively. Calystegines B(2) and C(1) seem to act as chemical chaperones, enhancing correct folding of the enzyme and enabling smooth trafficking to the lysosome. The lysosomal beta-glucosidase inhibitory calystegines seem to have little risk of inducing intoxication of livestock.
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alkaloidal components in the Poisonous Plant ipomoea carnea convolvulaceae
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003Co-Authors: Mitsue Haraguchi, Kyoko Ikeda, Yasuhiro Minami, Russell J. Molyneux, Alison A Watson, Robert J Nash, Silvana Lima Gorniak, Atsushi Kato, Naoki AsanoAbstract:Natural intoxication of livestock by the ingestion of Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae) sometimes occurs in tropical regions of the world. Polyhydroxylated alkaloids were isolated from the leaves, flowers, and seeds of the Poisonous Plant and characterized. Chromatographic separation of the leaf extract resulted in the isolation of swainsonine (1), 2-epi-lentiginosine (2), calystegines B1 (3), B2 (4), B3 (5), and C1 (6), and N-methyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (7). The contents of 1 in the fresh leaves and flowers were 0.0029 and 0.0028%, respectively, whereas the contents of 1, 3, and 4 in the seeds were 10 times higher than those in the leaves and flowers. Alkaloids 3, 4, and 6 showed a potent inhibitory activity toward rat lysosomal ‚-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 2.1, 0.75, and 0.84 IM, respectively, and alkaloid 5 was a moderate inhibitor of R- and ‚-mannosidases. Although alkaloid 1 is known as a powerful inhibitor of lysosomal R-mannosidase (IC50 ) 0.02 IM), alkaloid 2, which has been thought to be an intermediate in the biosynthesis of 1, was also a potent inhibitor of R-mannosidase with an IC50 value of 4.6 IM.
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experimental mitochondrial myopathy induced by chronic intoxication by senna occidentalis seeds
Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 1997Co-Authors: Edenilson Eduardo Calore, P C Raspantini, Mitsue Haraguchi, M J Cavaliere, Maria Lúcia Zaidan Dagli, Silvana Lima Gorniak, N M P CaloreAbstract:Abstract Histochemical and electron microscopic studies of biceps femoris, pectoralis major and rectus femoris of chronically treated birds with seeds of the Poisonous Plant Senna occidentalis (0.2% external/internal tegment), were performed. The muscles had similar features of human mitochondrial myopathy as ragged-red fibers, cytochrome-oxidase negative fibers, and weak activity of the oxidative enzymes. Fibers with lipid storage were also present. Acid phosphatase activity in rare muscle fibers was also detected, and represents probably a secondary degenerative process. By electron microscopy, enlarged mitochondria with disrupted or excessively branched cristae were seen. The present study presents a new experimental model of mitochondrial myopathy that may be useful for the best knowledge of this group of diseases and for experimental trials of drugs that could reverse the mitochondrial impairment in the mitochondrial myopathies. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.