The Experts below are selected from a list of 306 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Michael R Kessler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bio-based Polyurethane Foam Made from Compatible Blends of Vegetable-Oil-based Polyol and Petroleum-based Polyol
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Chaoqun Zhang, Michael R KesslerAbstract:The Hansen solubility parameters of a soy-castor oil-based polyol and a petroleum-based polyol are investigated to evaluate their miscibility for polyurethane blends. The two Polyols were found to be miscible at different ratios over a temperature range from 25 to 90 °C. Blends with different ratios of these two Polyols were used to prepare polyurethane foams. With increasing levels of bio-based polyol content, the density of the open cell foams increased. The thermal stability of the polyurethane foams improved, and their thermal conductivity increased, with increasing bio-content, while the foam’s compression strength decreased. This study provides a method to evaluate polyol blends for the preparation of polymeric materials that balances economic and environmental considerations.
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soy castor oil based Polyols prepared using a solvent free and catalyst free method and polyurethanes therefrom
Green Chemistry, 2013Co-Authors: Chaoqun Zhang, Ruqi Chen, Patrick A Johnston, Michael R KesslerAbstract:Bio-based Polyols from epoxidized soybean oil and castor oil fatty acid were developed using an environmentally friendly, solvent-free/catalyst-free method. The effects of the molar ratios of the carboxyl to the epoxy groups, reaction time, and reaction temperature on the Polyols’ structures were systematically studied. Subsequently, polyurethane films were prepared from these green Polyols. Properties of the new, soy-castor oil based polyurethane films were compared with two other polyurethane films prepared from castor oil and methoxylated soybean oil polyol, respectively. Thermal and mechanical tests showed that the polyurethane films prepared from the new Polyols exhibited higher glass transition temperatures, tensile strength, Young's modulus, and thermal stability because of the higher degree of cross-linking in the new Polyols. Moreover, the novel Polyols, prepared using the solvent-free and catalyst-free synthetic route, were 100% bio-based and facilitate a more environmentally friendly and economical process than conventional soy-based Polyols used for polyurethane production.
André Bardow - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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life cycle assessment of Polyols for polyurethane production using co2 as feedstock insights from an industrial case study
Green Chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Niklas Von Der Assen, André BardowAbstract:Polyethercarbonate Polyols from carbon dioxide (CO2) are starting to be synthesized on industrial scale. These Polyols can be further processed into polyurethanes enabling CO2 to be utilized in large amounts. Utilization of CO2 as alternative carbon feedstock for Polyols is motivated from the potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil resource depletion. This article presents a life cycle assessment for production of CO2-based polyethercarbonate Polyols in a real industrial pilot plant. The considered cradle-to-gate system boundaries include polyol production and all upstream processes such as provision of energy and feedstocks. In particular, provision of CO2 from a lignite power plant equipped with a pilot plant for CO2 capture is considered. Production of Polyols with 20 wt% CO2 in the polymer chains causes GHG emissions of 2.65–2.86 kg CO2-eq kg−1 and thus, does not act as GHG sink. However, compared to production of conventional polyether Polyols, production of Polyols with 20 wt% CO2 allows for GHG reductions of 11–19%. Relating GHG emission reductions to the amount of CO2 incorporated, up to three kg CO2-eq emissions can be avoided per kg CO2 utilized. The use of fossil resources can be reduced by 13–16%. The impacts reductions increase with further increasing the CO2 content in the Polyols. All other investigated environmental impacts such as eutrophication, ionizing radiation, ozone depletion, particulate matter formation, photochemical oxidant formation, and terrestrial acidification are also lowered. Therefore, synthesis of polyethercarbonate Polyols from CO2 is clearly favorable compared to conventional polyether Polyols from an environmental point of view.
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Life cycle assessment of Polyols for polyurethane production using CO2 as feedstock: insights from an industrial case study
Green Chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Niklas Von Der Assen, André BardowAbstract:Polyethercarbonate Polyols from carbon dioxide (CO2) are starting to be synthesized on industrial scale. These Polyols can be further processed into polyurethanes enabling CO2 to be utilized in large amounts. Utilization of CO2 as alternative carbon feedstock for Polyols is motivated from the potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil resource depletion. This article presents a life cycle assessment for production of CO2-based polyethercarbonate Polyols in a real industrial pilot plant. The considered cradle-to-gate system boundaries include polyol production and all upstream processes such as provision of energy and feedstocks. In particular, provision of CO2 from a lignite power plant equipped with a pilot plant for CO2 capture is considered. Production of Polyols with 20 wt% CO2 in the polymer chains causes GHG emissions of 2.65-2.86 kg CO2-eq/kg and thus, do not act as GHG sink. However, compared to production of conventional polyether Polyols, production of Polyols with 20 wt% CO2 allows for GHG reductions of 11-19 %. Relating GHG emission reductions to the amount of CO2 incorporated, up to three kg CO2-eq emissions can be avoided per CO2 utilized. The use of fossil resources can be reduced by 13-16 %. The impacts reductions increase with further increasing the CO2 content in the Polyols. All other investigated environmental impacts such as eutrophication, ionizing radiation, ozone depletion, particulate matter formation, photochemical oxidant formation, and terrestrial acidification are also lowered. Therefore, synthesis of polyethercarbonate Polyols from CO2 is clearly favorable compared to conventional polyether Polyols from an environmental point of view.
Yonghong Zhou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Study of the mechanical, thermal properties and flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams prepared from modified castor-oil-based Polyols
Industrial Crops and Products, 2014Co-Authors: Meng Zhang, Liqiang Zhang, Lihong Hu, Yonghong ZhouAbstract:Po1lyurethane foams (PUFs) were prepared using modified castor-oil-based Polyols (MCOs). In the first stage, castor oil (CO) was converted into monoglycerides and diglycerides by alcoholysis with glycerol and pentaerythritol. Next, the polyester Polyols were synthesised by condensation with the alcoholysis of CO and phthalic anhydride. The chemical and physical properties, foaming behaviour and miscibility with other components of the MCOs were studied by mechanical testing, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the components of the MCOs and the foaming behaviour of the foams prepared from the MCOs were similar to those of commercial polyester polyol PS-3152. The reaction activities esterification modified CO Polyols were higher than those of alcoholysis modified CO Polyols, due to the higher relative content of primary hydroxyl groups. The MCOs and CO had higher thermal stability and better miscibility with polyether polyol 4110 and the physical blowing agent cyclopentane than PS-3152. The properties and flame retardancy of PUFs prepared from MCOs were studied by mechanical testing, TGA and cone calorimetry. The results indicate that the PUFs prepared from castor-oil-based polyester Polyols with a reasonable distribution of soft and hard segments had better mechanical properties and thermal conductivities than the PS-3152-based PUF5. Additionally, the MCO-modified PUFs exhibited much higher thermal stability during the pyrolysis process. The cone calorimetry results showed that adding flame retardant ammonium polyphosphate (APP) into PUFs can significantly decrease their heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and mass loss. These test results indicate that APP has a better synergistic effect with phthalic anhydride polyester Polyols than long-chain fatty Polyols. All of these unique properties of the MCO-modified rigid PUFs were correlated to the structures of these PUFs. This study may lead to the development of a new type of polyurethane foam using castor oil.
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Study of the mechanical, thermal properties and flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams prepared from modified castor-oil-based Polyols
Industrial Crops and Products, 2014Co-Authors: Meng Zhang, Hui Pan, Lihong Hu, Liqiang Zhang, Yonghong ZhouAbstract:Po1lyurethane foams (PUFs) were prepared using modified castor-oil-based Polyols (MCOs). In the first stage, castor oil (CO) was converted into monoglycerides and diglycerides by alcoholysis with glycerol and pentaerythritol. Next, the polyester Polyols were synthesised by condensation with the alcoholysis of CO and phthalic anhydride. The chemical and physical properties, foaming behaviour and miscibility with other components of the MCOs were studied by mechanical testing, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the components of the MCOs and the foaming behaviour of the foams prepared from the MCOs were similar to those of commercial polyester polyol PS-3152. The reaction activities esterification modified CO Polyols were higher than those of alcoholysis modified CO Polyols, due to the higher relative content of primary hydroxyl groups. The MCOs and CO had higher thermal stability and better miscibility with polyether polyol 4110 and the physical blowing agent cyclopentane than PS-3152. The properties and flame retardancy of PUFs prepared from MCOs were studied by mechanical testing, TGA and cone calorimetry. The results indicate that the PUFs prepared from castor-oil-based polyester Polyols with a reasonable distribution of soft and hard segments had better mechanical properties and thermal conductivities than the PS-3152-based PUF5. Additionally, the MCO-modified PUFs exhibited much higher thermal stability during the pyrolysis process. The cone calorimetry results showed that adding flame retardant ammonium polyphosphate (APP) into PUFs can significantly decrease their heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and mass loss. These test results indicate that APP has a better synergistic effect with phthalic anhydride polyester Polyols than long-chain fatty Polyols. All of these unique properties of the MCO-modified rigid PUFs were correlated to the structures of these PUFs. This study may lead to the development of a new type of polyurethane foam using castor oil. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
Zoran S Petrovic - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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polyurethane networks from Polyols obtained by hydroformylation of soybean oil
Polymer International, 2008Co-Authors: Zoran S Petrovic, Ivan Javni, Ivana Cvetkovic, Doo Pyo HongAbstract:BACKGROUND: Vegetable oil-based Polyols are a new class of renewable materials. The structure of oil-based Polyols is very different from that of petrochemical Polyols, and it is closely related to the structure of oils. The objective of this work was to analyze the structural heterogeneity of soy-based Polyols and its effect on the properties of Polyols and polyurethanes. RESULTS: A series of Polyols with a range of hydroxyl numbers were prepared by hydroformylation and partial esterification of hydroxyls with formic acid. Polyols were reacted with diphenylmethane diisocyanate to obtain polyurethanes of different crosslinking density. Gelation was simulated using the Monte Carlo method with a calculated distribution of functionalities for each polyol. CONCLUSIONS: Most Polyols are powerful crosslinkers since weight average functionality varied from 5 to 2.5 resulting in gel points from 53 to 83% conversion. Heterogeneity of Polyols had a negative effect on mechanical properties of rubbery polyurethanes and this should be taken in account when designing Polyols for flexible applications. This effect was not pronounced in glassy polyurethanes. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
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effect of structure on properties of Polyols and polyurethanes based on different vegetable oils
Journal of Polymer Science Part B, 2004Co-Authors: Alisa Zlatanic, Wei Zhang, Charlene C Lava, Zoran S PetrovicAbstract:We synthesized six polyurethane networks from 4,4-diphenylmethane di- isocyanate and Polyols based on midoleic sunflower, canola, soybean, sunflower, corn, and linseed oils. The differences in network structures reflected differences in the composition of fatty acids and number of functional groups in vegetable oils and resulting Polyols. The number average molecular weights of Polyols were between 1120 and 1300 and the functionality varied from 3.0 for the midoleic sunflower polyol to 5.2 for the linseed polyol. The functionality of the other four Polyols was around 3.5. Canola, corn, soybean, and sunflower oils gave polyurethane resins of similar crosslink- ing density and similar glass transitions and mechanical properties despite somewhat different distribution of fatty acids. Linseed oil- based polyurethane had higher crosslinking density and higher mechanical properties, whereas midoleic sunflower oil gave softer polyurethanes characterized by lower Tg and lower strength but higher elongation at break. It appears that the differences in properties of polyurethane networks resulted primarily from different crosslinking densities and less from the position of reactive sites in the fatty acids. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 809 - 819, 2004
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structure and properties of polyurethanes based on halogenated and nonhalogenated soy Polyols
Journal of Polymer Science Part A, 2000Co-Authors: Zoran S Petrovic, Wei ZhangAbstract:Four Polyols were prepared by a ring opening of epoxidized soybean oil with HCl, HBr, methanol, and by hydrogenation. Two series of polyurethanes were prepared by reacting the Polyols with two commercial isocyanates: PAPI and Isonate 2143L. Generally, the properties of the two series were similar. The crosslinking density of the polyurethane networks was analyzed by swelling in toluene. Brominated Polyols and their corresponding polyurethanes had the highest densities, followed by the chlorinated, methoxylated, and hydrogenated samples. The polyurethanes with brominated and chlorinated Polyols had comparable glass transition and strength, somewhat higher than the polyurethane from methoxy containing polyol, while the polyurethane from the hydrogenated polyol had lower glass-transition and mechanical properties. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 4062–4069, 2000
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structure and properties of halogenated and nonhalogenated soy based Polyols
Journal of Polymer Science Part A, 2000Co-Authors: Zoran S PetrovicAbstract:Four Polyols intended for application in polyurethanes were synthesized by oxirane ring opening in epoxidized soybean oil with hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, methanol, and hydrogen. The structures of the Polyols were characterized by spectroscopic, chemical, and physical methods. The brominated polyol had 4.1 hydroxy groups, whereas the other three Polyols had slightly lower functionality. The densities, viscosities, viscous-flow activation energies, and molecular weights of the Polyols decreased in the following order: brominated > chlorinated > methoxylated > hydrogenated. All the Polyols were crystalline solids below their melting temperature, displaying multiple melting peaks. The methoxylated polyol was liquid at room temperature, whereas the other three were waxes. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 3900–3910, 2000
Meng Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Study of the mechanical, thermal properties and flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams prepared from modified castor-oil-based Polyols
Industrial Crops and Products, 2014Co-Authors: Meng Zhang, Liqiang Zhang, Lihong Hu, Yonghong ZhouAbstract:Po1lyurethane foams (PUFs) were prepared using modified castor-oil-based Polyols (MCOs). In the first stage, castor oil (CO) was converted into monoglycerides and diglycerides by alcoholysis with glycerol and pentaerythritol. Next, the polyester Polyols were synthesised by condensation with the alcoholysis of CO and phthalic anhydride. The chemical and physical properties, foaming behaviour and miscibility with other components of the MCOs were studied by mechanical testing, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the components of the MCOs and the foaming behaviour of the foams prepared from the MCOs were similar to those of commercial polyester polyol PS-3152. The reaction activities esterification modified CO Polyols were higher than those of alcoholysis modified CO Polyols, due to the higher relative content of primary hydroxyl groups. The MCOs and CO had higher thermal stability and better miscibility with polyether polyol 4110 and the physical blowing agent cyclopentane than PS-3152. The properties and flame retardancy of PUFs prepared from MCOs were studied by mechanical testing, TGA and cone calorimetry. The results indicate that the PUFs prepared from castor-oil-based polyester Polyols with a reasonable distribution of soft and hard segments had better mechanical properties and thermal conductivities than the PS-3152-based PUF5. Additionally, the MCO-modified PUFs exhibited much higher thermal stability during the pyrolysis process. The cone calorimetry results showed that adding flame retardant ammonium polyphosphate (APP) into PUFs can significantly decrease their heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and mass loss. These test results indicate that APP has a better synergistic effect with phthalic anhydride polyester Polyols than long-chain fatty Polyols. All of these unique properties of the MCO-modified rigid PUFs were correlated to the structures of these PUFs. This study may lead to the development of a new type of polyurethane foam using castor oil.
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Study of the mechanical, thermal properties and flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams prepared from modified castor-oil-based Polyols
Industrial Crops and Products, 2014Co-Authors: Meng Zhang, Hui Pan, Lihong Hu, Liqiang Zhang, Yonghong ZhouAbstract:Po1lyurethane foams (PUFs) were prepared using modified castor-oil-based Polyols (MCOs). In the first stage, castor oil (CO) was converted into monoglycerides and diglycerides by alcoholysis with glycerol and pentaerythritol. Next, the polyester Polyols were synthesised by condensation with the alcoholysis of CO and phthalic anhydride. The chemical and physical properties, foaming behaviour and miscibility with other components of the MCOs were studied by mechanical testing, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the components of the MCOs and the foaming behaviour of the foams prepared from the MCOs were similar to those of commercial polyester polyol PS-3152. The reaction activities esterification modified CO Polyols were higher than those of alcoholysis modified CO Polyols, due to the higher relative content of primary hydroxyl groups. The MCOs and CO had higher thermal stability and better miscibility with polyether polyol 4110 and the physical blowing agent cyclopentane than PS-3152. The properties and flame retardancy of PUFs prepared from MCOs were studied by mechanical testing, TGA and cone calorimetry. The results indicate that the PUFs prepared from castor-oil-based polyester Polyols with a reasonable distribution of soft and hard segments had better mechanical properties and thermal conductivities than the PS-3152-based PUF5. Additionally, the MCO-modified PUFs exhibited much higher thermal stability during the pyrolysis process. The cone calorimetry results showed that adding flame retardant ammonium polyphosphate (APP) into PUFs can significantly decrease their heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and mass loss. These test results indicate that APP has a better synergistic effect with phthalic anhydride polyester Polyols than long-chain fatty Polyols. All of these unique properties of the MCO-modified rigid PUFs were correlated to the structures of these PUFs. This study may lead to the development of a new type of polyurethane foam using castor oil. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
