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Johan Moritz Kuhn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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long run effects of public Private Research joint ventures the case of the danish innovation consortia support scheme
2012Co-Authors: Ulrich Kaiser, Johan Moritz KuhnAbstract:Subsidized Research joint ventures (RJVs) between public Research institutions and industry have become increasingly popular in Europe and the US. We study the long-run effects of such a support scheme that has been maintained by the Danish government since 1995. To cope with identification problems we apply nearest neighbor matching and conditional difference-in-difference estimation methods. Our main findings are that (i) program participation effects are instant for annual patent applications and last for three years, (ii) employment effects materialize first after one year and (iii) there are no statistically significant effects on value added or labor productivity. We further show that these overall results are primarily driven by firms that were patent active prior to joining the RJV and that there are no statistically significant effects for large firms. The insignificant results we document for large firms coupled with the fact that these type of firms are over-represented in many support programs, including the one considered here, leads us to suggest a rethinking of support policies that often aim at large firms.
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long run effects of public Private Research joint ventures the case of the danish innovation consortia support scheme
2011Co-Authors: Ulrich Kaiser, Johan Moritz KuhnAbstract:Subsidized Research joint ventures (RJVs) between public Research institutions and industry have become increasingly popular in Europe and the US. We study the long-run effects of such a support scheme that has been maintained by the Danish government since 1995. To cope with identification problems we apply nearest neighbor caliper matching and conditional difference-in-difference estimation methods. Our main findings are that (i) program participation effects are instant for annual patent applications and last for three years, (ii) employment effects materialize first after one year and (iii) there are no statistically significant effects on value added or labor productivity. We further show that these overall results are primarily driven by firms that were patent active prior to joining the RJV and that there are no statistically significant effect for large firms. Both types of firms are disproportionally represented in the support program we study.
Jonathan Grant - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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quantifying the economic impact of government and charity funding of medical Research on Private Research and development funding in the united kingdom
2016Co-Authors: Jon Sussex, Yan Feng, Jorge Mestreferrandiz, Michele Pistollato, Marco Hafner, Peter Burridge, Jonathan GrantAbstract:Background Government- and charity-funded medical Research and Private sector Research and development (R&D) are widely held to be complements. The only attempts to measure this complementarity so far have used data from the United States of America and are inevitably increasingly out of date. This study estimates the magnitude of the effect of government and charity biomedical and health Research expenditure in the United Kingdom (UK), separately and in total, on subsequent Private pharmaceutical sector R&D expenditure in the UK.
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quantifying the economic impact of government and charity funding of medical Research on Private Research and development funding in the united kingdom
2016Co-Authors: Jon Sussex, Yan Feng, Jorge Mestreferrandiz, Michele Pistollato, Marco Hafner, Peter Burridge, Jonathan GrantAbstract:Government- and charity-funded medical Research and Private sector Research and development (RD 44 % of that additional Private sector expenditure occurs within 1 year, with the remainder accumulating over decades. This spillover effect implies a real annual rate of return (in terms of economic impact) to public biomedical and health Research in the UK of 15–18 %. When combined with previous estimates of the health gain that results from public medical Research in cancer and cardiovascular disease, the total rate of return would be around 24–28 %. Overall, this suggests that government and charity funded Research in the UK crowds in additional Private sector R&D in the UK. The implied historical returns from UK government and charity funded investment in medical Research in the UK compare favourably with the rates of return achieved on investments in the rest of the UK economy and are greatly in excess of the 3.5 % real annual rate of return required by the UK government to public investments generally.
Carl E. Pray - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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impact of plant breeders rights on technology availability in china
2006Co-Authors: Ruifa Hu, Carl E. Pray, Jie Huang, Jikun HuangAbstract:There has been considerable debate but little empirical analysis among academics, policy makers, and civil society about whether intellectual property rights would induce Private Research in developing countries. China passed its plant variety protection act (PVPA) in 1997 which allowed us to do some initial testing of this proposition. We used a unique data set on the seed price, area planted, morphological characteristics, and institutional sources of all the important varieties of rice in three provinces of China to estimate the impact of PVPA on seed prices and area planted to a variety. We found that protected varieties have higher prices than unprotected varieties, but that they are grown on smaller area, which means less seed is sold. Our data suggests that the increase in seed price is more than enough to compensate for the decline in demand and to pay the cost o f obtaining protection. Thus, seed companies can increase their profits by protecting new rice varieties. These results also provide some preliminary quantitative evidence to suggest that in the case of rice in China PVPA may provide some incentive for firms invest in Research. However, we could not directly test whether PVPA induces more Research because we do not have data on rice Research expenditures by Research institutes or by variety.
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the impact of economic reforms on r d by the indian seed industry
2001Co-Authors: Carl E. Pray, Bharat Ramaswami, Timothy KelleyAbstract:Abstract Declining support for public Research and advances in technology and new forms of legal protection have induced more Private agricultural Research. In developing countries, this has sparked a debate about appropriate policies regarding Private Research. In this context, we examine empirically the consequences of reforms in India’s seed policies which loosened various restrictions on the Private sector. The period since the reforms has shown a remarkable increase in R & D effort and an increase in the number of Private technology suppliers . We argue these changes were largely due to policy reforms.
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Private investment in agricultural Research and international technology transfer in asia
2001Co-Authors: Carl E. Pray, Keith O FuglieAbstract:This study addresses the questions of future sources of technology for increasing food and agricultural production by considering the situation in Asia. This region of the world is particularly appropriate for studying these questions because of the dynamic changes in population and incomes. How much Private Research is there and what is it producing? Will the Private sector compensate for declining public agricultural Research investments in Asia? What can governments do to stimulate Private Research and protect farmers from harmful or defective technology? Agribusiness firm's R&D investments were evaluated in selected developing countries during 1996 and 1998 and compared with data from a similar study conducted in the mid-1980s. The largest amount of Private Research was in India where investment was about $55 million per year in the mid-1990s, followed by Thailand, Malaysia, and China. China's Private R&D spending represents less than one one-hundredth of 1 percent of agricultural gross domestic product. In contrast, in Thailand and Malaysia, firms spent about 0.1 percent. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Private sector R&D grew in real terms in the countries in our sample. However, at this rate, Private Research will not fill the gap needed to support rapid growth in demand for agricultural products. Foreign firms made an important contribution to Private Research in all of these countries. The most important policy that helped induce this growth was liberalization of industrial policy that allowed Private and foreign firms to operate and expand in agricultural input industries. A second important policy was investments in public Research. Patents and tax incentives seem to have had little effect so far, but could be important in the future.
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the Private sector in agricultural Research systems will it fill the gap
1998Co-Authors: Carl E. Pray, Dina UmalideiningerAbstract:Abstract This article examines whether the Private sector can fill the gap of declining public Research in developing countries. Economic theory suggests Private for-profit Research will focus on areas where returns to Research are appropriable and reasonable profits are generated. Actual Private for-profit Research activities concentrate on countries and industries with large markets, appropriable returns, strong science infrastructure, and favorable government policies. Governments and donors can promote Private Research by easing constraints to Private entry and operations. But, if governments stop funding Research on public goods and technologies with limited market potential, the Private sector is unlikely to fill the gap completely.
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plant breeders rights legislation enforcement and r d lessons for developing countries
1992Co-Authors: Carl E. PrayAbstract:Declining government budgets, pressure from donors and agribusiness firms and the failure of some government seed corporations are encouraging policy makers in a number of less developed countries (LDCs) to privatize plant breeding, seed production and seed distribution. Developed countries are pressing for stronger intellectual property rights such as plant breeders' rights (PBR) and utility patents as a means of encouraging Private firms to transfer technology and conduct more Research and development (R&D). A number of countries are considering PBR legislation.1 This paper examines the development of PBRs and their impact on Private Research and technology transfer in the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Argentina and Chile. From their experiences some policy implications for developing countries are derived.
Hans Morten Haugen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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human rights and technology a conflictual relationship assessing Private Research and the right to adequate food
2008Co-Authors: Hans Morten HaugenAbstract:Human rights provisions addressing technology have been much ignored. The connections between technology and human rights have, however, received renewed interest recently. Patent disputes, stagnation in publicly funded Research, and the role of technology in meeting the Millennium Development Goals are three areas of substantial interest. After an analysis of the two main provisions on technology of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Article 11.2(a) and Article 15.1(b), the relationship between technology and environment is analyzed. As also evidenced in two other treaties, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, there is no assumption of any conflict between technology and the environment. International cooperation for the realization of the right to food is widely acknowledged, and such cooperation also includes technological efforts to produce more high-yielding varieties. The art...
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human rights and technology a conflictual relationship assessing Private Research and the right to adequate food
2008Co-Authors: Hans Morten HaugenAbstract:Human rights provisions addressing technology have been much ignored. The connections between technology and human rights have, however, received renewed interest recently. Patent disputes, stagnation in publicly funded Research and the role of technology in meeting the Millennium Development Goals, are three areas of substantial interest. After an analysis of the two main provisions on technology of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Article 11.2(a) and Article 15.1(b), the relationship between technology and environment, is analyzed. As also evidenced in two other treaties, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, there is no assumption of any conflict between technology and the environment. International cooperation for the realisation of the right to food, is widely acknowledged, and such cooperation also includes technological efforts to produce more high-yielding varieties. The article proves that there is a basis in human rights treaties, especially in the ICESCR, for serving as a guidance in the formulation and implementation of technology policies. The wording of the relevant paragraphs are, however, not of such a kind as to set out clear and unambiguous obligations.
Jaume Bacardit - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cohort profile the applied public Private Research enabling osteoarthritis clinical headway imi approach study a 2 year european cohort study to describe validate and predict phenotypes of osteoarthritis using clinical imaging and biochemical markers
2020Co-Authors: Eefje M Van Helvoort, Willem Evert Van Spil, Mylene P Jansen, Paco M J Welsing, M Kloppenburg, M Loef, Francisco J Blanco, I K Haugen, Francis Berenbaum, Jaume BacarditAbstract:PURPOSE: The Applied Public-Private Research enabling OsteoArthritis Clinical Headway (APPROACH) consortium intends to prospectively describe in detail, preselected patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA), using conventional and novel clinical, imaging, and biochemical markers, to support OA drug development. PARTICIPANTS: APPROACH is a prospective cohort study including 297 patients with tibiofemoral OA, according to the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria. Patients were (pre)selected from existing cohorts using machine learning models, developed on data from the CHECK cohort, to display a high likelihood of radiographic joint space width (JSW) loss and/or knee pain progression. FINDINGS TO DATE: Selection appeared logistically feasible and baseline characteristics of the cohort demonstrated an OA population with more severe disease: age 66.5 (SD 7.1) vs 68.1 (7.7) years, min-JSW 2.5 (1.3) vs 2.1 (1.0) mm and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain 31.3 (19.7) vs 17.7 (14.6), except for age, all: p<0.001, for selected versus excluded patients, respectively. Based on the selection model, this cohort has a predicted higher chance of progression. FUTURE PLANS: Patients will visit the hospital again at 6, 12 and 24 months for physical examination, pain and general health questionnaires, collection of blood and urine, MRI scans, radiographs of knees and hands, CT scan of the knee, low radiation whole-body CT, HandScan, motion analysis and performance-based tests.After two years, data will show whether those patients with the highest probabilities for progression experienced disease progression as compared to those wit lower probabilities (model validation) and whether phenotypes/endotypes can be identified and predicted to facilitate targeted drug therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03883568.