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Sena Kimm Gnangnon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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impact of international tourism receipts on Public Revenue in developed and developing countries
Tourism Review, 2020Co-Authors: Sena Kimm GnangnonAbstract:This paper aims to investigate empirically how international tourism receipts influence Public Revenue, in particular non-resource Revenue.,The analysis relies on an unbalanced panel of 156 countries (including both developed and developing countries) over the period 1995-2015. The empirical analysis uses the two-step system generalized methods of moments estimator.,The empirical results show that international tourism receipts exert a positive and significant impact on non-resource tax Revenue. In addition, this effect increases as countries' development levels rise, which signifies that in terms of non-resource tax Revenue, an increase in international tourism receipts benefit much more to advanced economies than to less advanced economies.,These findings call for governments notably in developing countries to develop the tourism sector and concurrently to strengthen tax administrations (and possibly design appropriate tax policy for the tourism sector) to derive the full advantage in terms of Public Revenue from the rise in international tourism receipts.,The analysis highlights the importance of international tourism receipts for Public Revenue. This would help scholars and policymakers have a clearer view, at least in terms of magnitude, on the impact of international tourism receipts on non-resource tax Revenue.,To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is first the study that investigates this topic.,本文就国际旅游收入如何影响公共收入尤其是非资源收入的问题, 进行了实证研究。,本文的分析基于1995年至2015年期间由156个国家（包括发达国家和发展中国家）组成的不平衡小组的数据。 实证分析采用两步法通用矩量法（GMM）估计。,实证结果表明, 国际旅游收入对非资源税收入产生了积极而显著的影响。 而且, 这种影响随着国家发展水平的提高而增加, 这表明就非资源税收入而言, 国际旅游收入的增加对发达经济体的收益要比对较不发达经济体的收益大得多。,结果表明, 各国政府尤其是发展中国家的政府, 应当发展旅游业, 同时加强税收管理（并可能为旅游业设计适当的税收政策）, 以便从国际旅游业的增长中获得公共收入方面的最大收益。,分析强调了国际旅游收入对公共收入的重要性。 这将有助于学者和决策者对国际旅游收入对非资源税收入的影响（至少在规模上）有更清晰的认识。,据我们所知, 本文是第一个研究该主题的研究。,旅游外汇收入，非资源性收入,研究论文,El articulo investiga empiricamente, como los ingresos internacionales por turismo influyen en los ingresos Publicos, en particular, todos aquellos ingresos “no relacionados” con los recursos turisticos.,El analisis se basa en un panel no-equilibrado de 156 paises (incluidos paises desarrollados y en desarrollo) durante el periodo 1995-2015. El analisis empirico que se aplica, se fundamente en dos fases sobre el estimador de Metodos Generalizados de Momentos (GMM).,Los resultados muestran que los ingresos internacionales por turismo, ejercen un impacto positivo y significativo, en los ingresos fiscales no relacionados con los recursos turisticos. Ademas, este efecto aumenta, a medida que aumentan los niveles de desarrollo de los paises, lo que significa que, en terminos de ingresos fiscales, no relacionados con los recursos, un aumento en los ingresos internacionales por turismo, beneficia mucho mas a las economias avanzadas, que a las economias menos avanzadas.,Los descubrimientos de este trabajo, exigen que los gobiernos, en particular en los paises en desarrollo, fomenten el sector turistico y al mismo tiempo, fortalezcan las administraciones tributarias (y posiblemente disenen una politica fiscal adecuada para el sector turistico), con el fin de obtener una ventaja total, en terminos de ingresos Publicos por el aumento de los ingresos del turismo internacional.,El analisis destaca la importancia de los ingresos por el turismo internacional en los ingresos Publicos. Esto ayudaria a los academicos y gestores de politicas a tener una vision mas clara, al menos en terminos de magnitud, sobre el impacto de los ingresos por el turismo internacional en los ingresos fiscales no relacionados con los recursos turisticos.,Hasta donde sabemos, este es primero el estudio que investiga este tema.,Recibos de turismo internacional, Ingresos no recurrentes,Trabajo de investigacion
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tax reform and Public Revenue instability in developing countries does the volatility of development aid matter
Journal of International Development, 2019Co-Authors: Sena Kimm Gnangnon, Jeanfrancois BrunAbstract:This paper examines the relationship between tax transition reform, development aid volatility, and Public Revenue instability in developing countries. Empirical findings show that tax reform exerts a negative effect on tax Revenue instability, and the magnitude of this negative effect diminishes as the degree of development aid volatility increases. Specifically, beyond a certain level of development aid volatility, tax reform enhances tax Revenue instability. Overall, these findings suggest that higher development aid flows to developing countries should be accompanied by a lower aid volatility so as to ensure that tax reform would generate lower tax Revenue instability in recipient countries. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Tax reform, Public Revenue and Public Revenue instability in developing countries: Does development aid matter?
2019Co-Authors: Jeanfrancois Brun, Sena Kimm GnangnonAbstract:This paper addresses two main questions concerning the relationship between tax reform, development aid, Public Revenue and Public Revenue instability in developing countries. Tax reform involves here a change in the tax structure in favour of domestic Public Revenue and at the expense of international trade tax Revenue. The analysis uses an unbalanced panel dataset of 95 developing countries over the period 1981-2015, and the two-step system Generalized Methods of Moments approach. Empirical findings show that tax reform exerts a positive and significant effect on tax Revenue-to-GDP ratio, with the magnitude of this positive effect increasing as the amount of development aid flows that accrue to developing countries increases. In addition, while tax reform exerts a reducing effect on tax Revenue instability, the magnitude of this reducing effect diminishes as the degree of development aid volatility increases. Specifically, beyond a certain level of development aid volatility, tax reform enhances tax Revenue instability. Overall, these findings suggest that a rise in development aid flows to developing countries should be accompanied by a lower aid volatility so as to ensure that tax reform would induce higher tax Revenue while concomitantly reducing tax Revenue instability in recipient-countries.
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Internet and the structure of Public Revenue: resource Revenue versus non-resource Revenue
Journal of Economic Structures, 2019Co-Authors: Sena Kimm Gnangnon, Jeanfrancois BrunAbstract:This paper examines whether the Internet has led to a shift from reliance on resource Revenue towards progressive reliance on non-resource Revenue, which is ultimately a sustainable source of Public Revenue. The analysis has been carried out using a sample of 99 countries, including both developed and developing countries, over 1995–2015. Empirical results obtained from the use of the two-step system GMM approach suggest that the Internet induces a change in the structure of Public Revenue, in particular from resource Revenue towards non-resource Revenue. In addition, this effect is higher for less advanced countries than for more advanced economies. Thus, the Internet could be a powerful tool for governments to reduce their dependence on resource Revenue, in particular in resource-rich countries.
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Impact of bridging the Internet gap on Public Revenue mobilization
Information Economics and Policy, 2018Co-Authors: Sena Kimm Gnangnon, Jeanfrancois BrunAbstract:This paper contributes to the existing literature on the macroeconomic impact of Internet development by investigating how, for a given country, the reduction of the gap between its intensity of Internet usage and the world average Internet usage intensity influences its Public Revenue mobilization. The analysis covers 164 countries (including both developed and developing countries) for the period 1995–2013, and uses non-resource tax Revenue as the measure of Public Revenue. The analysis was undertaken for the full sample as well as for several sub-samples, using the Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) approach. The empirical results for the full sample suggest that when a country reduces the aforementioned gap, it experiences, over the short to medium term, a rise in non-resource tax Revenue. The results also show that low-income countries (LICs) obtain the biggest positive impact by reducing this gap.
Jeanfrancois Brun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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tax reform and Public Revenue instability in developing countries does the volatility of development aid matter
Journal of International Development, 2019Co-Authors: Sena Kimm Gnangnon, Jeanfrancois BrunAbstract:This paper examines the relationship between tax transition reform, development aid volatility, and Public Revenue instability in developing countries. Empirical findings show that tax reform exerts a negative effect on tax Revenue instability, and the magnitude of this negative effect diminishes as the degree of development aid volatility increases. Specifically, beyond a certain level of development aid volatility, tax reform enhances tax Revenue instability. Overall, these findings suggest that higher development aid flows to developing countries should be accompanied by a lower aid volatility so as to ensure that tax reform would generate lower tax Revenue instability in recipient countries. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Tax reform, Public Revenue and Public Revenue instability in developing countries: Does development aid matter?
2019Co-Authors: Jeanfrancois Brun, Sena Kimm GnangnonAbstract:This paper addresses two main questions concerning the relationship between tax reform, development aid, Public Revenue and Public Revenue instability in developing countries. Tax reform involves here a change in the tax structure in favour of domestic Public Revenue and at the expense of international trade tax Revenue. The analysis uses an unbalanced panel dataset of 95 developing countries over the period 1981-2015, and the two-step system Generalized Methods of Moments approach. Empirical findings show that tax reform exerts a positive and significant effect on tax Revenue-to-GDP ratio, with the magnitude of this positive effect increasing as the amount of development aid flows that accrue to developing countries increases. In addition, while tax reform exerts a reducing effect on tax Revenue instability, the magnitude of this reducing effect diminishes as the degree of development aid volatility increases. Specifically, beyond a certain level of development aid volatility, tax reform enhances tax Revenue instability. Overall, these findings suggest that a rise in development aid flows to developing countries should be accompanied by a lower aid volatility so as to ensure that tax reform would induce higher tax Revenue while concomitantly reducing tax Revenue instability in recipient-countries.
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Internet and the structure of Public Revenue: resource Revenue versus non-resource Revenue
Journal of Economic Structures, 2019Co-Authors: Sena Kimm Gnangnon, Jeanfrancois BrunAbstract:This paper examines whether the Internet has led to a shift from reliance on resource Revenue towards progressive reliance on non-resource Revenue, which is ultimately a sustainable source of Public Revenue. The analysis has been carried out using a sample of 99 countries, including both developed and developing countries, over 1995–2015. Empirical results obtained from the use of the two-step system GMM approach suggest that the Internet induces a change in the structure of Public Revenue, in particular from resource Revenue towards non-resource Revenue. In addition, this effect is higher for less advanced countries than for more advanced economies. Thus, the Internet could be a powerful tool for governments to reduce their dependence on resource Revenue, in particular in resource-rich countries.
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Impact of bridging the Internet gap on Public Revenue mobilization
Information Economics and Policy, 2018Co-Authors: Sena Kimm Gnangnon, Jeanfrancois BrunAbstract:This paper contributes to the existing literature on the macroeconomic impact of Internet development by investigating how, for a given country, the reduction of the gap between its intensity of Internet usage and the world average Internet usage intensity influences its Public Revenue mobilization. The analysis covers 164 countries (including both developed and developing countries) for the period 1995–2013, and uses non-resource tax Revenue as the measure of Public Revenue. The analysis was undertaken for the full sample as well as for several sub-samples, using the Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) approach. The empirical results for the full sample suggest that when a country reduces the aforementioned gap, it experiences, over the short to medium term, a rise in non-resource tax Revenue. The results also show that low-income countries (LICs) obtain the biggest positive impact by reducing this gap.
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IMF programs and tax effort What role for institutions in Africa?
2011Co-Authors: Jeanfrancois Brun, Gérard Chambas, Bertrand LaporteAbstract:When compared to other developing countries, most Sub-Saharan African countries are characterized by a disappointing level of development. Among the factors explaining this poor performance, the inadequate supply of Public goods is often advocated. This inadequate supply is due either to poor efficiency of Public expenditure, or to an insufficient tax effort. This paper is focused on this last factor. One of the reasons for the low level of Public Revenues could be the weak impact of the IMF programs on the tax effort. In the agreements that developing countries reach with the IMF, they commit to reduce their macro-economic imbalances, notably fiscal deficit, to a sustainable level. The measures necessary to achieve the overall budgetary objectives apply mainly to Public expenditures as they are easy to reduce in the short term. However, the hypothesis of a positive effect of IMF programs must be considered: one objective of the African governments could be to maintain Public expenditures at their previous level. To this end, African governments could choose to mobilize additional Public Revenues. Thus, most of IMF programs promote tax reforms leading to a more effective policy of Public Revenue mobilization. This last scenario of an increase of the level of Public Revenue is corroborated by the econometric analysis. The level of Public Revenue depends, among other factors, on the quality of institutions. However, the institutional quality of custom and tax administrations is weaker in Africa than elsewhere. This poor quality reduces the efficiency of IMF programs which may have a lower impact on the level of Public Revenue in African countries. These results point up two main lessons for the IMF (and more generally for lenders) and for recipient countries: 1) The role of technical assistance associated with the IMF programs is crucial, since it enables capacity reinforcement of the technical administrations in charge of the definition and implementation of the reform; 2) The technical assistance for tax and custom administrations must be strengthened for those countries which initially have a poor quality of bureaucracy.
K Y K Tin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hong Kong domestic health spending: financial years 1989/90 to 2011/12.
Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi, 2015Co-Authors: K Y K Tin, P K O Tsoi, D W S Lam, Yih Hwai Lee, A Y T Yeung, D S Y Chong, E S K, C K C MawAbstract:This report presents the latest estimates of Hong Kong domestic health spending for financial years 1989/90 to 2011/12, cross-stratified and categorized by financing source, provider, and function. Total expenditure on health (TEH) was HK$101 985 million in financial year 2011/12, which represents an increase of HK$8580 million or 9.2% over the preceding year. TEH grew faster relative to gross domestic product (GDP) leading to a rise in TEH as a percentage of GDP from 5.1% in 2010/11 to 5.2% in 2011/12. During the period 1989/90 to 2011/12, total health spending per capita (at constant 2012 prices) grew at an average annual rate of 4.8%, which was faster than the average annual growth rate of per capita GDP by 1.8 percentage points. In 2011/12, Public and private expenditure on health increased by 8.3% and 10.0% when compared with 2010/11, reaching HK$49,262 million and HK$52,723 million respectively. Consequently, Public share of total health expenditure dropped slightly from 48.7% to 48.3% over the year. Of private spending, the most important source of health financing was out-of-pocket payments by households (34.9% of TEH), followed by employer-provided group medical benefits (7.5%) and private insurance (7.4%). It is worth noting that private insurance will likely take over employers as the second largest private payer if the insurance market continues to expand at the current rate. Of the HK$101,985 million total health expenditure in 2011/12, current expenditure comprised HK$96,572 million (94.7%), whereas HK$5413 million (5.3%) was for capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities). Analysed by health care function, services of curative care accounted for the largest share of total health spending (65.2%), which was made up of ambulatory services (33.6%), in-patient curative care (26.9%), day patient hospital services (4.1%), and home care (0.5%). Notwithstanding its small share, the total spending for day patient hospital services shows an increasing trend over the period 1989/90 to 2011/12, likely as a result of policy directives to shift the emphasis from in-patient to day patient care. Hospitals accounted for an increasing share of total spending, from 28.2% in 1989/90 to 46.8% in 2002/03 and then dropped slightly to 42% to 44% during the period 2005/06 to 2011/12, which was primarily driven by reduced expenditure of Hospital Authority. As a result of the epidemics which are of Public health importance (eg avian flu, SARS, swine flu) and the expansion of private health insurance market in the last two decades, spending on provision and administration of Public health programmes, and general health administration and insurance accounted for increasing, though less significant, shares of total health spending over the period. Without taking into account capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities), Public current expenditure on health amounted to HK$45,321 million (46.9% of total current expenditure) in 2011/12 with the remaining HK$51,251 million made up of private sources of funds. Public current expenditure was mostly incurred at hospitals (74.1%), whereas private current expenditure was mostly incurred at providers of ambulatory health care (51.2%). Although both Public and private spending were mostly expended on personal health care services and goods (91.1% of total current spending), the distributional patterns among functional categories differed. Public expenditure was targeted at in-patient care (47.3%) and substantially less on out-patient care (27.4%). In comparison, private spending was mostly concentrated on out-patient care (42.7%), whereas in-patient care (24.7%) and medical goods outside the patient care setting (19.9%) comprised the majority of the remaining share. Compared to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, Hong Kong has devoted a relatively low percentage of GDP to health care in the last decade. As a share of total spending, Public funding (either general government Revenue or social security funds) was also lower than those in most economies with comparable economic development and Public Revenue collection base. Nonetheless, Hong Kong health care system achieved service quality and health outcome that fared well by global standards, indicating cost efficiency and effectiveness.
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Hong Kong domestic health spending: financial years 1989/90 to 2010/11.
Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi, 2013Co-Authors: K Y K Tin, P K O Tsoi, E L H Tsui, D W S Lam, Yih Hwai Lee, A W M Chui, A Y T Yeung, M S M TayAbstract:This report presents the latest estimates of Hong Kong domestic health spending for financial years 1989/90 to 2010/11, cross-stratified and categorised by financing source, provider, and function.Total expenditure on health (TEH) was HK$93 433 million in financial year 2010/11, which represents an increase of HK$5364 million or 6.1% over the preceding year. As a result of a gradual recovery from the financial tsunami in 2008, gross domestic product (GDP) grew faster relative to TEH leading to a drop in TEH as a percentage of GDP from 5.2% in 2009/10 to 5.1% in 2010/11.During the period 1989/90 to 2010/11, TEH per capita (at constant 2011 prices)grew at an average annual rate of 4.8%, which was faster than the average annual growth rate of per capita GDP by 1.8 percentage points.Compared to 2009/10, in 2010/11 Public and private expenditure on health increased by 3.7% and 8.5% and reached HK$45 491 million and HK$47 943 million, respectively. Consequently, the Public share of TEH dropped slightly from 49.8% to 48.7% over the year. Regarding private spending, the most important source was out-of-pocket payments by households (35.0% of TEH),followed by employer-provided group medical benefits (7.4%), and private insurance (7.2%). It is worth noting that private insurance will likely overtake employer benefits as the second largest private payer if the insurance market continues to expand at the current rate.Of the HK$93 433 million TEH in 2010/11, HK$88 987 million (95.2%) was current expenditure and HK$4446 million (4.8%) was for capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities). Analysed by health care function, services for curative care accounted for the largest share of TEH (65.8%), which was made up of ambulatory services (34.0%), in-patient curative care (27.0%), day patient hospital services (4.2%), and home care (0.5%). Notwithstanding its small share,the total spending for day patient hospital services shows an increasing trend over the period 1989/90 to 2010/11, which is likely due to shift of policy directives from in-patient to day patient care, and the increasing demand for dialysis and cataract surgery in an ageing population.Hospitals accounted for an increasing share of TEH, from 28.2% in 1989/90 to 46.8% in 2002/03 and then dropped slightly to 43% to 44%during the period 2005/06 to 2010/11, which was primarily driven by reduced expenditure by the Hospital Authority. As a result of several epidemics (e g avian flu, SARS, swine flu) and expansion of the private health insurance market in the last two decades, spending on the provision and administration of Public health programmes, and general health administration and insurance accounted for increasing, though less significant, shares of TEH over that period.Without taking into account capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities), Public current expenditure on health amounted to HK$42 264 million(47.5% of total current expenditure) in 2010/11. The remaining HK$46 723 million was from private sources. Public current expenditure was mostly incurred at hospitals (74.7%), whereas private current expenditure was mostly incurred at providers of ambulatory health care (51.0%). Although both Public and private spending were mostly expended on personal health care services and goods (91.4%of total current spending), the distributional patterns among functional categories differed. Public expenditure was targeted at in-patient care (47.6%) and substantially less on out-patient care (27.5%). In comparison, private spending was mostly concentrated on out-patient care (43.2%),whereas in-patient care (24.5%) and medical goods outside the patient care setting (19.9%) accounted for most of the remaining share. Compared to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, Hong Kong has devoted a relatively low percentage of GDP to healthcare in the last decade. As a share of TEH, Public funding(either general government Revenue or social security funds) was also lower than in most economies with comparable economic development and Public Revenue collection base.
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Hong Kong domestic health spending: financial years 1989/90 to 2009/10.
Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi, 2013Co-Authors: K Y K Tin, P K O Tsoi, E L H Tsui, D W S Lam, Yih Hwai Lee, A W M ChuiAbstract:This report presents the latest estimates of Hong Kong domestic health spending for financial years 1989/90 to 2009/10, cross-stratified and categorised by financing source, provider and function. Total expenditure on health (TEH) was HK$88,721 million in financial year 2009/10, which represents an increase of HK$5031 million or 6.0% over the preceding year. As a result of a slow revival in the economy from the financial tsunami in 2008, TEH grew faster relative to gross domestic product (GDP) leading to a marked increase in TEH as a percentage of GDP from 5.0% in 2008/09 to 5.2% in 2009/10. During the period 1989/90 to 2009/10, total health spending per capita (at constant 2010 prices) grew at an average annual rate of 4.9%, which was faster than the average annual growth rate of per capita GDP by 2.0 percentage points. In 2009/10, Public and private expenditure on health increased by 6.2% and 5.8% when compared with 2008/09, reaching HK$43,823 million and HK$44,898 million, respectively. Consequently, Public and private shares of total health expenditure stayed at similar levels (49% and 51% respectively) in the 2 years. With respect to private spending, the most important source of health financing was out-of-pocket payments by households (34.9% of TEH), followed by employer-provided group medical benefits (7.4%) and private insurance (6.8%). During the period, a growing number of households (mostly in middle to high income groups) have taken out pre-payment plans to finance health care. As such, private insurance has taken on an increasingly important role in financing private spending. Of the HK$88,721 million total health expenditure in 2009/10, current expenditure comprised HK$84,874 million (95.7%), whereas HK$3847 million (4.3%) was for capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities). Analysed by health care function, services for curative care accounted for the largest share (66.2%), which was made up of ambulatory services (33.5%), in-patient curative care (27.3%), day patient hospital services (4.9%) and home care (0.5%). Notwithstanding the small share of total spending for day patient hospital services, there was an increasing trend over the period 1989/90 to 2009/10, likely as a result of policy directives to shift the emphasis from in-patient to day patient care. Hospitals accounted for an increasing share of total spending, from 28.2% in 1989/90 to 46.8% in 2002/03 and then dropped steadily to 43% to 44% during the period 2005/06 to 2009/10. This trend was primarily driven by reduced expenditure by the Hospital Authority. As a result of epidemics that were of Public health importance (eg avian flu, SARS, swine flu) and expansion of the private health insurance market in the last 2 decades, spending on provision and administration of Public health programmes, and general health administration and insurance accounted for increasing, though less significant, shares of total health spending over the period. Without taking into account capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities), Public current expenditure on health amounted to HK$40,951 million (48.2% of total current expenditure) in 2009/10. The remaining HK$43,923 expenditure was mostly incurred at hospitals (74.1%), whereas private current expenditure was mostly incurred at providers of ambulatory health care (50.9%). Although both Public and private spending were mostly expended on personal health care services and goods (91.0% of total current spending), the distribution patterns among functional categories differed. Public expenditure was targeted at in-patient care (48.9%) and substantially less on out-patient care (26.0%). In comparison, private spending was mostly concentrated on out-patient care (43.4%), whereas in-patient care (23.3%) and medical goods outside the patient care setting (19.5%) accounted for the majority of the remaining share. Compared to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, Hong Kong has devoted a relatively low percentage of GDP to health care in the last decade. As a share of total spending, Public funding (either general government Revenue or social security funds) was also lower than in most economies with comparable economic development and Public Revenue collection base.
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Hong Kong domestic health spending: financial years 1989/90 to 2008/09.
Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi, 2012Co-Authors: K Y K Tin, P K O Tsoi, E L H Tsui, D W S Lam, Yih Hwai Lee, A W M ChuiAbstract:This report presents the latest estimates of Hong Kong domestic health spending for financial years 1989/90 to 2008/09, cross-stratified and categorised by financing source, provider and function. Total expenditure on health (TEH) was HK$84,391 million in financial year 2008/09, which represents an increase of HK$5030 million or 6.3% over the preceding year. Amid the financial tsunami in late 2008, TEH grew faster relative to gross domestic product (GDP) leading to a marked increase as a percentage of GDP from 4.8% in 2007/08 to 5.1% in 2008/09. During the period 1989/90 to 2008/09, TEH per capita (at constant 2009 prices) grew at an average annual rate of 4.9%, which was faster than that of per capita GDP by 2.0 percentage points. 6.4% when compared with 2007/08, reaching HK$41 257 million and HK$43 134 million, respectively. Consequently, Public and private shares of total health expenditure remained the same in the 2 years at 48.9% and 51.1%, respectively. Regarding private spending, the most important source of health financing was out-of-pocket payments by households (35.4% of TEH), followed by employer-provided group medical benefits (7.5%) and private insurance (6.4%). During the period, a growing number of households (mostly in middle to high-income groups) subscribed to pre-payment plans for financing health care. As such, private insurance has taken on an increasingly important role for financing private spending. Of the HK$84 391 million total health expenditure in 2008/09, current expenditure comprised HK$81 186 million (96.2%), whereas HK$3206 million (3.8%) was for capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities). Analysed by health care function, services for curative care accounted for the largest share of total health spending (66.1%), which was made up of ambulatory services (32.8%), in-patient curative care (28.8%), day patient hospital services (3.9%) and home care (0.5%). Notwithstanding the small share of total spending for day patient hospital services, there was an increasing trend over the period 1989/90 to 2008/09, likely as a result of policy directives to shift the emphasis from inpatient to day patient care. 1989/90 to 46.8% in 2002/03 and then dropped slightly to 43.1% in 2007/08, which was primarily driven by reduced expenditure of Hospital Authority. Compared with the preceding year, expenditure on hospitals increased by HK$2935 million in 2008/09, whereas the corresponding increase for providers of ambulatory health care was only HK$919 million. As a result, the hospital share rebounded a little to 44.0% of total health spending, whereas that of providers of ambulatory health care dropped to 29.1%. Without taking into account capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities), Public current expenditure on health amounted to HK$39 301 million (48.4% of total current expenditure) in 2008/09 with the remaining HK$41 885 million made up from private sources. Public current expenditure was mostly incurred at hospitals (76.1%), whereas private current expenditure was mostly incurred at providers of ambulatory health care (48.9%). Although both Public and private spending were mostly expended on personal health care services and goods (91.8% of total current spending), the patterns of distribution among functional categories differed. Public expenditure was targeted at in-patient care (51.8%) and substantially less on out-patient care (25.1%). In comparison, private spending was mostly concentrated on out-patient care (42.6%), whereas in-patient care (23.4%) and medical goods outside the patient care setting (22.5%) accounted for the majority of the remaining share. Compared to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, Hong Kong has devoted a relatively low percentage of GDP to health care in the last decade. As a share of total spending, Public funding (either general government Revenue or social security funds) in Hong Kong was also lower than that in most economies with comparable economic development and Public Revenue collection base.
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Hong Kong domestic health spending: financial years 1989/90 to 2005/06.
Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi, 2010Co-Authors: K Y K Tin, P K O Tsoi, E S K Leung, E L H Tsui, D W S Lam, C S H TsangAbstract:This report presents the latest estimates of Hong Kong domestic health spending between fiscal years 1989/90 and 2005/06, cross-stratified and categorised by financing source, provider, and function on an annual basis. In fiscal year 2005/06, total health expenditure was HK$71 557 million. In real terms, it grew 6.5% per annum on average throughout the study period, whereas gross domestic product grew 4.1%, indicating a growing percentage of health spending relative to gross domestic product, from 3.5% in 1989/90 to 5.1% in 2005/06. This increase was largely funded by Public spending, which rose 8.2% per annum on average in real terms, compared with 5.1% for private spending. This represents a growing share of Public spending from 40.2% to 51.6% of total health expenditure during the period. Public spending was the dominant source of health financing in 2005/06, whereas private household out-of-pocket expenditure accounted for the second largest share (34.5%), followed by employer-provided group medical benefits (7.5%), privately purchased insurance (5.1%), and other private sources (1.3%). Of the HK$71 557 million total health expenditure in 2005/06, HK$68 810 million (96.2%) was on current expenditure and HK$2746 million (3.8%) on capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities). Services of curative care accounted for the largest share (67.3%) and were made up of ambulatory services (35.7%), in-patient services (27.7%), day patient hospital services (3.4%), and home care (0.6%). The second largest share was spending on medical goods outside the patient care setting (10.8%). In terms of health care providers, hospitals (44.0%) accounted for the largest share of total health expenditure in 2005/06, followed by providers of ambulatory health care (31.4%). We observed a system-wide trend towards service consolidation at institutions (as opposed to free-standing ambulatory clinics, most of which are staffed by solo practitioners). Not taking capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities) into account, Public current expenditure on health amounted to HK$34 849 million (50.6% of total current expenditure) in 2005/06, most of which was incurred at hospitals (76.3%), whereas private current expenditure (HK$33 961 million) was mostly incurred at providers of ambulatory health care (55.8%). This reflects the mixed health care economy of Hong Kong, where Public hospitals generally account for about 90% of total bed-days and private doctors (including western and Chinese medicine practitioners) provide about 70% of out-patient care. Although both Public and private spending were mostly expended on personal health care services and goods (93.0%), the patterns of distribution among functional categories differed. Public expenditure was targeted at in-patient care (53.7%) and substantially less on out-patient care (24.6%), especially low-intensity first-contact care. In comparison, private spending was concentrated on out-patient care (49.9%), followed by medical goods outside the patient care setting (22.0%) and in-patient care (19.0%). Compared to countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Hong Kong has devoted a relatively low percentage of gross domestic product on health services in the last decade. As a share of total spending, Public funding (either general government Revenue or social security funds) was also lower than in most comparably developed economies, although commensurate with its Public Revenue collection base.
Charles Stuart - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the efficiency of a lottery as a source of Public Revenue
Public Finance Review, 1995Co-Authors: William M Rodgers, Charles StuartAbstract:The authors use a stochastic general-equilibrium model to study the efficiency of introducing and taxing lotteries. They calculate the efficiency gains from introducing an untaxed lottery, the efficiency gains from introducing a taxed lottery of the type observed in a typical state, and the efficiency costs of raising marginal Public Revenue using a tax on lotteries. Under plausible assumptions, the introduction of untaxed and taxed lotteries raises welfare, but taxes on lotteries are less efficient sources of marginal Public Revenue than are taxes on labor income.
D W S Lam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hong Kong domestic health spending: financial years 1989/90 to 2011/12.
Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi, 2015Co-Authors: K Y K Tin, P K O Tsoi, D W S Lam, Yih Hwai Lee, A Y T Yeung, D S Y Chong, E S K, C K C MawAbstract:This report presents the latest estimates of Hong Kong domestic health spending for financial years 1989/90 to 2011/12, cross-stratified and categorized by financing source, provider, and function. Total expenditure on health (TEH) was HK$101 985 million in financial year 2011/12, which represents an increase of HK$8580 million or 9.2% over the preceding year. TEH grew faster relative to gross domestic product (GDP) leading to a rise in TEH as a percentage of GDP from 5.1% in 2010/11 to 5.2% in 2011/12. During the period 1989/90 to 2011/12, total health spending per capita (at constant 2012 prices) grew at an average annual rate of 4.8%, which was faster than the average annual growth rate of per capita GDP by 1.8 percentage points. In 2011/12, Public and private expenditure on health increased by 8.3% and 10.0% when compared with 2010/11, reaching HK$49,262 million and HK$52,723 million respectively. Consequently, Public share of total health expenditure dropped slightly from 48.7% to 48.3% over the year. Of private spending, the most important source of health financing was out-of-pocket payments by households (34.9% of TEH), followed by employer-provided group medical benefits (7.5%) and private insurance (7.4%). It is worth noting that private insurance will likely take over employers as the second largest private payer if the insurance market continues to expand at the current rate. Of the HK$101,985 million total health expenditure in 2011/12, current expenditure comprised HK$96,572 million (94.7%), whereas HK$5413 million (5.3%) was for capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities). Analysed by health care function, services of curative care accounted for the largest share of total health spending (65.2%), which was made up of ambulatory services (33.6%), in-patient curative care (26.9%), day patient hospital services (4.1%), and home care (0.5%). Notwithstanding its small share, the total spending for day patient hospital services shows an increasing trend over the period 1989/90 to 2011/12, likely as a result of policy directives to shift the emphasis from in-patient to day patient care. Hospitals accounted for an increasing share of total spending, from 28.2% in 1989/90 to 46.8% in 2002/03 and then dropped slightly to 42% to 44% during the period 2005/06 to 2011/12, which was primarily driven by reduced expenditure of Hospital Authority. As a result of the epidemics which are of Public health importance (eg avian flu, SARS, swine flu) and the expansion of private health insurance market in the last two decades, spending on provision and administration of Public health programmes, and general health administration and insurance accounted for increasing, though less significant, shares of total health spending over the period. Without taking into account capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities), Public current expenditure on health amounted to HK$45,321 million (46.9% of total current expenditure) in 2011/12 with the remaining HK$51,251 million made up of private sources of funds. Public current expenditure was mostly incurred at hospitals (74.1%), whereas private current expenditure was mostly incurred at providers of ambulatory health care (51.2%). Although both Public and private spending were mostly expended on personal health care services and goods (91.1% of total current spending), the distributional patterns among functional categories differed. Public expenditure was targeted at in-patient care (47.3%) and substantially less on out-patient care (27.4%). In comparison, private spending was mostly concentrated on out-patient care (42.7%), whereas in-patient care (24.7%) and medical goods outside the patient care setting (19.9%) comprised the majority of the remaining share. Compared to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, Hong Kong has devoted a relatively low percentage of GDP to health care in the last decade. As a share of total spending, Public funding (either general government Revenue or social security funds) was also lower than those in most economies with comparable economic development and Public Revenue collection base. Nonetheless, Hong Kong health care system achieved service quality and health outcome that fared well by global standards, indicating cost efficiency and effectiveness.
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Hong Kong domestic health spending: financial years 1989/90 to 2010/11.
Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi, 2013Co-Authors: K Y K Tin, P K O Tsoi, E L H Tsui, D W S Lam, Yih Hwai Lee, A W M Chui, A Y T Yeung, M S M TayAbstract:This report presents the latest estimates of Hong Kong domestic health spending for financial years 1989/90 to 2010/11, cross-stratified and categorised by financing source, provider, and function.Total expenditure on health (TEH) was HK$93 433 million in financial year 2010/11, which represents an increase of HK$5364 million or 6.1% over the preceding year. As a result of a gradual recovery from the financial tsunami in 2008, gross domestic product (GDP) grew faster relative to TEH leading to a drop in TEH as a percentage of GDP from 5.2% in 2009/10 to 5.1% in 2010/11.During the period 1989/90 to 2010/11, TEH per capita (at constant 2011 prices)grew at an average annual rate of 4.8%, which was faster than the average annual growth rate of per capita GDP by 1.8 percentage points.Compared to 2009/10, in 2010/11 Public and private expenditure on health increased by 3.7% and 8.5% and reached HK$45 491 million and HK$47 943 million, respectively. Consequently, the Public share of TEH dropped slightly from 49.8% to 48.7% over the year. Regarding private spending, the most important source was out-of-pocket payments by households (35.0% of TEH),followed by employer-provided group medical benefits (7.4%), and private insurance (7.2%). It is worth noting that private insurance will likely overtake employer benefits as the second largest private payer if the insurance market continues to expand at the current rate.Of the HK$93 433 million TEH in 2010/11, HK$88 987 million (95.2%) was current expenditure and HK$4446 million (4.8%) was for capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities). Analysed by health care function, services for curative care accounted for the largest share of TEH (65.8%), which was made up of ambulatory services (34.0%), in-patient curative care (27.0%), day patient hospital services (4.2%), and home care (0.5%). Notwithstanding its small share,the total spending for day patient hospital services shows an increasing trend over the period 1989/90 to 2010/11, which is likely due to shift of policy directives from in-patient to day patient care, and the increasing demand for dialysis and cataract surgery in an ageing population.Hospitals accounted for an increasing share of TEH, from 28.2% in 1989/90 to 46.8% in 2002/03 and then dropped slightly to 43% to 44%during the period 2005/06 to 2010/11, which was primarily driven by reduced expenditure by the Hospital Authority. As a result of several epidemics (e g avian flu, SARS, swine flu) and expansion of the private health insurance market in the last two decades, spending on the provision and administration of Public health programmes, and general health administration and insurance accounted for increasing, though less significant, shares of TEH over that period.Without taking into account capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities), Public current expenditure on health amounted to HK$42 264 million(47.5% of total current expenditure) in 2010/11. The remaining HK$46 723 million was from private sources. Public current expenditure was mostly incurred at hospitals (74.7%), whereas private current expenditure was mostly incurred at providers of ambulatory health care (51.0%). Although both Public and private spending were mostly expended on personal health care services and goods (91.4%of total current spending), the distributional patterns among functional categories differed. Public expenditure was targeted at in-patient care (47.6%) and substantially less on out-patient care (27.5%). In comparison, private spending was mostly concentrated on out-patient care (43.2%),whereas in-patient care (24.5%) and medical goods outside the patient care setting (19.9%) accounted for most of the remaining share. Compared to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, Hong Kong has devoted a relatively low percentage of GDP to healthcare in the last decade. As a share of TEH, Public funding(either general government Revenue or social security funds) was also lower than in most economies with comparable economic development and Public Revenue collection base.
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Hong Kong domestic health spending: financial years 1989/90 to 2009/10.
Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi, 2013Co-Authors: K Y K Tin, P K O Tsoi, E L H Tsui, D W S Lam, Yih Hwai Lee, A W M ChuiAbstract:This report presents the latest estimates of Hong Kong domestic health spending for financial years 1989/90 to 2009/10, cross-stratified and categorised by financing source, provider and function. Total expenditure on health (TEH) was HK$88,721 million in financial year 2009/10, which represents an increase of HK$5031 million or 6.0% over the preceding year. As a result of a slow revival in the economy from the financial tsunami in 2008, TEH grew faster relative to gross domestic product (GDP) leading to a marked increase in TEH as a percentage of GDP from 5.0% in 2008/09 to 5.2% in 2009/10. During the period 1989/90 to 2009/10, total health spending per capita (at constant 2010 prices) grew at an average annual rate of 4.9%, which was faster than the average annual growth rate of per capita GDP by 2.0 percentage points. In 2009/10, Public and private expenditure on health increased by 6.2% and 5.8% when compared with 2008/09, reaching HK$43,823 million and HK$44,898 million, respectively. Consequently, Public and private shares of total health expenditure stayed at similar levels (49% and 51% respectively) in the 2 years. With respect to private spending, the most important source of health financing was out-of-pocket payments by households (34.9% of TEH), followed by employer-provided group medical benefits (7.4%) and private insurance (6.8%). During the period, a growing number of households (mostly in middle to high income groups) have taken out pre-payment plans to finance health care. As such, private insurance has taken on an increasingly important role in financing private spending. Of the HK$88,721 million total health expenditure in 2009/10, current expenditure comprised HK$84,874 million (95.7%), whereas HK$3847 million (4.3%) was for capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities). Analysed by health care function, services for curative care accounted for the largest share (66.2%), which was made up of ambulatory services (33.5%), in-patient curative care (27.3%), day patient hospital services (4.9%) and home care (0.5%). Notwithstanding the small share of total spending for day patient hospital services, there was an increasing trend over the period 1989/90 to 2009/10, likely as a result of policy directives to shift the emphasis from in-patient to day patient care. Hospitals accounted for an increasing share of total spending, from 28.2% in 1989/90 to 46.8% in 2002/03 and then dropped steadily to 43% to 44% during the period 2005/06 to 2009/10. This trend was primarily driven by reduced expenditure by the Hospital Authority. As a result of epidemics that were of Public health importance (eg avian flu, SARS, swine flu) and expansion of the private health insurance market in the last 2 decades, spending on provision and administration of Public health programmes, and general health administration and insurance accounted for increasing, though less significant, shares of total health spending over the period. Without taking into account capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities), Public current expenditure on health amounted to HK$40,951 million (48.2% of total current expenditure) in 2009/10. The remaining HK$43,923 expenditure was mostly incurred at hospitals (74.1%), whereas private current expenditure was mostly incurred at providers of ambulatory health care (50.9%). Although both Public and private spending were mostly expended on personal health care services and goods (91.0% of total current spending), the distribution patterns among functional categories differed. Public expenditure was targeted at in-patient care (48.9%) and substantially less on out-patient care (26.0%). In comparison, private spending was mostly concentrated on out-patient care (43.4%), whereas in-patient care (23.3%) and medical goods outside the patient care setting (19.5%) accounted for the majority of the remaining share. Compared to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, Hong Kong has devoted a relatively low percentage of GDP to health care in the last decade. As a share of total spending, Public funding (either general government Revenue or social security funds) was also lower than in most economies with comparable economic development and Public Revenue collection base.
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Hong Kong domestic health spending: financial years 1989/90 to 2008/09.
Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi, 2012Co-Authors: K Y K Tin, P K O Tsoi, E L H Tsui, D W S Lam, Yih Hwai Lee, A W M ChuiAbstract:This report presents the latest estimates of Hong Kong domestic health spending for financial years 1989/90 to 2008/09, cross-stratified and categorised by financing source, provider and function. Total expenditure on health (TEH) was HK$84,391 million in financial year 2008/09, which represents an increase of HK$5030 million or 6.3% over the preceding year. Amid the financial tsunami in late 2008, TEH grew faster relative to gross domestic product (GDP) leading to a marked increase as a percentage of GDP from 4.8% in 2007/08 to 5.1% in 2008/09. During the period 1989/90 to 2008/09, TEH per capita (at constant 2009 prices) grew at an average annual rate of 4.9%, which was faster than that of per capita GDP by 2.0 percentage points. 6.4% when compared with 2007/08, reaching HK$41 257 million and HK$43 134 million, respectively. Consequently, Public and private shares of total health expenditure remained the same in the 2 years at 48.9% and 51.1%, respectively. Regarding private spending, the most important source of health financing was out-of-pocket payments by households (35.4% of TEH), followed by employer-provided group medical benefits (7.5%) and private insurance (6.4%). During the period, a growing number of households (mostly in middle to high-income groups) subscribed to pre-payment plans for financing health care. As such, private insurance has taken on an increasingly important role for financing private spending. Of the HK$84 391 million total health expenditure in 2008/09, current expenditure comprised HK$81 186 million (96.2%), whereas HK$3206 million (3.8%) was for capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities). Analysed by health care function, services for curative care accounted for the largest share of total health spending (66.1%), which was made up of ambulatory services (32.8%), in-patient curative care (28.8%), day patient hospital services (3.9%) and home care (0.5%). Notwithstanding the small share of total spending for day patient hospital services, there was an increasing trend over the period 1989/90 to 2008/09, likely as a result of policy directives to shift the emphasis from inpatient to day patient care. 1989/90 to 46.8% in 2002/03 and then dropped slightly to 43.1% in 2007/08, which was primarily driven by reduced expenditure of Hospital Authority. Compared with the preceding year, expenditure on hospitals increased by HK$2935 million in 2008/09, whereas the corresponding increase for providers of ambulatory health care was only HK$919 million. As a result, the hospital share rebounded a little to 44.0% of total health spending, whereas that of providers of ambulatory health care dropped to 29.1%. Without taking into account capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities), Public current expenditure on health amounted to HK$39 301 million (48.4% of total current expenditure) in 2008/09 with the remaining HK$41 885 million made up from private sources. Public current expenditure was mostly incurred at hospitals (76.1%), whereas private current expenditure was mostly incurred at providers of ambulatory health care (48.9%). Although both Public and private spending were mostly expended on personal health care services and goods (91.8% of total current spending), the patterns of distribution among functional categories differed. Public expenditure was targeted at in-patient care (51.8%) and substantially less on out-patient care (25.1%). In comparison, private spending was mostly concentrated on out-patient care (42.6%), whereas in-patient care (23.4%) and medical goods outside the patient care setting (22.5%) accounted for the majority of the remaining share. Compared to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, Hong Kong has devoted a relatively low percentage of GDP to health care in the last decade. As a share of total spending, Public funding (either general government Revenue or social security funds) in Hong Kong was also lower than that in most economies with comparable economic development and Public Revenue collection base.
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Hong Kong domestic health spending: financial years 1989/90 to 2005/06.
Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi, 2010Co-Authors: K Y K Tin, P K O Tsoi, E S K Leung, E L H Tsui, D W S Lam, C S H TsangAbstract:This report presents the latest estimates of Hong Kong domestic health spending between fiscal years 1989/90 and 2005/06, cross-stratified and categorised by financing source, provider, and function on an annual basis. In fiscal year 2005/06, total health expenditure was HK$71 557 million. In real terms, it grew 6.5% per annum on average throughout the study period, whereas gross domestic product grew 4.1%, indicating a growing percentage of health spending relative to gross domestic product, from 3.5% in 1989/90 to 5.1% in 2005/06. This increase was largely funded by Public spending, which rose 8.2% per annum on average in real terms, compared with 5.1% for private spending. This represents a growing share of Public spending from 40.2% to 51.6% of total health expenditure during the period. Public spending was the dominant source of health financing in 2005/06, whereas private household out-of-pocket expenditure accounted for the second largest share (34.5%), followed by employer-provided group medical benefits (7.5%), privately purchased insurance (5.1%), and other private sources (1.3%). Of the HK$71 557 million total health expenditure in 2005/06, HK$68 810 million (96.2%) was on current expenditure and HK$2746 million (3.8%) on capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities). Services of curative care accounted for the largest share (67.3%) and were made up of ambulatory services (35.7%), in-patient services (27.7%), day patient hospital services (3.4%), and home care (0.6%). The second largest share was spending on medical goods outside the patient care setting (10.8%). In terms of health care providers, hospitals (44.0%) accounted for the largest share of total health expenditure in 2005/06, followed by providers of ambulatory health care (31.4%). We observed a system-wide trend towards service consolidation at institutions (as opposed to free-standing ambulatory clinics, most of which are staffed by solo practitioners). Not taking capital expenses (ie investment in medical facilities) into account, Public current expenditure on health amounted to HK$34 849 million (50.6% of total current expenditure) in 2005/06, most of which was incurred at hospitals (76.3%), whereas private current expenditure (HK$33 961 million) was mostly incurred at providers of ambulatory health care (55.8%). This reflects the mixed health care economy of Hong Kong, where Public hospitals generally account for about 90% of total bed-days and private doctors (including western and Chinese medicine practitioners) provide about 70% of out-patient care. Although both Public and private spending were mostly expended on personal health care services and goods (93.0%), the patterns of distribution among functional categories differed. Public expenditure was targeted at in-patient care (53.7%) and substantially less on out-patient care (24.6%), especially low-intensity first-contact care. In comparison, private spending was concentrated on out-patient care (49.9%), followed by medical goods outside the patient care setting (22.0%) and in-patient care (19.0%). Compared to countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Hong Kong has devoted a relatively low percentage of gross domestic product on health services in the last decade. As a share of total spending, Public funding (either general government Revenue or social security funds) was also lower than in most comparably developed economies, although commensurate with its Public Revenue collection base.
