The Experts below are selected from a list of 678 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Tobias Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Anaesthetic induction with alfaxalone in the ball Python (Python Regius): dose response and effect of injection site
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2018Co-Authors: Lauren E. James, Catherine J. A. Williams, Mads Frost Bertelsen, Tobias WangAbstract:Abstract Objective To characterise the minimum dose of intramuscular alfaxalone required to facilitate intubation for mechanical ventilation, and to investigate the impact of cranial versus caudal injection on anaesthetic depth. Study design Randomised crossover study. Animals Six healthy juvenile ball Pythons (Python Regius). Methods Three dosages (10, 20 and 30 mg kg–1) of alfaxalone were administered to each Python in a caudal location with a minimum 2 weeks washout. Induction and recovery were monitored by assessing muscle tone, righting reflex, response to a noxious stimulus and the ability to intubate. A subsequent experiment assessed the influence of injection site by comparing administration of 20 mg kg–1 alfaxalone in a cranial location (1 cm cranial to the heart) with the caudal site. Respiration rate was monitored throughout, and when intubation was possible, snakes were mechanically ventilated. Results Regardless of dose and injection site, maximum effect was reached within 10.0 ± 2.7 minutes. When administered at the caudal injection site, intubation was only successful after a dosage of 30 mg kg-1, which is higher than in previous reports for other reptiles. However, intubation was possible in all cases after 7.2 ± 1.6 minutes upon cranial administration of 20 mg kg–1, and anaesthetic duration was significantly lengthened (p Conclusions and clinical relevance Alfaxalone provided rapid, smooth induction when administered intramuscularly to Pythons, and may serve as a useful induction agent prior to provision of volatile anaesthetics. The same dosage injected in the cranial site led to deeper anaesthesia than when injected caudally, suggesting that shunting to the liver and first-pass metabolism of alfaxalone occur when injected caudally, via the renal portal system.
-
The influence of mechanical ventilation on physiological parameters in ball Pythons (Python Regius).
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2017Co-Authors: Sashia L. Jakobsen, Catherine J. A. Williams, Tobias Wang, Mads F. BertelsenAbstract:Abstract Mechanical ventilation is widely recommended for reptiles during anesthesia, and while it is well-known that their low ectothermic metabolism requires much lower ventilation than in mammals, very little is known about the influence of ventilation protocol on the recovery from anesthesia. Here, 15 ball Pythons (Python Regius) were induced and maintained with isoflurane for 60 min at one of three ventilation protocols (30, 125, or 250 ml min− 1 kg− 1 body mass) while an arterial catheter was inserted, and ventilation was then continued on 100% oxygen at the specified rate until voluntary extubation. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured, and arterial blood samples collected at 60, 80, 180 min and 12 and 24 h after intubation. In all three groups, there was evidence of a metabolic acidosis, and snakes maintained at 30 ml min− 1 kg− 1 experienced an additional respiratory acidosis, while the two other ventilation protocols resulted in normal or low arterial PCO2. In general, normal acid-base status was restored within 12 h in all three protocols. HR increased by 143 ± 64% during anesthesia with high mechanical ventilation (250 ml min− 1 kg− 1) in comparison with recovered values. Recovery times after mechanical ventilation at 30, 125, or 250 ml min− 1 kg− 1 were 289 ± 70, 126 ± 16, and 68 ± 7 min, respectively. Mild overventilation may result in a faster recovery, and the associated lowering of arterial PCO2 normalised arterial pH in the face of metabolic acidosis.
-
The influence of mechanical ventilation on physiological parameters in ball Pythons (Python Regius) Part A Molecular & integrative physiology
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 2017Co-Authors: Sashia L. Jakobsen, Catherine J. A. Williams, Tobias Wang, Mads F. BertelsenAbstract:Mechanical ventilation is widely recommended for reptiles during anesthesia, and while it is well-known that their low ectothermic metabolism requires much lower ventilation than in mammals, very little is known about the influence of ventilation protocol on the recovery from anesthesia. Here, 15 ball Pythons (Python Regius) were induced and maintained with isoflurane for 60min at one of three ventilation protocols (30, 125, or 250mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹ body mass) while an arterial catheter was inserted, and ventilation was then continued on 100% oxygen at the specified rate until voluntary extubation. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured, and arterial blood samples collected at 60, 80, 180min and 12 and 24h after intubation. In all three groups, there was evidence of a metabolic acidosis, and snakes maintained at 30mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹ experienced an additional respiratory acidosis, while the two other ventilation protocols resulted in normal or low arterial PCO2. In general, normal acid-base status was restored within 12h in all three protocols. HR increased by 143±64% during anesthesia with high mechanical ventilation (250mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹) in comparison with recovered values. Recovery times after mechanical ventilation at 30, 125, or 250mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹ were 289±70, 126±16, and 68±7min, respectively. Mild overventilation may result in a faster recovery, and the associated lowering of arterial PCO2 normalised arterial pH in the face of metabolic acidosis.
-
the influence of mechanical ventilation on physiological parameters in ball Pythons Python Regius part a molecular integrative physiology
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 2017Co-Authors: Sashia L. Jakobsen, Catherine J. A. Williams, Tobias Wang, Mads F. BertelsenAbstract:Mechanical ventilation is widely recommended for reptiles during anesthesia, and while it is well-known that their low ectothermic metabolism requires much lower ventilation than in mammals, very little is known about the influence of ventilation protocol on the recovery from anesthesia. Here, 15 ball Pythons (Python Regius) were induced and maintained with isoflurane for 60min at one of three ventilation protocols (30, 125, or 250mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹ body mass) while an arterial catheter was inserted, and ventilation was then continued on 100% oxygen at the specified rate until voluntary extubation. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured, and arterial blood samples collected at 60, 80, 180min and 12 and 24h after intubation. In all three groups, there was evidence of a metabolic acidosis, and snakes maintained at 30mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹ experienced an additional respiratory acidosis, while the two other ventilation protocols resulted in normal or low arterial PCO2. In general, normal acid-base status was restored within 12h in all three protocols. HR increased by 143±64% during anesthesia with high mechanical ventilation (250mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹) in comparison with recovered values. Recovery times after mechanical ventilation at 30, 125, or 250mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹ were 289±70, 126±16, and 68±7min, respectively. Mild overventilation may result in a faster recovery, and the associated lowering of arterial PCO2 normalised arterial pH in the face of metabolic acidosis.
-
Improved cardiac filling facilitates the postprandial elevation of stroke volume in Python Regius
The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2016Co-Authors: Sanne Enok, Gabriella S. P. C. Leite, Cleo A.c. Leite, Hans Gesser, Michael S. Hedrick, Tobias WangAbstract:To accommodate the pronounced metabolic response to digestion, Pythons increase heart rate and elevate stroke volume, where the latter has been ascribed to a massive and fast cardiac hypertrophy. However, numerous recent studies show that heart mass rarely increases, even upon ingestion of large meals, and we therefore explored the possibility that a rise in mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) serves to elevate venous pressure and cardiac filling during digestion. To this end, we measured blood flows and pressures in anaesthetized Python Regius The anaesthetized snakes exhibited the archetypal tachycardia as well as a rise in both venous pressure and MCFP that fully account for the approximate doubling of stroke volume. There was no rise in blood volume and the elevated MCFP must therefore stem from increased vascular tone, possibly by means of increased sympathetic tone on the veins. Furthermore, although both venous pressure and MCFP increased during volume loading, there was no evidence that postprandial hearts were endowed with an additional capacity to elevate stroke volume. In vitro measurements of force development of paced ventricular strips also failed to reveal signs of increased contractility, but the postprandial hearts had higher activities of cytochrome oxidase and pyruvate kinase, which probably serves to sustain the rise in cardiac work during digestion.
Ramiro Isaza - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Saccular Lung Cannulation in a Ball Python (Python Regius) to Treat a Tracheal Obstruction
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Debbie A. Myers, James F. X. Wellehan, Ramiro IsazaAbstract:An adult male ball Python (Python Regius) presented in a state of severe dyspnea characterized by open-mouth breathing and vertical positioning of the head and neck. The animal had copious discharge in the tracheal lumen acting as an obstruction. A tube was placed through the body wall into the caudal saccular aspect of the lung to allow the animal to breathe while treatment was initiated. The ball Python's dyspnea immediately improved. Diagnostics confirmed a bacterial respiratory infection with predominantly Providencia rettgeri. The saccular lung (air sac) tube was removed after 13 days. Pulmonary endoscopy before closure showed minimal damage with a small amount of hemorrhage in the surrounding muscle tissue. Respiratory disease is a common occurrence in captive snakes and can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Saccular lung cannulation is a relatively simple procedure that can alleviate tracheal narrowing or obstruction, similar to air sac cannulation in birds.
-
PRELIMINARY SINGLE-DOSE PHARMACOKINETICS OF MARBOFLOXACIN IN BALL PythonS (Python Regius)
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Rob L Coke, Ramiro Isaza, David E. Koch, Marie A. Pellerin, Robert P. HunterAbstract:Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in two male and four female adult ball Pythons ( Python Regius) was determined after i.v. and p.o. administration of a single dose. Using a crossover design, each snake was given a single 10 mg/kg dose of marbofloxacin i.v. and p.o. Blood samples were collected prior to and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hr after marbofloxacin administration. Marbofloxacin was quantitated by use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrom- etry. Following p.o. administration, marbofloxacin had a peak plasma concentration (C max) of 9.40 mg/ml and a time to Cmax (Tmax) of 9.0 hr. Based on the plasma pharmacokinetics generated in this study and pending any further studies to evaluate potential toxicity and multi-dose pharmacokinetics, we suggest a dosage for marbofloxacin in ball Pythons of 10 mg/kg p.o. at least every 48 hr, depending on the sensitivity of the pathogen and as a basis for further research.
-
Assessment of multiple cardiocentesis in ball Pythons (Python Regius).
Contemporary topics in laboratory animal science, 2004Co-Authors: Ramiro Isaza, Rob L Coke, Gordon Andrews, Robert P. HunterAbstract:This study evaluated the gross and microscopic effects of serial blood collection from six ball Pythons (Python Regius) by using cardiocentesis. We collected 39 blood samples from each snake over a 120-day period. Cardiocentesis was performed on manually restrained snakes, with each sample requiring approximately 15 sec to collect. No clinically apparent complications were noted in any of the snakes after the cardiocentesis procedures, and all snakes survived until they were euthanized 73 days after the last blood sample. Minimal gross lesions were noted at necropsy; faint brown pigmentation of the pericardium was present in five of six snakes, and three snakes had approximately 0.5 ml dark pigmented fluid in the pericardial space. One snake had a small, organized hematoma in the pericardial space. Microscopic findings were limited to moderate and regularly arranged collagen fibrosis and focal thickening of the epicardium. The pericardial sac in all snakes had a mild infiltrate of hemosiderin-laden macrophages and small numbers of heterophils. The results suggest that serial cardiocentesis is well tolerated in ball Pythons.
-
Azithromycin metabolite identification in plasma, bile, and tissues of the ball Python (Python Regius)
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2003Co-Authors: Robert P. Hunter, D. E. Koch, M A Goatley, Rob L Coke, Ramiro IsazaAbstract:Azithromycin is the first of a class of antibiotics classified as azalides. Six ball Pythons (Python Regius) were given a single dose of azithromycin at 10 mg/kg p.o. and i.v. in a crossover design. Serial blood samples were collected for unchanged azithromycin and to determine, if possible, the structure and number of circulating azithromycin metabolites. After a 4-month wash-out period, the snakes were given azithromycin p.o. as a single dose of 10 mg/kg for the study of azithromycin metabolism and metabolite tissue distribution. Bile, liver, lung, kidney, and skin samples were analyzed for the metabolites identified from the first experiment. Unchanged azithromycin accounted for 80, 68, and 60% of the total material at 12, 24, and 48 h postadministration in plasma, independent of route of administration. At both 24 and 72 h postadministration, azithromycin accounted for 70% of total azithromycin- associated material in bile. In liver and kidney, unchanged azithromycin accounted for 40% of the total azithromycin-associated material; this doubled in lung and skin. Fifteen metabolites were positively or tentatively identified in plasma, bile, or tissues of all snakes. Four of these possible metabolites: 3'-desamine-3-ene-azithromycin, descladinose dehydroxy-2-ene-azithromycin, 3'-desamine-3-ene descladinose-azithromycin, and 3'-N-nitroso,9a-N-desmethyl-azithromycin are unique to this species. Descladinose-azithromycin, 3'-N-desmethyl,9a-N-desmethyl-azithromycin, and 3'-N-desmethyl, 3'-O-desmethyl-azithromycin were the only metabolites identified in skin. Kidney tissue contained a greater number of metabolites than liver tissue, with 3'-N-didesmethyl-azithromycin being identified only in the kidney. Compared with the dog and cat, a greater number of metabolites were identified in ball Python plasma. The percentage of unchanged azithromycin in bile is not different between the three species.
-
Pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of azithromycin in ball Pythons (Python Regius)
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2003Co-Authors: Rob L Coke, M A Goatley, Ramiro Isaza, Robert P. Hunter, David E. Koch, James W. CarpenterAbstract:Objective—To determine pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of azithromycin in ball Pythons ( Python Regius ) after IV or oral administration of a single dose. Animals—2 male and 5 female ball Pythons. Procedures—Using a crossover design, each snake was given a single dose of azithromycin (10 mg/kg) IV. After a 4-week washout period, each snake was given a single dose of azithromycin (10 mg/kg) orally. Blood samples were collected prior to dose administration and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after azithromycin administration. Azithromycin was quantitated by use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results—After IV administration, azithromycin had an apparent volume of distribution of 5.69 L/kg and a plasma clearance of 0.19 L/h/kg. Harmonic means for the terminal half-life were 17 hours following IV administration and 51 hours following oral administration. Mean residence times were 37 and 94 hours following IV and oral administration, respectively. Following oral administration, azi...
Christopher J. Murphy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of spectacular ecdysis in the royal Python (Python Regius).
Veterinary ophthalmology, 2014Co-Authors: Charlotte A. Tusler, Joanne R Paul-murphy, David J. Maggs, Philip H. Kass, Ivan R. Schwab, Christopher J. MurphyAbstract:To describe using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), digital slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and external photography, changes in the ophidian cuticle, spectacle, and cornea during ecdysis. Four normal royal Pythons (Python Regius). Snakes were assessed once daily throughout a complete shed cycle using nasal, axial, and temporal SD-OCT images, digital slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and external photography. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images reliably showed the spectacular cuticle and stroma, subcuticular space (SCS), cornea, anterior chamber, iris, and Schlemm's canal. When visible, the subspectacular space (SSS) was more distended peripherally than axially. Ocular surface changes throughout ecdysis were relatively conserved among snakes at all three regions imaged. From baseline (7 days following completion of a full cycle), the spectacle gradually thickened before separating into superficial cuticular and deep, hyper-reflective stromal components, thereby creating the SCS. During spectacular separation, the stroma regained original reflectivity, and multiple hyper-reflective foci (likely fragments from the cuticular-stromal interface) were noted within the SCS. The cornea was relatively unchanged in character or thickness throughout all stages of ecdysis. Slit-lamp images did not permit observation of these changes. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) provided excellent high-resolution images of the snake anterior segment, and especially the cuticle, spectacle, and cornea of manually restrained normal snakes at all stages of ecdysis and warrants investigation in snakes with anterior segment disease. The peripheral spectacle may be the preferred entry point for diagnostic or therapeutic injections into the SSS and for initiating spectacular surgery. © 2014 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.
-
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of spectacular ecdysis in the royal Python (Python Regius)
Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2014Co-Authors: Charlotte A. Tusler, Joanne R Paul-murphy, David J. Maggs, Philip H. Kass, Ivan R. Schwab, Christopher J. MurphyAbstract:Objective To describe using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), digital slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and external photography, changes in the ophidian cuticle, spectacle, and cornea during ecdysis. Animals Studied Four normal royal Pythons (Python Regius). Procedures Snakes were assessed once daily throughout a complete shed cycle using nasal, axial, and temporal SD-OCT images, digital slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and external photography. Results Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images reliably showed the spectacular cuticle and stroma, subcuticular space (SCS), cornea, anterior chamber, iris, and Schlemm’s canal. When visible, the subspectacular space (SSS) was more distended peripherally than axially. Ocular surface changes throughout ecdysis were relatively conserved among snakes at all three regions imaged. From baseline (7 days following completion of a full cycle), the spectacle gradually thickened before separating into superficial cuticular and deep, hyper-reflective stromal components, thereby creating the SCS. During spectacular separation, the stroma regained original reflectivity, and multiple hyper-reflective foci (likely fragments from the cuticular-stromal interface) were noted within the SCS. The cornea was relatively unchanged in character or thickness throughout all stages of ecdysis. Slit-lamp images did not permit observation of these changes. Conclusions Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) provided excellent high-resolution images of the snake anterior segment, and especially the cuticle, spectacle, and cornea of manually restrained normal snakes at all stages of ecdysis and warrants investigation in snakes with anterior segment disease. The peripheral spectacle may be the preferred entry point for diagnostic or therapeutic injections into the SSS and for initiating spectacular surgery.
-
Spectacle Wound Healing in the Royal Python, Python Regius
Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery, 2010Co-Authors: Adolf K. Maas, Joanne R Paul-murphy, Selvi Kumaresan-lampman, Richard R. Dubielzig, Christopher J. MurphyAbstract:ABSTRACT Twenty-five ball Pythons, Python Regius, were anesthetized, and 25% of the spectacle was resected. Groups of five snakes were humanely euthanized at different times from 24 h to 3 months postoperatively; the eyes were removed and fixed in either formalin or Bouin's solution, and they were sectioned through the wound for histologic evaluation. Engorgement of the spectacular vessels with edema adjacent to the wound edges was observed immediately post-operatively, with this post-surgical response subsiding over several weeks. An amorphous plaque of homogenous proteinaceous material completely filled the defect within 24 h and allowed re-establishment of the subspectacular space and normal wetting of the corneal surface within 1 wk. A variable degree of inflammatory cell infiltration occurred immediately postoperatively and subsided over 30 days. The germinal epithelium of the spectacle migrated under the amorphous plaque by 3 wk post-operatively, re-establishing a germinal center for production of n...
Robert P. Hunter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
PRELIMINARY SINGLE-DOSE PHARMACOKINETICS OF MARBOFLOXACIN IN BALL PythonS (Python Regius)
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Rob L Coke, Ramiro Isaza, David E. Koch, Marie A. Pellerin, Robert P. HunterAbstract:Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in two male and four female adult ball Pythons ( Python Regius) was determined after i.v. and p.o. administration of a single dose. Using a crossover design, each snake was given a single 10 mg/kg dose of marbofloxacin i.v. and p.o. Blood samples were collected prior to and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hr after marbofloxacin administration. Marbofloxacin was quantitated by use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrom- etry. Following p.o. administration, marbofloxacin had a peak plasma concentration (C max) of 9.40 mg/ml and a time to Cmax (Tmax) of 9.0 hr. Based on the plasma pharmacokinetics generated in this study and pending any further studies to evaluate potential toxicity and multi-dose pharmacokinetics, we suggest a dosage for marbofloxacin in ball Pythons of 10 mg/kg p.o. at least every 48 hr, depending on the sensitivity of the pathogen and as a basis for further research.
-
Assessment of multiple cardiocentesis in ball Pythons (Python Regius).
Contemporary topics in laboratory animal science, 2004Co-Authors: Ramiro Isaza, Rob L Coke, Gordon Andrews, Robert P. HunterAbstract:This study evaluated the gross and microscopic effects of serial blood collection from six ball Pythons (Python Regius) by using cardiocentesis. We collected 39 blood samples from each snake over a 120-day period. Cardiocentesis was performed on manually restrained snakes, with each sample requiring approximately 15 sec to collect. No clinically apparent complications were noted in any of the snakes after the cardiocentesis procedures, and all snakes survived until they were euthanized 73 days after the last blood sample. Minimal gross lesions were noted at necropsy; faint brown pigmentation of the pericardium was present in five of six snakes, and three snakes had approximately 0.5 ml dark pigmented fluid in the pericardial space. One snake had a small, organized hematoma in the pericardial space. Microscopic findings were limited to moderate and regularly arranged collagen fibrosis and focal thickening of the epicardium. The pericardial sac in all snakes had a mild infiltrate of hemosiderin-laden macrophages and small numbers of heterophils. The results suggest that serial cardiocentesis is well tolerated in ball Pythons.
-
Azithromycin metabolite identification in plasma, bile, and tissues of the ball Python (Python Regius)
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2003Co-Authors: Robert P. Hunter, D. E. Koch, M A Goatley, Rob L Coke, Ramiro IsazaAbstract:Azithromycin is the first of a class of antibiotics classified as azalides. Six ball Pythons (Python Regius) were given a single dose of azithromycin at 10 mg/kg p.o. and i.v. in a crossover design. Serial blood samples were collected for unchanged azithromycin and to determine, if possible, the structure and number of circulating azithromycin metabolites. After a 4-month wash-out period, the snakes were given azithromycin p.o. as a single dose of 10 mg/kg for the study of azithromycin metabolism and metabolite tissue distribution. Bile, liver, lung, kidney, and skin samples were analyzed for the metabolites identified from the first experiment. Unchanged azithromycin accounted for 80, 68, and 60% of the total material at 12, 24, and 48 h postadministration in plasma, independent of route of administration. At both 24 and 72 h postadministration, azithromycin accounted for 70% of total azithromycin- associated material in bile. In liver and kidney, unchanged azithromycin accounted for 40% of the total azithromycin-associated material; this doubled in lung and skin. Fifteen metabolites were positively or tentatively identified in plasma, bile, or tissues of all snakes. Four of these possible metabolites: 3'-desamine-3-ene-azithromycin, descladinose dehydroxy-2-ene-azithromycin, 3'-desamine-3-ene descladinose-azithromycin, and 3'-N-nitroso,9a-N-desmethyl-azithromycin are unique to this species. Descladinose-azithromycin, 3'-N-desmethyl,9a-N-desmethyl-azithromycin, and 3'-N-desmethyl, 3'-O-desmethyl-azithromycin were the only metabolites identified in skin. Kidney tissue contained a greater number of metabolites than liver tissue, with 3'-N-didesmethyl-azithromycin being identified only in the kidney. Compared with the dog and cat, a greater number of metabolites were identified in ball Python plasma. The percentage of unchanged azithromycin in bile is not different between the three species.
-
Pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of azithromycin in ball Pythons (Python Regius)
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2003Co-Authors: Rob L Coke, M A Goatley, Ramiro Isaza, Robert P. Hunter, David E. Koch, James W. CarpenterAbstract:Objective—To determine pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of azithromycin in ball Pythons ( Python Regius ) after IV or oral administration of a single dose. Animals—2 male and 5 female ball Pythons. Procedures—Using a crossover design, each snake was given a single dose of azithromycin (10 mg/kg) IV. After a 4-week washout period, each snake was given a single dose of azithromycin (10 mg/kg) orally. Blood samples were collected prior to dose administration and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after azithromycin administration. Azithromycin was quantitated by use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results—After IV administration, azithromycin had an apparent volume of distribution of 5.69 L/kg and a plasma clearance of 0.19 L/h/kg. Harmonic means for the terminal half-life were 17 hours following IV administration and 51 hours following oral administration. Mean residence times were 37 and 94 hours following IV and oral administration, respectively. Following oral administration, azi...
Mads F. Bertelsen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The influence of mechanical ventilation on physiological parameters in ball Pythons (Python Regius).
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2017Co-Authors: Sashia L. Jakobsen, Catherine J. A. Williams, Tobias Wang, Mads F. BertelsenAbstract:Abstract Mechanical ventilation is widely recommended for reptiles during anesthesia, and while it is well-known that their low ectothermic metabolism requires much lower ventilation than in mammals, very little is known about the influence of ventilation protocol on the recovery from anesthesia. Here, 15 ball Pythons (Python Regius) were induced and maintained with isoflurane for 60 min at one of three ventilation protocols (30, 125, or 250 ml min− 1 kg− 1 body mass) while an arterial catheter was inserted, and ventilation was then continued on 100% oxygen at the specified rate until voluntary extubation. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured, and arterial blood samples collected at 60, 80, 180 min and 12 and 24 h after intubation. In all three groups, there was evidence of a metabolic acidosis, and snakes maintained at 30 ml min− 1 kg− 1 experienced an additional respiratory acidosis, while the two other ventilation protocols resulted in normal or low arterial PCO2. In general, normal acid-base status was restored within 12 h in all three protocols. HR increased by 143 ± 64% during anesthesia with high mechanical ventilation (250 ml min− 1 kg− 1) in comparison with recovered values. Recovery times after mechanical ventilation at 30, 125, or 250 ml min− 1 kg− 1 were 289 ± 70, 126 ± 16, and 68 ± 7 min, respectively. Mild overventilation may result in a faster recovery, and the associated lowering of arterial PCO2 normalised arterial pH in the face of metabolic acidosis.
-
The influence of mechanical ventilation on physiological parameters in ball Pythons (Python Regius) Part A Molecular & integrative physiology
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 2017Co-Authors: Sashia L. Jakobsen, Catherine J. A. Williams, Tobias Wang, Mads F. BertelsenAbstract:Mechanical ventilation is widely recommended for reptiles during anesthesia, and while it is well-known that their low ectothermic metabolism requires much lower ventilation than in mammals, very little is known about the influence of ventilation protocol on the recovery from anesthesia. Here, 15 ball Pythons (Python Regius) were induced and maintained with isoflurane for 60min at one of three ventilation protocols (30, 125, or 250mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹ body mass) while an arterial catheter was inserted, and ventilation was then continued on 100% oxygen at the specified rate until voluntary extubation. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured, and arterial blood samples collected at 60, 80, 180min and 12 and 24h after intubation. In all three groups, there was evidence of a metabolic acidosis, and snakes maintained at 30mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹ experienced an additional respiratory acidosis, while the two other ventilation protocols resulted in normal or low arterial PCO2. In general, normal acid-base status was restored within 12h in all three protocols. HR increased by 143±64% during anesthesia with high mechanical ventilation (250mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹) in comparison with recovered values. Recovery times after mechanical ventilation at 30, 125, or 250mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹ were 289±70, 126±16, and 68±7min, respectively. Mild overventilation may result in a faster recovery, and the associated lowering of arterial PCO2 normalised arterial pH in the face of metabolic acidosis.
-
the influence of mechanical ventilation on physiological parameters in ball Pythons Python Regius part a molecular integrative physiology
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 2017Co-Authors: Sashia L. Jakobsen, Catherine J. A. Williams, Tobias Wang, Mads F. BertelsenAbstract:Mechanical ventilation is widely recommended for reptiles during anesthesia, and while it is well-known that their low ectothermic metabolism requires much lower ventilation than in mammals, very little is known about the influence of ventilation protocol on the recovery from anesthesia. Here, 15 ball Pythons (Python Regius) were induced and maintained with isoflurane for 60min at one of three ventilation protocols (30, 125, or 250mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹ body mass) while an arterial catheter was inserted, and ventilation was then continued on 100% oxygen at the specified rate until voluntary extubation. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured, and arterial blood samples collected at 60, 80, 180min and 12 and 24h after intubation. In all three groups, there was evidence of a metabolic acidosis, and snakes maintained at 30mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹ experienced an additional respiratory acidosis, while the two other ventilation protocols resulted in normal or low arterial PCO2. In general, normal acid-base status was restored within 12h in all three protocols. HR increased by 143±64% during anesthesia with high mechanical ventilation (250mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹) in comparison with recovered values. Recovery times after mechanical ventilation at 30, 125, or 250mlmin⁻¹kg⁻¹ were 289±70, 126±16, and 68±7min, respectively. Mild overventilation may result in a faster recovery, and the associated lowering of arterial PCO2 normalised arterial pH in the face of metabolic acidosis.
