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Wim Meeus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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big five personality Stability change and codevelopment across adolescence and early adulthood
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Jeroen Borghuis, Wim Meeus, Hans M Koot, Susan J T Branje, Jaap J A Denissen, Daniel L Oberski, Klaas Sijtsma, Wiebke BleidornAbstract:Using data from 2 large and overlapping cohorts of Dutch adolescents, containing up to 7 waves of longitudinal data each (N = 2,230), the present study examined Big Five personality trait Stability, change, and codevelopment in friendship and sibling dyads from age 12 to 22. Four findings stand out. First, the 1-year Rank-Order Stability of personality traits was already substantial at age 12, increased strongly from early through middle adolescence, and remained rather stable during late adolescence and early adulthood. Second, we found linear mean-level increases in girls' conscientiousness, in both genders' agreeableness, and in boys' openness. We also found temporal dips (i.e., U-shaped mean-level change) in boys' conscientiousness and in girls' emotional Stability and extraversion. We did not find a mean-level change in boys' emotional Stability and extraversion, and we found an increase followed by a decrease in girls' openness. Third, adolescents showed substantial individual differences in the degree and direction of personality trait changes, especially with respect to conscientiousness, extraversion, and emotional Stability. Fourth, we found no evidence for personality trait convergence, for correlated change, or for time-lagged partner effects in dyadic friendship and sibling relationships. This lack of evidence for dyadic codevelopment suggests that adolescent friends and siblings tend to change independently from each other and that their shared experiences do not have uniform influences on their personality traits. (PsycINFO Database Record
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self concept clarity in adolescents and parents a six wave longitudinal and multi informant study on development and intergenerational transmission
Journal of Personality, 2016Co-Authors: Elisabetta Crocetti, Wim Meeus, Hans M Koot, Susan J T Branje, Monica RubiniAbstract:The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to disentangle patterns of change and Stability in self-concept clarity (SCC) in adolescents and in their parents and (b) to examine processes of intergenerational transmission of SCC in families with adolescents. Participants were 497 Dutch families including the father (baseline M age =46.74), the mother (baseline M age =44.41), and their adolescent child (56.9% males; baseline M age =13.03). Each family member completed the SCC scale for six waves, with a one-year interval between each wave. Latent growth curve analyses indicated that adolescent boys reported higher SCC than girls. Furthermore, fathers and mothers reported higher SCC than their children, and it increased over time. Indices of SCC Rank-Order Stability were high and increased from T1 to T2, T2 to T3, etc., for each family member, especially for adolescents. Multivariate latent growth curve analyses and cross-lagged models highlighted a unidirectional transmission process, with fathers' and mothers' SCC influencing adolescents' SCC. This result was not moderated by adolescent gender. These findings indicate that self-concept clarity is transmitted from parents to children.
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political attitudes in adolescence and emerging adulthood developmental changes in mean level polarization rank order Stability and correlates
Journal of Adolescence, 2015Co-Authors: Roderik Rekker, Wim Meeus, Susan J T Branje, Loes KeijsersAbstract:This three-wave cohort-sequential longitudinal study (N = 1302) examined the development of two core political attitudes, economic egalitarianism and ethnocentrism, among Dutch youths between age 12 and 31. Longitudinal regression analyses revealed a curvilinear mean level development for both attitudes, reflecting an increased disagreement with economic redistribution and multiculturalism around late adolescence. Furthermore, attitudes became decreasingly polarized (i.e., less extreme) and increasingly stable with age. Finally, several effects of attitudes' correlates gradually changed: The effect of educational level on ethnocentrism increased with age, whereas the effect of gender diminished. Regional effects on ethnocentrism developed as youths resided in a new area. No age-related change was found in the effect of parental SES. Overall, these findings support the idea that attitudes mature during the formative phase of adolescence and that this process slows down during emerging adulthood. Furthermore, these results support developmental explanations for the association between attitudes and their correlates.
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the study of adolescent identity formation 2000 2010 a review of longitudinal research
Journal of Research on Adolescence, 2011Co-Authors: Wim MeeusAbstract:Longitudinal research into personal and ethnic identity has expanded considerably in the first decade of the present century. The longitudinal studies have shown that personal identity develops progressively during adolescence, but also that many individuals do not change identity, especially ethnic identity. Researchers have found Rank-Order Stability of personal identity to be larger in adulthood than in adolescence and Stability of ethnic identity to be larger in middle and late than early adolescence. Personal identity appears to progress in adulthood, as well. Adolescents with a mature identity typically show high levels of adjustment and a positive personality profile, live in warm families, and perform well at school. There is little evidence for developmental order, however, and studies instead have mainly found covariation over time between identity and the other developmental processes. The present review demonstrates that the dimensional approach to the study of identity formation can be very successful. It allows for combined variable and person-centered analyses, and for empirically generated and replicable statuses. Theoretically, the review suggests that identity formation is a less dynamic process than commonly assumed, that the identity status continuum has the order diffusion (D)→moratorium (M)→foreclosure (F)→achievement (A), that adolescents may follow two distinct sets of identity transitions on this continuum: D→F (or EC: early closure, an alternative label for foreclosure)→A or D→M→C (closure, a subtype of early closure)→A, that present identity status research offers multiple ways to study continuity of identity, and that there is no empirical proof for the assumption that exploration precedes commitment in the process of identity formation. Additionally, narrative identity research became highly visible between 2000 and 2010. The studies into narrative identity have shown that continuity of identity and coherence of the life story both grow in adolescence. Suggestions for future research are outlined.
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identity formation in adolescence change or Stability
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2010Co-Authors: Theo A Klimstra, William W Hale, Quinten A W Raaijmakers, Susan J T Branje, Wim MeeusAbstract:The aim of this five-wave longitudinal study of 923 early to middle adolescents (50.7% boys; 49.3% girls) and 390 middle to late adolescents (43.3% boys and 56.7% girls) is to provide a comprehensive view on change and Stability in identity formation from ages 12 to 20. Several types of change and Stability (i.e., mean-level change, Rank-Order Stability, and profile similarity) were assessed for three dimensions of identity formation (i.e., commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration), using adolescent self-report questionnaires. Results revealed changes in identity dimensions towards maturity, indicated by a decreasing tendency for reconsideration, increasingly more in-depth exploration, and increasingly more stable identity dimension profiles. Mean levels of commitment remained stable, and Rank-Order Stability of commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration did not change with age. Overall, girls were more mature with regard to identity formation in early adolescence, but boys had caught up with them by late adolescence. Taken together, our findings indicate that adolescent identity formation is guided by progressive changes in the way adolescents deal with commitments, rather than by changes in the commitments themselves.
Wiebke Bleidorn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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big five personality Stability change and codevelopment across adolescence and early adulthood
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Jeroen Borghuis, Wim Meeus, Hans M Koot, Susan J T Branje, Jaap J A Denissen, Daniel L Oberski, Klaas Sijtsma, Wiebke BleidornAbstract:Using data from 2 large and overlapping cohorts of Dutch adolescents, containing up to 7 waves of longitudinal data each (N = 2,230), the present study examined Big Five personality trait Stability, change, and codevelopment in friendship and sibling dyads from age 12 to 22. Four findings stand out. First, the 1-year Rank-Order Stability of personality traits was already substantial at age 12, increased strongly from early through middle adolescence, and remained rather stable during late adolescence and early adulthood. Second, we found linear mean-level increases in girls' conscientiousness, in both genders' agreeableness, and in boys' openness. We also found temporal dips (i.e., U-shaped mean-level change) in boys' conscientiousness and in girls' emotional Stability and extraversion. We did not find a mean-level change in boys' emotional Stability and extraversion, and we found an increase followed by a decrease in girls' openness. Third, adolescents showed substantial individual differences in the degree and direction of personality trait changes, especially with respect to conscientiousness, extraversion, and emotional Stability. Fourth, we found no evidence for personality trait convergence, for correlated change, or for time-lagged partner effects in dyadic friendship and sibling relationships. This lack of evidence for dyadic codevelopment suggests that adolescent friends and siblings tend to change independently from each other and that their shared experiences do not have uniform influences on their personality traits. (PsycINFO Database Record
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personality traits below facets the consensual validity longitudinal Stability heritability and utility of personality nuances
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Rene Mottus, Christian Kandler, Wiebke Bleidorn, Rainer Riemann, Robert R MccraeAbstract:It has been argued that facets do not represent the bottom of the personality hierarchy-even more specific personality characteristics, nuances, could be useful for describing and understanding individuals and their differences. Combining 2 samples of German twins, we assessed the consensual validity (correlations across different observers), Rank-Order Stability, and heritability of nuances. Personality nuances were operationalized as the 240 items of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). Their attributes were examined by analyzing item residuals, controlling for the variance of the facet the item had been assigned to and all other facets. Most nuances demonstrated significant (p < .0002) cross-method agreement and Rank-Order Stability. A substantial proportion of them (48% in self-reports, 20% in informant ratings, and 50% in combined ratings) demonstrated a significant (p < .0002) component of additive genetic variance, whereas evidence for environmental influences shared by twins was modest. Applying a procedure to estimate Stability and heritability of true scores of item residuals yielded estimates comparable with those of higher-order personality traits, with median estimates of Rank-Order Stability and heritability being .77 and .52, respectively. Few nuances demonstrated robust associations with age and gender, but many showed incremental, conceptually meaningful, and replicable (across methods and/or samples) predictive validity for a range of interest domains and body mass index. We argue that these narrow personality characteristics constitute a valid level of the personality hierarchy. They may be especially useful for providing a deep and contextualized description of the individual, but also for the prediction of specific outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record
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personality traits below facets the consensual validity longitudinal Stability heritability and utility of personality nuances
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Rene Mottus, Christian Kandler, Wiebke Bleidorn, Rainer Riemann, Robert R MccraeAbstract:It has been argued that facets do not represent the bottom of the personality hierarchy—even more specific personality characteristics, nuances, could be useful for describing and understanding individuals and their differences. Combining 2 samples of German twins, we assessed the consensual validity (correlations across different observers), Rank-Order Stability, and heritability of nuances. Personality nuances were operationalized as the 240 items of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). Their attributes were examined by analyzing item residuals, controlling for the variance of the facet the item had been assigned to and all other facets. Most nuances demonstrated significant (p < .0002) cross-method agreement and Rank-Order Stability. A substantial proportion of them (48% in self-reports, 20% in informant ratings, and 50% in combined ratings) demonstrated a significant (p < .0002) component of additive genetic variance, whereas evidence for environmental influences shared by twins was modest. Applying a procedure to estimate Stability and heritability of true scores of item residuals yielded estimates comparable with those of higher-order personality traits, with median estimates of Rank-Order Stability and heritability being .77 and .52, respectively. Few nuances demonstrated robust associations with age and gender, but many showed incremental, conceptually meaningful, and replicable (across methods and/or samples) predictive validity for a range of interest domains and body mass index. We argue that these narrow personality characteristics constitute a valid level of the personality hierarchy. They may be especially useful for providing a deep and contextualized description of the individual, but also for the prediction of specific outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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the behavioural genetics of personality development in adulthood classic contemporary and future trends
European Journal of Personality, 2014Co-Authors: Wiebke Bleidorn, Christian Kandler, Avshalom CaspiAbstract:Behavioural genetic research has led to important advances in the field of personality psychology. When carried out on longitudinal data, behavioural genetic studies also offer promising ways to examine the genetic and environmental origins of personality Stability and change. Here, we review the findings of longitudinal twin studies, discuss their implications for our understanding of adult personality development, and point out open questions that need to be addressed by future research. Three general conclusions stand out. First, there is a strong and relatively stable genetic foundation of individual differences in personality throughout the adult life span; second, environmental influences become more important and contribute to an increasing Rank-Order Stability of personality traits from early to middle adulthood; and third, both genetic and nonshared environmental influences contribute to both Stability and change in personality traits. Equipped with this knowledge, the most urgent tasks for the next generation of behavioural genetic studies on personality development will be to (i) identify measurable environmental factors that matter and (ii) to capture the interplay between genetic and environmental influences on personality Stability and change throughout adulthood.
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sources of cumulative continuity in personality a longitudinal multiple rater twin study
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Christian Kandler, Wiebke Bleidorn, Rainer Riemann, Frank M Spinath, Wolfgang Thiel, Alois AngleitnerAbstract:This study analyzed the etiology of Rank-Order Stability and change in personality over a time period of 13 years in order to explain cumulative continuity with age. NEO five-factor inventory self- and peer report data from 696 monozygotic and 387 dizygotic twin pairs reared together were analyzed using a combination of multiple-rater twin, latent state-trait, and autoregressive simplex models. Correcting for measurement error, this model disentangled genetic and environmental effects on long- and short-term convergent valid Stability, on occasional influences, and on self- and peer report-specific Stability. Genetic factors represented the main sources that contributed to phenotypic long-term Stability of personality in young and middle adulthood, whereas change was predominantly attributable to environmental factors. Phenotypic continuity increased as a function of cumulative environmental effects, which became manifest in stable trait variance and decreasing occasion-specific effects with age. This study's findings suggest a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors resulting in the typical patterns of continuity in personality across young and middle adulthood.
William G Iacono - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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one year developmental Stability and covariance among oddball novelty go no go and flanker event related potentials in adolescence a monozygotic twin study
Psychophysiology, 2016Co-Authors: Scott J Burwell, Stephen M Malone, William G IaconoAbstract:ERP measures may index genetic risk for psychopathology before disorder onset in adolescence, but little is known about their developmental Rank-Order Stability during this period of significant brain maturation. We studied ERP Stability in 48 pairs of identical twins (age 14-16 years) tested 1 year apart. Trial-averaged voltage waveforms were extracted from electroencephalographic recordings from oddball/novelty, go/no-go, and flanker tasks, and 16 amplitude measures were examined. Members of twin pairs were highly similar, whether based on ERP amplitude measures (intraclass correlation [ICC] median = .64, range = .44-.86) or three factor scores (all ICCs ≥ .69) derived from them. Stability was high overall, with 69% of the 16 individual measures generating Stability coefficients exceeding .70 and all factor scores showing Stability above .75. Measures from 10 difference waveforms calculated from paired conditions within tasks were also examined, and were associated with lower twin similarity (ICC median = .52, .38-.64) and developmental Stability (only 30% exceeding .70). In a supplemental analysis, we found significant developmental Stability for error-related negativity (range = .45-.55) and positivity (.56-.70) measures when average waveforms were based on one or more trials, and that these values were equivalent to those derived from averages using the current field recommendation, which requires six or more trials. Overall, we conclude that the studied brain measures are largely stable over 1 year of mid- to late adolescence, likely reflecting familial etiologic influences on brain functions pertaining to cognitive control and salience recognition.
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longitudinal Stability and predictive utility of the visual p3 response in adults with externalizing psychopathology
Psychophysiology, 2015Co-Authors: Henry H Yoon, Stephen M Malone, William G IaconoAbstract:We determined whether time-domain P3 amplitude and time-frequency principal component (TF-PC) reductions could serve as stable and predictive developmental endophenotypes of externalizing psychopathology. Participants from the Minnesota Twin Family Study were assessed at age 17 and again at age 29 for lifetime externalizing (EXT) disorders. Comparisons of P3 amplitude and TF-PCs at delta and theta frequencies were made between EXT and unaffected comparison subjects. P3 amplitude and all five extracted TF-PCs were significantly reduced in those presenting lifetime EXT disorders at both ages 17 and 29 and showed substantial 12-year Rank-Order Stability. P3 amplitude and delta TF-PCs measured at age 17 also predicted subsequent development of EXT by age 29, with every 1-microvolt decrease in age 17 amplitude associated with an approximately 5% increase in risk for an EXT diagnosis by age 29. Overall, results from this study further confirm that these P3-derived brain measures maintain their potential as putative EXT endophenotypes through the third decade of life.
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Stability change and heritability of borderline personality disorder traits from adolescence to adulthood a longitudinal twin study
Development and Psychopathology, 2009Co-Authors: Marina A Bornovalova, Brian M Hicks, William G Iacono, Matt McgueAbstract:Although personality disorders are best understood in the context of lifetime development, there is a paucity of work examining their longitudinal trajectory. An understanding of the expected course and the genetic and environmental contributions to these disorders is necessary for a detailed understanding of risk processes that lead to their manifestation. The current study examined the longitudinal course and heritability of borderline personality disorder (BPD) over a period of 10 years starting in adolescence (age 14) and ending in adulthood (age 24). In doing so, we built on existing research by using a large community sample of adolescent female twins, a sensitive dimensional measure of BPD traits, an extended follow-up period, and a longitudinal twin design that allowed us to investigate the heritability of BPD traits at four discrete ages spanning midadolescence to early adulthood. Results indicated that mean-level BPD traits significantly decline from adolescence to adulthood, but rank order Stability remained high. BPD traits were moderately heritable at all ages, with a slight trend for increased heritability from age 14 to age 24. A genetically informed latent growth curve model indicated that both the Stability and change of BPD traits are highly influenced by genetic factors and modestly by nonshared environmental factors. Our results indicate that as is the case for other personality dimensions, trait BPD declines as individuals mature from adolescence to adulthood, and that this process is influenced in part by the same genetic factors that influence BPD trait Stability.
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Stability and change in personality traits from late adolescence to early adulthood a longitudinal twin study
Journal of Personality, 2008Co-Authors: Daniel M Blonigen, Robert F. Krueger, Brian M Hicks, Marie D Carlson, William G IaconoAbstract:We conducted a longitudinal-biometric study examining Stability and change in personality from ages 17 to 24 in a community sample of male and female twins. Using Tellegen's (in press) Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), facets of Negative Emotionality (NEM) declined substantially at the mean and individual levels, whereas facets of Constraint (CON) increased over time. Furthermore, individuals in late adolescence who were lowest on NEM and highest on CON remained the most stable over time, whereas those exhibiting the inverse profile (higher NEM, lower CON) changed the most in a direction towards growth and maturity. Analyses of gender differences yielded greater mean-level increases over time for women as compared to men on facets of CON and greater mean-level increases for men than women on facets of Agentic Positive Emotionality (PEM). Biometric analyses revealed Rank-Order Stability in personality to be largely genetic, with Rank-Order change mediated by both the nonshared environment (and error) as well as genes. Findings correspond with prior evidence of a normative trend toward growth and maturity in personality during emerging adulthood.
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Stability and change in religiousness during emerging adulthood
Developmental Psychology, 2008Co-Authors: Laura B Koenig, Matt Mcgue, William G IaconoAbstract:Understanding the development of religiousness is an important endeavor because religiousness has been shown to be related to positive outcomes. The current study examined mean-level, Rank-Order, and individual-level change in females' religiousness during emerging adulthood. Genetic and environmental influences on religiousness and its change and Stability were also investigated. Analyses were completed with an epidemiological study of 2 cohorts of twins: 1 assessed at ages 14 and 18 and a 2nd at 20 and 25. Mean levels of religiousness decreased significantly with age, while Rank-Order Stability was high. Individual-level change was also evident. Analyses also supported the hypotheses that more change would occur in the younger cohort compared with the older cohort and that more change would occur in religious service attendance than the general index of religiousness. Twin analyses suggested that the heritability of religiousness increased with age, while the shared environmental influences decreased. For the younger cohort, change was genetic in origin, while Stability was environmental. In the older cohort, change was influenced by nonshared environment and Stability by both genes and family environment.
Brent W. Roberts - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sixteen going on sixty six a longitudinal study of personality Stability and change across 50 years
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Rodica Ioana Damian, Marion Spengler, Andreea E Sutu, Brent W. RobertsAbstract:How much do people's personalities change or remain stable from high school to retirement? To address these questions, we used a large U.S. sample (N = 1,795) that assessed people's personality traits in adolescence and 50 years later. We also used 2 independent samples, 1 cross-sectional and 1 short-term longitudinal (N = 3,934 and N = 38, respectively), to validate the personality scales and estimate measurement error. This was the first study to test personality Stability/change over a 50-year time span in which the same data source was tapped (i.e., self-report). This allowed us to use 4 different methods (Rank-Order Stability, mean-level change, individual-level change, and profile Stability) answering different developmental questions. We also systematically tested gender differences. We found that the average Rank-Order Stability was .31 (corrected for measurement error) and .23 (uncorrected). The average mean-level change was half of a standard deviation across personality traits, and the pattern of change showed maturation. Individual-level change also supported maturation, with 20% to 60% of the people showing reliable change within each trait. We tested 3 aspects of personality profile Stability, and found that overall personality profile Stability was .37, distinctive profile Stability was .17, and profile normativeness was .51 at baseline and .62 at the follow-up. Gender played little role in personality development across the life span. Our findings suggest that personality has a stable component across the life span, both at the trait level and at the profile level, and that personality is also malleable and people mature as they age. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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continuity and change in self esteem during emerging adulthood
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2014Co-Authors: Joanne M Chung, Brent W. Roberts, Richard W. Robins, Kali H Trzesniewski, Erik E Noftle, Keith F WidamanAbstract:The present study examined the development of self-esteem in a sample of emerging adults (N = 295) followed longitudinally over 4 years of college. Six waves of self-esteem data were available. Participants also rated, at the end of their 4th year, the degree to which they thought their self-esteem had changed during college. Rank-Order Stability was high across all waves of data (Mdn disattenuated correlation = .87). On average, self-esteem levels dropped substantially during the 1st semester (d = -.68), rebounded by the end of the 1st year (d = .73), and then gradually increased over the next 3 years, producing a small (d = .16) but significant mean-level increase in self-esteem from the beginning to the end of college. Individuals who received good grades in college tended to show larger increases in self-esteem. In contrast, individuals who entered college with unrealistically high expectations about their academic achievement tended to show smaller increases in self-esteem, despite beginning college with relatively high self-esteem. With regard to perceived change, 67% reported that their self-esteem increased during college, whereas 12% reported that it declined; these perceptions tended to correspond with actual increases and decreases in their self-esteem scale scores (? = .56). Overall, the findings support the perspective that self-esteem, like other personality characteristics, can change in systematic ways while exhibiting continuity over time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
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the Stability of vocational interests from early adolescence to middle adulthood a quantitative review of longitudinal studies
Psychological Bulletin, 2005Co-Authors: Mijung Yoon, Brent W. Roberts, James RoundsAbstract:The present meta-analysis examined the Stability of vocational interests from early adolescence (age 12) to middle adulthood (age 40). Stability was represented by Rank-Order and profile correlations. Interest Stability remained unchanged during much of adolescence and increased dramatically during the college years (age 18 –21.9), where it remained for the next 2 decades. Analyses of potential moderators showed that retest time interval was negatively related to interest Stability and that Rank-Order Stability was less stable than profile Stability. Although cohort standings did not moderate Stability, interests of the 1940s birth cohort were less stable than those of other cohorts. Furthermore, interests reflecting hands-on physical activities and self-expressive/artistic activities were more stable than scientific, social, enterprising, and clerical interests. Vocational interests showed substantial continuity over time, as evidenced by their higher longitudinal Stability when compared with Rank-Order Stability of personality traits. The findings are discussed in the context of psychosocial development.
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Goal and Personality Trait Development in Emerging Adulthood.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004Co-Authors: Brent W. Roberts, Megan O'donnell, Richard W. RobinsAbstract:The present research examined continuity and change in the importance of major life goals and the relation between change in goals and change in personality traits over the course of college (N = 298). Participants rated the importance of their life goals 6 times over a 4-year period and completed a measure of the Big Five personality traits at the beginning and end of college. Like personality traits, life goals demonstrated high levels of Rank-Order Stability. Unlike personality traits assessed during the same period and in the same sample, the mean importance of most life goals decreased over time. Moreover, each goal domain was marked by significant individual differences in change, and these individual differences were related to changes in personality traits. These findings provide insights into the relatively unstudied question of how life goals change during emerging adulthood.
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person environment fit and its implications for personality development a longitudinal study
Journal of Personality, 2004Co-Authors: Brent W. Roberts, Richard W. RobinsAbstract:Continuity and change in Person-Environment Fit (PE Fit) and its relation to personality development was studied in a 4-year longitudinal study of college students (N=305). PE Fit demonstrated moderate Rank-Order Stability and small increases in mean-levels over time. Antecedents to PE Fit included gender (being male), high academic ability, low agreeableness, and low neuroticism. Outcomes associated with PE Fit included greater personality consistency and changes in personality in the direction of higher self-esteem and lower agreeableness and neuroticism. The implications of the findings for personality development are discussed.
Robert R Mccrae - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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personality traits below facets the consensual validity longitudinal Stability heritability and utility of personality nuances
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Rene Mottus, Christian Kandler, Wiebke Bleidorn, Rainer Riemann, Robert R MccraeAbstract:It has been argued that facets do not represent the bottom of the personality hierarchy-even more specific personality characteristics, nuances, could be useful for describing and understanding individuals and their differences. Combining 2 samples of German twins, we assessed the consensual validity (correlations across different observers), Rank-Order Stability, and heritability of nuances. Personality nuances were operationalized as the 240 items of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). Their attributes were examined by analyzing item residuals, controlling for the variance of the facet the item had been assigned to and all other facets. Most nuances demonstrated significant (p < .0002) cross-method agreement and Rank-Order Stability. A substantial proportion of them (48% in self-reports, 20% in informant ratings, and 50% in combined ratings) demonstrated a significant (p < .0002) component of additive genetic variance, whereas evidence for environmental influences shared by twins was modest. Applying a procedure to estimate Stability and heritability of true scores of item residuals yielded estimates comparable with those of higher-order personality traits, with median estimates of Rank-Order Stability and heritability being .77 and .52, respectively. Few nuances demonstrated robust associations with age and gender, but many showed incremental, conceptually meaningful, and replicable (across methods and/or samples) predictive validity for a range of interest domains and body mass index. We argue that these narrow personality characteristics constitute a valid level of the personality hierarchy. They may be especially useful for providing a deep and contextualized description of the individual, but also for the prediction of specific outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record
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personality traits below facets the consensual validity longitudinal Stability heritability and utility of personality nuances
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Rene Mottus, Christian Kandler, Wiebke Bleidorn, Rainer Riemann, Robert R MccraeAbstract:It has been argued that facets do not represent the bottom of the personality hierarchy—even more specific personality characteristics, nuances, could be useful for describing and understanding individuals and their differences. Combining 2 samples of German twins, we assessed the consensual validity (correlations across different observers), Rank-Order Stability, and heritability of nuances. Personality nuances were operationalized as the 240 items of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). Their attributes were examined by analyzing item residuals, controlling for the variance of the facet the item had been assigned to and all other facets. Most nuances demonstrated significant (p < .0002) cross-method agreement and Rank-Order Stability. A substantial proportion of them (48% in self-reports, 20% in informant ratings, and 50% in combined ratings) demonstrated a significant (p < .0002) component of additive genetic variance, whereas evidence for environmental influences shared by twins was modest. Applying a procedure to estimate Stability and heritability of true scores of item residuals yielded estimates comparable with those of higher-order personality traits, with median estimates of Rank-Order Stability and heritability being .77 and .52, respectively. Few nuances demonstrated robust associations with age and gender, but many showed incremental, conceptually meaningful, and replicable (across methods and/or samples) predictive validity for a range of interest domains and body mass index. We argue that these narrow personality characteristics constitute a valid level of the personality hierarchy. They may be especially useful for providing a deep and contextualized description of the individual, but also for the prediction of specific outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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hierarchical linear modeling analyses of the neo pi r scales in the baltimore longitudinal study of aging
Psychology and Aging, 2005Co-Authors: Antonio Terracciano, Robert R Mccrae, Larry J Brant, Paul T CostaAbstract:For the better part of a century, psychologists have investigated Stability and change in adult personality (Helson, 1999; Kelly, 1955; Soldz & Vaillant, 1999). In the early 1980s, findings of consistent Rank-Order Stability in personality traits emerged as some of the strongest evidence for the existence of traits themselves. Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-sequential analyses of mean level personality change in adulthood suggested that personality changed little, and Costa and McCrae (1988) concluded that "personality is stable after age 30" (p. 853). Many researchers (Helson, Jones, & Kwan, 2002; Mroczek & Spiro, 2003; Piedmont, 2001; Srivastava, John, Gosling, & Potter, 2003) have questioned that position, and, based on subsequent research, McCrae and Costa (2003) extended and qualified their position. There are notable normative changes between late adolescence and age 30: Neuroticism (N) and Extraversion (E) decline, Agreeableness (A) and Conscientiousness (C) increase, and Openness (O) first increases, then declines. After age 30, both longitudinal (Costa, Herbst, McCrae, & Siegler, 2000) and cross-sectional (McCrae et al., 1999) analyses suggest that there are continuing normative declines in N, E, and O, albeit at a modest rate of 1 to 2 T-score points (0.1 to 0.2 SD) per decade. Despite decades of research, many uncertainties remain in the description of age changes. Developmental trends for A and C are unclear, because these factors appear to increase with age in cross-sectional analyses, but did not increase in a large-scale longitudinal analysis (Costa et al., 2000). Even less is known about longitudinal trends for the specific traits or facets of the five factors; facets of A and C have been studied longitudinally only over a six-year period in middle-aged men and women (Costa et al., 2000). Little is known about age trends in extreme old age: The few studies that focus on this segment of the lifespan have found inconsistent results (see, Weiss et al., 2005). The present study analyzes new longitudinal data to refine the description of age changes in the broad dimensions and specific facets of the Five-Factor Model (FFM; McCrae & John, 1992) of personality. By using a comprehensive model of personality and employing a multilevel modeling approach on a large sample with over 5000 assessments, this study attempts to clarify and refine the description of the longitudinal course of personality trait development in adulthood.
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personality trait development from age 12 to age 18 longitudinal cross sectional and cross cultural analyses
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2002Co-Authors: Robert R Mccrae, Paul T Costa, Antonio Terracciano, Wayne D Parker, Carol J Mills, Filip De Fruyt, Ivan MervieldeAbstract:Three studies were conducted to assess mean level changes in personality traits during adolescence. Versions of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (P. T. Costa, Jr., & R. R. McCrae, 1992a) were used to assess the 5 major personality factors. A 4-year longitudinal study of intellectually gifted students (N = 230) was supplemented by cross-sectional studies of nonselected American (N = 1,959) and Flemish (N = 789) adolescents. Personality factors were reasonably invariant across ages, although Rank-Order Stability of individual differences was low. Neuroticism appeared to increase in girls, and Openness to Experience increased in both boys and girls; mean levels of Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness were stable. Results extend knowledge of the developmental curve of personality traits backward from adulthood and help bridge the gap with child temperament studies.
