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Thomas Barrett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The detection of Rinderpest virus RNA extracted from a rapid chromatographic strip-test by RT-PCR
Journal of virological methods, 2011Co-Authors: Anke Brüning-richardson, Thomas Barrett, Janice C. Garratt, John R. AndersonAbstract:The Global Rinderpest Eradication Program (GREP) aimed to eradicate Rinderpest by 2010 and it is widely believed to have been successful. An integral part of the program was the submission of samples from suspect Rinderpest positive animals to a local Reference Laboratory for final confirmation. Confirmation of Rinderpest in field samples is often hampered because of poor quality of the sample upon receipt. As part of GREP a rapid diagnostic strip test for the detection of Rinderpest virus (RPV) in the field was developed allowing a rapid response to suspect outbreaks. The feasibility of extracting viral RNA from the used rapid diagnostic Rinderpest devices for final confirmation in the laboratory is described. Viral material contained within used Rinderpest devices was stable enough after storage for one week at 21 °C to extract RNA from five different RPV strains and amplify it by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Temperature did not affect adversely the extraction and amplification of the viral RNA but humidity impaired RNA extraction and amplification. Used Rinderpest devices from field diagnosed Rinderpest-positive animals could represent an ideal additional sample for submission to the Reference Laboratories for confirmation of preliminary diagnosis in the field.
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New generation vaccines against Rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants
Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants, 2006Co-Authors: Thomas Barrett, Kazuya YamanouchiAbstract:Publisher Summary Recombinant DNA technology has been widely used to produce new vaccines for many diseases, including Rinderpest and thermolability, which was the main reason used to justify the development of the recombinant Rinderpest vaccines. The first recombinant vaccine to be produced were vaccinia recombinants, so called vectored vaccines, which used the DNA genome of an established vaccine strain of vaccinia (the vector) as the backbone for the insertion of foreign genes coding for immunogenic proteins from the desired pathogen. Vaccination with the recombinant then induces a protective immune response to the disease concerned. Poxvirus vector, capripox virus (the agent of sheep and goat pox) has also been used to produce a recombinant Rinderpest vaccine. Using the established capripox vaccine as a vector, it is possible to protect the cattle against two diseases: Rinderpest and lumpy skin disease. The vaccinia and capripox recombinant vaccines can also act as effective marker vaccines for Rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants as their serological signature lacks responses to the nucleocapsid (N) proteins of the viruses.
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Rinderpest — an old and worldwide story: history to c. 1902
Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants, 2006Co-Authors: Paul-pierre Pastoret, Kazuya Yamanouchi, Uwe Mueller-doblies, Mark M. Rweyemamu, Marian C. Horzinek, Thomas BarrettAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the concepts prevailing about Rinderpest until the discovery of the virus by Nicolle and Adil-Bey in 1902. Rinderpest was clearly identified for the first time by the Latin writer Severus Sanctus Endeleichus, who described a contagious disease occurring as a major epizootic in cattle. The first written report of Rinderpest inoculation was published as a letter signed ‘T.S.’ in the November 1754 issue of the Gentleman's Magazine, a journal then widely read by educated people in Britain and also on the Continent. After the discovery of the vaccination against smallpox by Edward Jenner in 1796, and due to the suspected analogy between the two diseases, there were trials to vaccinate cattle against Rinderpest using the smallpox vaccine. From ancient times, numerous outbreaks of Rinderpest must have occurred in Asia. Based on the fragmented information available, the historical aspects of Rinderpest in three Asian countries—India, Korea and Japan—are described in this discussion.
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Rinderpest an old and worldwide story history to c 1902
Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants#R##N#Virus Plagues of Large and Small Ruminants, 2006Co-Authors: Paul-pierre Pastoret, Kazuya Yamanouchi, Mark M. Rweyemamu, Marian C. Horzinek, Uwe Muellerdoblies, Thomas BarrettAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the concepts prevailing about Rinderpest until the discovery of the virus by Nicolle and Adil-Bey in 1902. Rinderpest was clearly identified for the first time by the Latin writer Severus Sanctus Endeleichus, who described a contagious disease occurring as a major epizootic in cattle. The first written report of Rinderpest inoculation was published as a letter signed ‘T.S.’ in the November 1754 issue of the Gentleman's Magazine, a journal then widely read by educated people in Britain and also on the Continent. After the discovery of the vaccination against smallpox by Edward Jenner in 1796, and due to the suspected analogy between the two diseases, there were trials to vaccinate cattle against Rinderpest using the smallpox vaccine. From ancient times, numerous outbreaks of Rinderpest must have occurred in Asia. Based on the fragmented information available, the historical aspects of Rinderpest in three Asian countries—India, Korea and Japan—are described in this discussion.
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Trial of a capripoxvirus-Rinderpest recombinant vaccine in African cattle.
Epidemiology and infection, 1997Co-Authors: C. K. Ngichabe, D. N. Black, Thomas Barrett, H. M. Wamwayi, E. K. Ndungu, C. J. BostockAbstract:Cattle were vaccinated with differing doses of an equal mixture of capripox-Rinderpest recombinant viruses expressing either the fusion protein (F) or the haemagglutinin protein (H) of Rinderpest virus. Animals vaccinated with 2 x 10(4) p.f.u. or greater of the combined viruses were completely protected against challenge, 1 month later, with both virulent Rinderpest and lumpy skin disease viruses. Vaccination with any of the doses did not induce any adverse clinical response in the animals or transmission of the vaccine virus between animals. All cattle challenged 6 or 12 months after vaccination with 2 x 10(5) p.f.u. of the mixture of recombinant viruses were protected from severe Rinderpest disease. Ten out of 18 were completely protected while the remaining 8 developed mild clinical signs of Rinderpest. Cattle vaccinated with the recombinant vaccines after prior infection with the parental capripox virus showed more marked clinical signs of Rinderpest after challenge with virulent Rinderpest, but 9 out of 10 recovered, compared with 80% mortality in the unvaccinated controls.
Tilahun Yilma - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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long term sterilizing immunity to Rinderpest in cattle vaccinated with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing high levels of the fusion and hemagglutinin glycoproteins
Journal of Virology, 2002Co-Authors: Paulo H Verardi, H. M. Wamwayi, Leslie A. Jones, Fatema H Aziz, Shabbir Ahmad, Berhanu Beyene, Rosemary N Ngotho, Mebratu G Yesus, Berhe G Egziabher, Tilahun YilmaAbstract:Rinderpest is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of ruminants, often resulting in greater than 90% mortality. We have constructed a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine (v2RVFH) that expresses both the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (H) genes of Rinderpest virus (RPV) under strong synthetic vaccinia virus promoters. v2RVFH-infected cells express high levels of the F and H glycoproteins and show extensive syncytium formation. Cattle vaccinated intramuscularly with as little as 10 3 PFU of v2RVFH and challenged 1 month later with a lethal dose of RPV were completely protected from clinical disease; the 50% protective dose was determined to be 10 2 PFU. Animals vaccinated with v2RVFH did not develop pock lesions and did not transmit the recombinant vaccinia virus to contact animals. Intramuscular vaccination of cattle with 10 8 PFU of v2RVFH provided long-term sterilizing immunity against Rinderpest. In addition to being highly safe and efficacious, v2RVFH is a heat-stable, inexpensive, and easily administered vaccine that allows the serological differentiation between vaccinated and naturally infected animals. Consequently, mass vaccination of cattle with v2RVFH could eradicate Rinderpest.
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Sequence analysis and editing of the phosphoprotein (P) gene of Rinderpest virus
Virology, 1992Co-Authors: Miles Yamanaka, Beverly Dale, Tracey Crisp, Barbara Cordell, Marvin J. Grubman, Tilahun YilmaAbstract:We have cloned the cDNA of the phosphoprotein (P) gene of the virulent (Kabete "O") strain of Rinderpest virus and provided a comparative analysis of its sequence with that of the P genes of measles, canine distemper, and phocid distemper viruses. The gene encodes two overlapping open reading frames of 1521 and 531 nucleotides. Use of the first ATG would produce a P polypeptide of 507 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 54,344. The second ATG would produce a C polypeptide of 177 residues with a predicted molecular weight of 19,927. In addition, the insertion of a G residue at position 740 generates an alternative mRNA potentially encoding the V polypeptide of Rinderpest virus. The homology comparisons in P amino acid sequences between Rinderpest and measles, between Rinderpest and canine distemper, and between Rinderpest and phocid distemper viruses are 60, 44, and 46%, respectively. A four-way comparison shows an identity of 34%. Similar homology comparisons with the C amino acid sequence between Rinderpest and measles, Rinderpest and canine distemper, and Rinderpest and phocid distemper viruses are 56, 42, and 40%, respectively. A homology of 31% is found in a four-way comparison for the C polypeptide. From the point of the insertion of the G residue, there is a homology of 78% between the V polypeptides of Rinderpest and measle viruses.
D. N. Black - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Trial of a capripoxvirus-Rinderpest recombinant vaccine in African cattle.
Epidemiology and infection, 1997Co-Authors: C. K. Ngichabe, D. N. Black, Thomas Barrett, H. M. Wamwayi, E. K. Ndungu, C. J. BostockAbstract:Cattle were vaccinated with differing doses of an equal mixture of capripox-Rinderpest recombinant viruses expressing either the fusion protein (F) or the haemagglutinin protein (H) of Rinderpest virus. Animals vaccinated with 2 x 10(4) p.f.u. or greater of the combined viruses were completely protected against challenge, 1 month later, with both virulent Rinderpest and lumpy skin disease viruses. Vaccination with any of the doses did not induce any adverse clinical response in the animals or transmission of the vaccine virus between animals. All cattle challenged 6 or 12 months after vaccination with 2 x 10(5) p.f.u. of the mixture of recombinant viruses were protected from severe Rinderpest disease. Ten out of 18 were completely protected while the remaining 8 developed mild clinical signs of Rinderpest. Cattle vaccinated with the recombinant vaccines after prior infection with the parental capripox virus showed more marked clinical signs of Rinderpest after challenge with virulent Rinderpest, but 9 out of 10 recovered, compared with 80% mortality in the unvaccinated controls.
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protection of goats against peste des petits ruminants with recombinant capripoxviruses expressing the fusion and haemagglutinin protein genes of Rinderpest virus
Vaccine, 1995Co-Authors: Carlos H. Romero, R.p. Kitching, Thomas Barrett, C. J. Bostock, D. N. BlackAbstract:Goats were protected against a lethal challenge of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus following vaccination with a recombinant capripoxvirus containing either the fusion (F) gene of Rinderpest virus or the haemagglutinin (H) gene of Rinderpest virus. The H gene recombinant produced high titres of neutralizing antibody to Rinderpest virus in the vaccinated goats, whereas the F gene recombinant failed to stimulate detectable levels of neutralizing antibody. A similar response to the two recombinant vaccines has previously been reported for cattle. Neither recombinant produced detectable levels of specific antibodies to PPR virus.
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Recombinant Capripoxvirus Expressing the Hemagglutinin Protein Gene of Rinderpest Virus: Protection of Cattle against Rinderpest and Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses
Virology, 1994Co-Authors: Carlos H. Romero, R. W. Chamberlain, R.p. Kitching, M. Fleming, Thomas Barrett, D. N. BlackAbstract:Abstract A cDNA clone containing the complete coding sequence of the hemagglutinin (H) protein gene of the RBOK vaccine strain of Rinderpest virus, under the control of the vaccinia late promoter p11, was inserted by homologous recombination into the thymidine kinase gene of the KS-1 strain of capripoxvirus. The recombinant virus produced authentic H protein as judged by its electrophoretic mobility, transport to the cell surface of infected lamb testis cells, and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies specific for the H protein of Rinderpest virus. The recombinant virus induced significant revels of Rinderpest virus neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated cattle and protected them from clinical Rinderpest after challenge with a lethal dose of a highly virulent heterologous strain of the virus. Protection was achieved using vaccine doses lower than those used with a similar recombinant expressing the fusion protein gene of Rinderpest. The parental KS-1 virus is widely used as a vaccine against capripox viruses and so the Rinderpest recombinant acts as a dual vaccine to protect cattle against both Rinderpest and lumpy skin disease.
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Protection of cattle against Rinderpest and lumpy skin disease with a recombinant capripoxvirus expressing the fusion protein gene of Rinderpest virus
Veterinary Record, 1994Co-Authors: Carlos H. Romero, R.p. Kitching, Thomas Barrett, V.m. Carn, D. N. BlackAbstract:Cattle were protected against challenge with Rinderpest and lumpy skin disease viruses by vaccination with a recombinant capripoxvirus containing the fusion protein (F) gene of Rinderpest virus. The minimum protective immunising doses for Rinderpest and lumpy skin disease were 5.5 x 10(4) plaque forming units (pfu) and 1.5 x 10(3) pfu, respectively.
H. M. Wamwayi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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re infection of wildlife populations with Rinderpest virus on the periphery of the somali ecosystem in east africa
Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Richard Kock, H. M. Wamwayi, Pb Rossiter, Genevieve Libeau, E Wambwa, J Okori, F S Shiferaw, Titus MlengeyaAbstract:We report surveillance for Rinderpest virus in wildlife populations in three major ecosystems of East Africa: Great Rift Valley, Somali and Tsavo from 1994 to 2003. Three hundred and eighty wild animals were sampled for detection of Rinderpest virus, antigen or genome and 1133 sampled for antibody in sera from Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Tanzania from 20 species. This was done modifying for wildlife the internationally recommended standards for Rinderpest investigation and diagnosis in livestock. The animals were selected according to susceptibility and preference given to gregarious species, and populations were selected according to abundance, availability and association with livestock. Rinderpest virus, antigen and/or genome were detected in Kenya; within Tsavo, Nairobi and Meru National Parks. Serological results from 864 animals (of which 65% were buffalo) from the region were selected as unequivocal; showing the temporal and spatial aspects of past epidemics. Recent infection has been only in or peripheral to the Somali ecosystem (in Kenya). Our evidence supports the hypothesis that wildlife is not important in the long-term maintenance of Rinderpest and that wildlife are infected sporadically most likely from a cattle source, although this needs to be proven in the Somali ecosystem. Wildlife will continue to be a key to monitoring the remaining virus circulation in Africa.
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long term sterilizing immunity to Rinderpest in cattle vaccinated with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing high levels of the fusion and hemagglutinin glycoproteins
Journal of Virology, 2002Co-Authors: Paulo H Verardi, H. M. Wamwayi, Leslie A. Jones, Fatema H Aziz, Shabbir Ahmad, Berhanu Beyene, Rosemary N Ngotho, Mebratu G Yesus, Berhe G Egziabher, Tilahun YilmaAbstract:Rinderpest is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of ruminants, often resulting in greater than 90% mortality. We have constructed a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine (v2RVFH) that expresses both the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (H) genes of Rinderpest virus (RPV) under strong synthetic vaccinia virus promoters. v2RVFH-infected cells express high levels of the F and H glycoproteins and show extensive syncytium formation. Cattle vaccinated intramuscularly with as little as 10 3 PFU of v2RVFH and challenged 1 month later with a lethal dose of RPV were completely protected from clinical disease; the 50% protective dose was determined to be 10 2 PFU. Animals vaccinated with v2RVFH did not develop pock lesions and did not transmit the recombinant vaccinia virus to contact animals. Intramuscular vaccination of cattle with 10 8 PFU of v2RVFH provided long-term sterilizing immunity against Rinderpest. In addition to being highly safe and efficacious, v2RVFH is a heat-stable, inexpensive, and easily administered vaccine that allows the serological differentiation between vaccinated and naturally infected animals. Consequently, mass vaccination of cattle with v2RVFH could eradicate Rinderpest.
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Trial of a capripoxvirus-Rinderpest recombinant vaccine in African cattle.
Epidemiology and infection, 1997Co-Authors: C. K. Ngichabe, D. N. Black, Thomas Barrett, H. M. Wamwayi, E. K. Ndungu, C. J. BostockAbstract:Cattle were vaccinated with differing doses of an equal mixture of capripox-Rinderpest recombinant viruses expressing either the fusion protein (F) or the haemagglutinin protein (H) of Rinderpest virus. Animals vaccinated with 2 x 10(4) p.f.u. or greater of the combined viruses were completely protected against challenge, 1 month later, with both virulent Rinderpest and lumpy skin disease viruses. Vaccination with any of the doses did not induce any adverse clinical response in the animals or transmission of the vaccine virus between animals. All cattle challenged 6 or 12 months after vaccination with 2 x 10(5) p.f.u. of the mixture of recombinant viruses were protected from severe Rinderpest disease. Ten out of 18 were completely protected while the remaining 8 developed mild clinical signs of Rinderpest. Cattle vaccinated with the recombinant vaccines after prior infection with the parental capripox virus showed more marked clinical signs of Rinderpest after challenge with virulent Rinderpest, but 9 out of 10 recovered, compared with 80% mortality in the unvaccinated controls.
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pathomorphological and immunohistological findings in cattle experimentally infected with Rinderpest virus isolates of different pathogenicity
Veterinary Microbiology, 1995Co-Authors: Peter Wohlsein, H. M. Wamwayi, G. Trautwein, B. Liess, J Pohlenz, Thomas BarrettAbstract:Experimental infection of nine cattle with seven Rinderpest virus strains of different pathogenicity resulted in significant variations of clinical signs, morphological lesions and distribution of viral antigen in tissues. The severity of clinical disease was correlated with the extent of tissue alterations and the amount of immunohistologically detectable viral antigen. Both mild and virulent strains of Rinderpest share essentially the same tissue tropisms in vivo, i.e. epithelio- and lympho-tropism. However, Rinderpest virus isolates of higher pathogenicity showed a more rapid and wider distribution with more extensive lesions than milder strains, which probably accounts for the higher mortality.
R.p. Kitching - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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protection of goats against peste des petits ruminants with recombinant capripoxviruses expressing the fusion and haemagglutinin protein genes of Rinderpest virus
Vaccine, 1995Co-Authors: Carlos H. Romero, R.p. Kitching, Thomas Barrett, C. J. Bostock, D. N. BlackAbstract:Goats were protected against a lethal challenge of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus following vaccination with a recombinant capripoxvirus containing either the fusion (F) gene of Rinderpest virus or the haemagglutinin (H) gene of Rinderpest virus. The H gene recombinant produced high titres of neutralizing antibody to Rinderpest virus in the vaccinated goats, whereas the F gene recombinant failed to stimulate detectable levels of neutralizing antibody. A similar response to the two recombinant vaccines has previously been reported for cattle. Neither recombinant produced detectable levels of specific antibodies to PPR virus.
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Recombinant Capripoxvirus Expressing the Hemagglutinin Protein Gene of Rinderpest Virus: Protection of Cattle against Rinderpest and Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses
Virology, 1994Co-Authors: Carlos H. Romero, R. W. Chamberlain, R.p. Kitching, M. Fleming, Thomas Barrett, D. N. BlackAbstract:Abstract A cDNA clone containing the complete coding sequence of the hemagglutinin (H) protein gene of the RBOK vaccine strain of Rinderpest virus, under the control of the vaccinia late promoter p11, was inserted by homologous recombination into the thymidine kinase gene of the KS-1 strain of capripoxvirus. The recombinant virus produced authentic H protein as judged by its electrophoretic mobility, transport to the cell surface of infected lamb testis cells, and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies specific for the H protein of Rinderpest virus. The recombinant virus induced significant revels of Rinderpest virus neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated cattle and protected them from clinical Rinderpest after challenge with a lethal dose of a highly virulent heterologous strain of the virus. Protection was achieved using vaccine doses lower than those used with a similar recombinant expressing the fusion protein gene of Rinderpest. The parental KS-1 virus is widely used as a vaccine against capripox viruses and so the Rinderpest recombinant acts as a dual vaccine to protect cattle against both Rinderpest and lumpy skin disease.
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Protection of cattle against Rinderpest and lumpy skin disease with a recombinant capripoxvirus expressing the fusion protein gene of Rinderpest virus
Veterinary Record, 1994Co-Authors: Carlos H. Romero, R.p. Kitching, Thomas Barrett, V.m. Carn, D. N. BlackAbstract:Cattle were protected against challenge with Rinderpest and lumpy skin disease viruses by vaccination with a recombinant capripoxvirus containing the fusion protein (F) gene of Rinderpest virus. The minimum protective immunising doses for Rinderpest and lumpy skin disease were 5.5 x 10(4) plaque forming units (pfu) and 1.5 x 10(3) pfu, respectively.
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use of the polymerase chain reaction in differentiating Rinderpest field virus and vaccine virus in the same animals
Revue Scientifique Et Technique De L Office International Des Epizooties, 1993Co-Authors: T Barrett, R.p. Kitching, C Amareldoel, A GusevAbstract:In 1991, a disease with clinical signs indicative of Rinderpest was reported in yaks in the former Soviet Union, near the border with Mongolia. At the peak of the epizootic, mortality among affected yaks was 32-42% in adults and 65% in animals less than one year old. Pathological samples were examined independently at two institutes in Russia. Both institutes confirmed the presence of Rinderpest using complement fixation, agar gel diffusion and immunoassays. Since vaccination had been initiated to control an outbreak of a similar disease several months earlier, the later cases were possibly due to the vaccine and field Rinderpest may not have been present. However, the disease had occurred in non-vaccinated animals and these were then vaccinated against the disease. Tissue samples obtained from these animals, which were examined at the Pirbright Laboratory using gel diffusion assays and specific nucleic acid probes, were found to be positive for Rinderpest antigen and nucleic acid. Ribonucleic acid derived from the post-mortem tissue samples was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and Rinderpest-specific primers. Sequence analysis of the amplified deoxyribonculeic acid from the samples revealed the presence of two distinct virus strains, one identical to the Plowright Rinderpest tissue culture vaccine and the other related to field strains of Rinderpest virus circulating in Asia and the Middle East.
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Immunisation of cattle with a recombinant vaccinia vector expressing the haemagglutinin gene of Rinderpest virus.
The Veterinary record, 1993Co-Authors: Kazuya Yamanouchi, R.p. Kitching, Ken Inui, M. Sugimoto, K Asano, F Nishimaki, H Takamatsu, Thomas BarrettAbstract:The efficacy of a recombinant Rinderpest vaccine, constructed by inserting the Rinderpest virus haemagglutinin gene into attenuated vaccinia virus, LC16mO strain, was tested in cattle. After subcutaneous inoculation of 10(8) plaque-forming units (pfu) of the recombinant vaccine, neither palpable skin lesions nor increases in body temperature were observed, indicating the absence of detectable clinical reactions. All the vaccinated cattle were completely protected from challenge with the Saudi 1/81 strain of virulent Rinderpest virus. Contact control cattle housed in the same pen with the vaccinated animals did not develop antibodies to Rinderpest or vaccinia viruses, and developed typical clinical signs of Rinderpest after challenge with virulent Rinderpest virus, indicating that there was no contact transmission of the recombinant virus. The 50 per cent protective doses of the vaccine, estimated by the mortality and morbidity rates respectively. were 10(4) and 10(5) pfu. To observe the effect of pre-existing immunity to vaccinia virus on the efficacy of the vaccine, cattle inoculated with the Lister strain of vaccinia virus three weeks earlier, were vaccinated with the recombinant virus. These animals developed antibodies to Rinderpest virus and were protected from challenge with virulent Rinderpest virus, showing that the vaccine was effective in animals already immune to vaccinia virus. The effectiveness and safety of the vaccine demonstrated in this study suggest that it has potential as a new vaccine against Rinderpest.
