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Jaak Panksepp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Positive Emotional Learning Induces Resilience to Depression: A Role for NMDA Receptor-mediated Synaptic Plasticity.
Current Neuropharmacology, 2016Co-Authors: Jeffrey Burgdorf, Elizabeth M. Colechio, Patric K. Stanton, Jaak PankseppAbstract:BACKGROUND: Positive emotions have been shown to induce resilience to depression and anxiety in humans, as well as increase cognitive abilities (learning, memory and problem solving) and improve overall health. In rats, frequency modulated 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (Hedonic 50-kHz USVs) reflect a positive affective state and are best elicited by Rough-and-Tumble Play. METHODS: The effect of positive affect induced by rough-and tumble Play was examined on models of depression and learning and memory. The molecular and pharmacological basis of Play induced positive affect was also examined. RESULTS: Rough-and-Tumble Play induced Hedonic 50-kHz USVs, lead to resilience to depression and anxiety, and facilitation of learning and memory. These effects are mediated, in part, by increased NMDAR expression and activation in the medial prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesize that positive affect induces resilience to depression by facilitating NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Targeting MPFC synaptic plasticity may lead to novel treatments for depression.
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Reflections on Rough and Tumble Play, Social Development, and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders
Issues in Children's and Families' Lives, 2012Co-Authors: Jaak Panksepp, Eric L. ScottAbstract:The urge for physical Play in mammals, including humans, is built into the nervous system (Panksepp, 2008). This has been rigorously demonstrated in laboratory animals (Ikemoto & Panksepp, 1992). Although the precise functions of physical Play remain unspecified, it is likely essential for optimal childhood development, both body and mind, with many demonstrated benefits (Burgdorf, Kroes, Beinfeld, Panksepp, & Moskal, 2010; Panksepp, 1993, 2010). We propose that Play forms the backbone of young children’s daily life through spontaneous social learning that enhances social interactions, promotes learning, and provides positive affect that may increase psychological resilience. In fact, we now know that Play provides considerable benefits in young animals, where the necessary detailed behavioral work can be done (as summarized in Burgdorf et al., 2010; Burgdorf, Panksepp, & Moskal, 2011; Gordon, Burke, Akil, Watson, & Panksepp, 2003; Panksepp, Siviy, & Normansell, 1984; Pellis & Pellis, 2009; Vanderschuren, 2010).
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Selective breeding for 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalization emission produces alterations in the ontogeny and regulation of Rough-and-Tumble Play.
Behavioural Brain Research, 2012Co-Authors: E.s. Webber, Jeffrey Burgdorf, Jaak Panksepp, Kelley M. Harmon, Travis J. Beckwith, S. Peña, Howard C. CromwellAbstract:Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are emitted by rodents and can signal either negative or positive affective states in social and nonsocial contexts. Our recent work has utilized selective breeding based upon the emission of 50 kHz USVs in response to standard cross species hand Play-namely experimenters 'tickling' rats. Previous work has shown that high-tickle responsive animals (i.e., rats emitting abundant 50 kHz USVs) are gregarious and express enhanced positive emotional behaviors relative to animals exhibiting low 50 kHz USVs. The present study extends this work by examining the developmental profile of Play behavior and the suppression of Play behavior by predator (cat) odor in juvenile high-line and low-line animals. Results support dissociations in key Play measures between these groups, with high-line animals emitting more dorsal contacts during Play and low-line animals emitting more pinning behavior. For cat-odor induced Play suppression, we found that high-line animals exhibit elevated suppression of Play for a prolonged period compared to low-line rats. In contrast, low-line animals returned to normal levels of Play just 1 day post-predator odor experience. These findings support the idea that emotional arousal may differ between these selectively bred groups, and extends previous work by demonstrating a possible influence of altered emotional learning and conditioning in these phenotypically different animals. One possibility is that high-line animals exhibit enhanced associative learning abilities leading to stronger negative contextual conditioning. These findings suggest that selection for positive or negative social-emotional phenotypes may also segregate genes that control emotional learning abilities in unanticipated ways.
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Positive emotional learning is regulated in the medial prefrontal cortex by GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors
Neuroscience, 2011Co-Authors: Jeffrey Burgdorf, Roger A. Kroes, Jaak Panksepp, Craig Weiss, M. Matthew Oh, John F. Disterhoft, Stefan M. Brudzynski, Joseph R. MoskalAbstract:In rats, hedonic ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) is a validated model of positive affect and is best elicited by Rough-and-Tumble Play. Here we report that modulation of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors (NMDAR) in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is involved in positive emotional learning. Rough and tumble Play increased both GluN1 and GluN2B NMDAR subunit mRNA and protein levels in the frontal cortex. GLYX-13, a GluN2B-preferring, NMDAR glycine-site partial agonist (1 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly increased positive emotional learning whereas the GluN2B receptor-specific antagonist, ifenprodil (10 mg/kg, i.p.), inhibited positive emotional learning. Animals selectively bred for low rates of hedonic USVs were returned to wild-type levels of positive emotional learning following GLYX-13 treatment. MPFC microinjections of GLYX-13 (0.1-10 μg/side) significantly increased rates of positive emotional learning. Thus GluN2B-containing NMDARs may be involved in positive emotional learning in the MPFC by similar mechanisms as spatial/temporal learning in the hippocampus.
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Uncovering the molecular basis of positive affect using Rough-and-Tumble Play in rats: a role for insulin-like growth factor I.
Neuroscience, 2010Co-Authors: Jeffrey Burgdorf, Roger A. Kroes, Margery C. Beinfeld, Jaak Panksepp, Joseph R. MoskalAbstract:Positive emotional states have been shown to confer resilience to depression and anxiety in humans, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects have not yet been elucidated. In laboratory rats, positive emotional states can be measured by 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (hedonic USVs), which are maximally elicited by juvenile Rough-and-Tumble Play behavior. Using a focused microarray platform, insulin-like growth factor I (IGFI) extracellular signaling genes were found to be upregulated by hedonic Rough-and-Tumble Play but not depressogenic social defeat. Administration of IGFI into the lateral ventricle increased rates of hedonic USVs in an IGFI receptor (IGFIR)-dependent manner. Lateral ventricle infusions of an siRNA specific to the IGFIR decreased rates of hedonic 50-kHz USVs. These results show that IGFI Plays a functional role in the generation of positive affective states and that IGFI-dependent signaling is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of depression and anxiety.
Jeffrey Burgdorf - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Rats as a Measure of Emotional Responses to Stress: Models of Anxiety and Depression
Handbook of Ultrasonic Vocalization - A Window into the Emotional Brain, 2020Co-Authors: Joseph R. Moskal, Jeffrey BurgdorfAbstract:Abstract Exposure to stress is a risk factor for the development of several psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. The results of stress exposure can be conceptualized as a shift in the set point from a positive emotional state to a negative emotional state. In adult rats, frequency-modulated 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) have been shown to index positive emotional states whereas 22-kHz USVs reflect negative emotional states. A wide variety of stressors have been shown to reduce rates of hedonic 50-kHz USVs while simultaneously increasing rates of aversive 22-kHz USVs. Heterospecific Rough-and-Tumble Play is hedonic in normal rats but aversive in stressed rats, indicating that stress shifts the set point for the induction of positive and negative emotional states. Importantly, a positive emotional state or antidepressant treatment can reverse stress effects on the emotional set point. At the physiological level, stress suppresses synaptic plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex, a key structure for instigating the circuit for the hedonic 50-kHz USVs. These changes in plasticity could be reversed by antidepressant treatment or by a positive emotional state. At the biochemical level, hedonic Rough-and-Tumble Play upregulates NMDA receptors as well as insulin-like growth factor-I signaling in the medial prefrontal cortex. Thus, stress shifts the threshold for the induction of a positive state and lowers the threshold for the negative emotional state, which is expressed as a suppression of synaptic plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex positive emotional circuit. The facilitation of this form of plasticity via multiple independent mechanisms has therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with stress.
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Rough-and-Tumble Play induces resilience to stress in rats
Neuroreport, 2017Co-Authors: Jeffrey Burgdorf, Roger A. Kroes, Joseph R. MoskalAbstract:Positive emotions have been shown to induce resilience to stress in humans, as well as increase cognitive abilities (learning, memory, and problem solving) and improve overall health. In rats, frequency modulated 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (hedonic 50 kHz) reflect a positive affective state and
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Positive Emotional Learning Induces Resilience to Depression: A Role for NMDA Receptor-mediated Synaptic Plasticity.
Current Neuropharmacology, 2016Co-Authors: Jeffrey Burgdorf, Elizabeth M. Colechio, Patric K. Stanton, Jaak PankseppAbstract:BACKGROUND: Positive emotions have been shown to induce resilience to depression and anxiety in humans, as well as increase cognitive abilities (learning, memory and problem solving) and improve overall health. In rats, frequency modulated 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (Hedonic 50-kHz USVs) reflect a positive affective state and are best elicited by Rough-and-Tumble Play. METHODS: The effect of positive affect induced by rough-and tumble Play was examined on models of depression and learning and memory. The molecular and pharmacological basis of Play induced positive affect was also examined. RESULTS: Rough-and-Tumble Play induced Hedonic 50-kHz USVs, lead to resilience to depression and anxiety, and facilitation of learning and memory. These effects are mediated, in part, by increased NMDAR expression and activation in the medial prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesize that positive affect induces resilience to depression by facilitating NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Targeting MPFC synaptic plasticity may lead to novel treatments for depression.
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Selective breeding for 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalization emission produces alterations in the ontogeny and regulation of Rough-and-Tumble Play.
Behavioural Brain Research, 2012Co-Authors: E.s. Webber, Jeffrey Burgdorf, Jaak Panksepp, Kelley M. Harmon, Travis J. Beckwith, S. Peña, Howard C. CromwellAbstract:Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are emitted by rodents and can signal either negative or positive affective states in social and nonsocial contexts. Our recent work has utilized selective breeding based upon the emission of 50 kHz USVs in response to standard cross species hand Play-namely experimenters 'tickling' rats. Previous work has shown that high-tickle responsive animals (i.e., rats emitting abundant 50 kHz USVs) are gregarious and express enhanced positive emotional behaviors relative to animals exhibiting low 50 kHz USVs. The present study extends this work by examining the developmental profile of Play behavior and the suppression of Play behavior by predator (cat) odor in juvenile high-line and low-line animals. Results support dissociations in key Play measures between these groups, with high-line animals emitting more dorsal contacts during Play and low-line animals emitting more pinning behavior. For cat-odor induced Play suppression, we found that high-line animals exhibit elevated suppression of Play for a prolonged period compared to low-line rats. In contrast, low-line animals returned to normal levels of Play just 1 day post-predator odor experience. These findings support the idea that emotional arousal may differ between these selectively bred groups, and extends previous work by demonstrating a possible influence of altered emotional learning and conditioning in these phenotypically different animals. One possibility is that high-line animals exhibit enhanced associative learning abilities leading to stronger negative contextual conditioning. These findings suggest that selection for positive or negative social-emotional phenotypes may also segregate genes that control emotional learning abilities in unanticipated ways.
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Positive emotional learning is regulated in the medial prefrontal cortex by GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors
Neuroscience, 2011Co-Authors: Jeffrey Burgdorf, Roger A. Kroes, Jaak Panksepp, Craig Weiss, M. Matthew Oh, John F. Disterhoft, Stefan M. Brudzynski, Joseph R. MoskalAbstract:In rats, hedonic ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) is a validated model of positive affect and is best elicited by Rough-and-Tumble Play. Here we report that modulation of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors (NMDAR) in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is involved in positive emotional learning. Rough and tumble Play increased both GluN1 and GluN2B NMDAR subunit mRNA and protein levels in the frontal cortex. GLYX-13, a GluN2B-preferring, NMDAR glycine-site partial agonist (1 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly increased positive emotional learning whereas the GluN2B receptor-specific antagonist, ifenprodil (10 mg/kg, i.p.), inhibited positive emotional learning. Animals selectively bred for low rates of hedonic USVs were returned to wild-type levels of positive emotional learning following GLYX-13 treatment. MPFC microinjections of GLYX-13 (0.1-10 μg/side) significantly increased rates of positive emotional learning. Thus GluN2B-containing NMDARs may be involved in positive emotional learning in the MPFC by similar mechanisms as spatial/temporal learning in the hippocampus.
Joseph R. Moskal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Rats as a Measure of Emotional Responses to Stress: Models of Anxiety and Depression
Handbook of Ultrasonic Vocalization - A Window into the Emotional Brain, 2020Co-Authors: Joseph R. Moskal, Jeffrey BurgdorfAbstract:Abstract Exposure to stress is a risk factor for the development of several psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. The results of stress exposure can be conceptualized as a shift in the set point from a positive emotional state to a negative emotional state. In adult rats, frequency-modulated 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) have been shown to index positive emotional states whereas 22-kHz USVs reflect negative emotional states. A wide variety of stressors have been shown to reduce rates of hedonic 50-kHz USVs while simultaneously increasing rates of aversive 22-kHz USVs. Heterospecific Rough-and-Tumble Play is hedonic in normal rats but aversive in stressed rats, indicating that stress shifts the set point for the induction of positive and negative emotional states. Importantly, a positive emotional state or antidepressant treatment can reverse stress effects on the emotional set point. At the physiological level, stress suppresses synaptic plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex, a key structure for instigating the circuit for the hedonic 50-kHz USVs. These changes in plasticity could be reversed by antidepressant treatment or by a positive emotional state. At the biochemical level, hedonic Rough-and-Tumble Play upregulates NMDA receptors as well as insulin-like growth factor-I signaling in the medial prefrontal cortex. Thus, stress shifts the threshold for the induction of a positive state and lowers the threshold for the negative emotional state, which is expressed as a suppression of synaptic plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex positive emotional circuit. The facilitation of this form of plasticity via multiple independent mechanisms has therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with stress.
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Rough-and-Tumble Play induces resilience to stress in rats
Neuroreport, 2017Co-Authors: Jeffrey Burgdorf, Roger A. Kroes, Joseph R. MoskalAbstract:Positive emotions have been shown to induce resilience to stress in humans, as well as increase cognitive abilities (learning, memory, and problem solving) and improve overall health. In rats, frequency modulated 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (hedonic 50 kHz) reflect a positive affective state and
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Positive emotional learning is regulated in the medial prefrontal cortex by GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors
Neuroscience, 2011Co-Authors: Jeffrey Burgdorf, Roger A. Kroes, Jaak Panksepp, Craig Weiss, M. Matthew Oh, John F. Disterhoft, Stefan M. Brudzynski, Joseph R. MoskalAbstract:In rats, hedonic ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) is a validated model of positive affect and is best elicited by Rough-and-Tumble Play. Here we report that modulation of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors (NMDAR) in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is involved in positive emotional learning. Rough and tumble Play increased both GluN1 and GluN2B NMDAR subunit mRNA and protein levels in the frontal cortex. GLYX-13, a GluN2B-preferring, NMDAR glycine-site partial agonist (1 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly increased positive emotional learning whereas the GluN2B receptor-specific antagonist, ifenprodil (10 mg/kg, i.p.), inhibited positive emotional learning. Animals selectively bred for low rates of hedonic USVs were returned to wild-type levels of positive emotional learning following GLYX-13 treatment. MPFC microinjections of GLYX-13 (0.1-10 μg/side) significantly increased rates of positive emotional learning. Thus GluN2B-containing NMDARs may be involved in positive emotional learning in the MPFC by similar mechanisms as spatial/temporal learning in the hippocampus.
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Uncovering the molecular basis of positive affect using Rough-and-Tumble Play in rats: a role for insulin-like growth factor I.
Neuroscience, 2010Co-Authors: Jeffrey Burgdorf, Roger A. Kroes, Margery C. Beinfeld, Jaak Panksepp, Joseph R. MoskalAbstract:Positive emotional states have been shown to confer resilience to depression and anxiety in humans, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects have not yet been elucidated. In laboratory rats, positive emotional states can be measured by 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (hedonic USVs), which are maximally elicited by juvenile Rough-and-Tumble Play behavior. Using a focused microarray platform, insulin-like growth factor I (IGFI) extracellular signaling genes were found to be upregulated by hedonic Rough-and-Tumble Play but not depressogenic social defeat. Administration of IGFI into the lateral ventricle increased rates of hedonic USVs in an IGFI receptor (IGFIR)-dependent manner. Lateral ventricle infusions of an siRNA specific to the IGFIR decreased rates of hedonic 50-kHz USVs. These results show that IGFI Plays a functional role in the generation of positive affective states and that IGFI-dependent signaling is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of depression and anxiety.
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Regional brain cholecystokinin changes as a function of Rough-and-Tumble Play behavior in adolescent rats
Peptides, 2005Co-Authors: Jeffrey Burgdorf, Roger A. Kroes, Margery C. Beinfeld, Jaak Panksepp, Joseph R. MoskalAbstract:Abstract Brain cholecystokinin (CCK) levels have been shown to be elevated in animals defeated during adult social aggression. The present experiment evaluated whether similar effects are evident in prolonged bouts of juvenile social-Play fighting, which tend to switch from largely positive to some negative affect after approximately 15 min into a half-hour Play session, as indexed by a gradual shift from positively valenced 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) to negatively valenced 20 kHz USVs. Given the role of CCK in both positive and negative emotional events, we examined levels of CCK-8 in tissue homogenates from 14 brain areas in animals 6 h after a 30 min Play bout compared to no-Play control animals tested similarly in isolation for 30 min. As with patterns observed following adult defeat, significantly higher CCK levels were evident after Play in the posterior neo-cortex compared to no-Play control animals (+26%). Levels of CCK were also elevated in the midbrain (+35%). However, unlike in adult aggression, CCK levels were reduced in the hypothalamus (−40%) and basal forebrain (−24%) as compared to no-Play animals. Posterior cortex CCK levels were positively correlated to the duration that each animal was pinned ( r = +.50) which suggests that elevated CCK in the posterior cortex may be related to the negative aspects of Play. Hypothalamic CCK levels were negatively related to dorsal contacts and pins ( r 's = −.57), and suggest that the lower CCK levels may reflect the more positive valenced aspects of Play. The data indicate that CCK utilization in the brain is dynamically responsive to Rough-and-Tumble Play.
Stephen M. Siviy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A further characterization of alpha-2 adrenoceptor involvement in the Rough-and-Tumble Play of juvenile rats.
Developmental Psychobiology, 2020Co-Authors: Stephen M. Siviy, Christopher N. BalikoAbstract:In order to further understand the extent to which alpha-2 adrenoceptors are involved in Play behavior, a more detailed behavioral assessment was made of the effects of the alpha-2 agonist clonidine and the alpha-2 antagonist RX821002 on the Rough-and-Tumble Play of juvenile rats. Clonidine reduced overall levels of Playfulness, as indicated by fewer attacks directed to the nape, a lower probability of rotating completely to supine in response to nape attacks and fewer pins. In contrast, RX821002 increased Playfulness, as indicated by more attacks directed to the nape, a higher probability of rotating completely to supine in response to nape attacks and more pins. Testing rats in an unfamiliar environment did not affect the ability of RX821002 to increase Play. Abruptly turning on a bright light during an ongoing Play session also did not affect the ability of RX821002 to increase Play or the ability of clonidine to reduce Play. These data suggest that alpha-2 noradrenergic compounds do not affect Play by altering levels of distractibility. However, the extent to which RX821002 and clonidine influenced overall activity during a Play bout was compromised by turning on a bright light. While this pattern of results is consistent with a presynaptic site of action for alpha-2 involvement in modulating overall activity during a Play bout, the same cannot be concluded about any putative explanatory mechanism for alpha-2 involvement in Play behavior
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Basal ganglia involvement in the Playfulness of juvenile rats.
Journal of Neuroscience Research, 2019Co-Authors: Stephen M. SiviyAbstract:Play is an important part of normal childhood development and can be readily studied in the laboratory rat in the form of Rough-and-Tumble Play. Given the robust nature of Rough-and-Tumble Play, it has often been assumed that the basal ganglia would have a prominent role in modulating this behavior. Recent work using c-fos expression as a metabolic marker for neural activity combined with temporary inactivation of relevant corticostriatal regions and pharmacological manipulations of opioid, cannabinoid, and dopamine systems has led to a better understanding of how basal ganglia circuitry may be involved in modulating social Play in the juvenile rat. Studies using selective Play deprivation have also provided insight into the consequences of Playful experiences on basal ganglia function. Data reviewed in this paper support a role for the basal ganglia in social Play and also suggest that corticostriatal functioning also benefits from Playful activities.
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Rough‐and‐tumble Play as a window on animal communication
Biological Reviews, 2015Co-Authors: Elisabetta Palagi, Gordon M. Burghardt, Barbara B. Smuts, Giada Cordoni, Stefania Dall'olio, Hillary N. Fouts, Milada Řeháková-petrů, Stephen M. Siviy, Sergio M. PellisAbstract:Rough-and-Tumble Play (RT) is a widespread phenomenon in mammals. Since it involves competition, whereby one animal attempts to gain advantage over another, RT runs the risk of escalation to serious fighting. Competition is typically curtailed by some degree of cooperation and different signals help negotiate potential mishaps during RT. This review provides a framework for such signals, showing that they range along two dimensions: one from signals borrowed from other functional contexts to those that are unique to Play, and the other from purely emotional expressions to highly cognitive (intentional) constructions. Some animal taxa have exaggerated the emotional and cognitive interPlay aspects of Play signals, yielding admixtures of communication that have led to complex forms of RT. This complexity has been further exaggerated in some lineages by the development of specific novel gestures that can be used to negotiate Playful mood and entice reluctant partners. Play-derived gestures may provide new mechanisms by which more sophisticated communication forms can evolve. Therefore, RT and Playful communication provide a window into the study of social cognition, emotional regulation and the evolution of communication systems.
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Effects of neonatal handling and maternal separation on Rough-and-Tumble Play in the rat.
Developmental Psychobiology, 2002Co-Authors: Jennifer L. Arnold, Stephen M. SiviyAbstract:The extent to which brief daily handling and longer periods of separation from the mother during the first 2 weeks of life can affect Play behavior in juvenile rats was assessed. Rat pups were separated from the mother for either 15 min daily (handling) or for 3 hr daily (maternal separation), and Play was observed as juveniles. Overall levels of Playfulness were not affected by either manipulation, although certain aspects of Playful responsiveness were affected in males, but not females. In particular, the pattern of responsiveness to Playful contacts was feminized in both handled and separated male rats. Activity in a novel open field at 15 days of age was increased in both males and females from the separated group, but not in the handled animals, as were the number of rears exhibited during the Play bouts. These data suggest that early rearing experiences can have subtle gender-dependent effects on some aspects of Play in juvenile rats and that the underlying mechanism(s) responsible for these effects may differ from those associated with other effects reported for handling and maternal separation.
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Rough-and-Tumble Play Behavior in Fischer-344 and Buffalo Rats: Effects of Social Isolation
Physiology & Behavior, 1997Co-Authors: Stephen M. Siviy, Christopher N. Baliko, K.shannon BowersAbstract:Play behavior was assessed in two inbred strains of rats. Rats of the Fischer-344 strain (F344) were found to be less Playful than Buffalo rats after social isolation, as evident from fewer pins and fewer Playful attacks to the nape. When tested in same-strain pairings, overall defense of the nape did not differ between strains, although there were strain differences in the specific pattern of defense. When tested in cross-strain pairings, F344 rats were less likely to direct nape attacks toward a Buffalo Play partner, and were also less likely to defend their nape when attacked by Buffalo rats. Although different levels of pinning and nape attacks in the two strains were dependent on the amount of isolation prior to the Play period, differences in nape defense were not dependent on prior isolation. This pattern of results suggests that the neural mechanisms for Playful attack differ from those underlying Playful defense. These data also suggest that the F344 strain could be useful in better understanding the neural and genetic bases of mammalian Playfulness.
Anthony D. Pellegrini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Physical Activity Play: The Nature and Function of a Neglected Aspect of Play.
Child Development, 1998Co-Authors: Anthony D. Pellegrini, Pete SmithAbstract:In this review, we consider the nature and possible developmental functions of physical activity Play, defined as a Playful context combined with a dimension of physical vigor. We distinguish 3 kinds of physical activity Play, with consecutive age peaks: rhythmic stereotypies peaking in infancy, exercise Play peaking during the preschool years, and Rough-and-Tumble Play peaking in middle childhood. Gender differences (greater prevalence in males) characterize the latter 2 forms. Function is considered in terms of beneficial immediate and deferred consequences in physical, cognitive, and social domains. Whereas most theories assume that children's Play has deferred benefits, we suggest that forms of physical activity Play serve primarily immediate developmental functions. Rhythmic stereotypies in infancy are hypothesized to improve control of specific motor patterns. Exercise Play is hypothesized to function primarily for strength and endurance training; less clear evidence exists for possible benefits for fat reduction and thermoregulation. In addition, there may be cognitive benefits of exercise Play that we hypothesize to be largely incidental to its Playful or physical nature. Rough-and-Tumble Play has a distinctive social component; we hypothesize that it serves primarily dominance functions; evidence for benefits to fighting skills or to emotional coding are more equivocal. Further research is indicated, given the potentially important implications for children's education, health, and development.
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A longitudinal study of boys' Rough-and-Tumble Play and dominance during early adolescence
Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 1995Co-Authors: Anthony D. PellegriniAbstract:Abstract The two goals of the present study were to determine the extent to which two forms of Rough-and-Tumble Play (R&T/Rough and R&T/Chase) varied across early adolescence and to explore the role of each form of R&T in boys' dominance relations. In this longitudinal study, the two forms of R&T were statistically independent of each other. R&T/Chase did not vary from Year 1 to Year 2 and was not related to dominance, but R&T/Rough declined across time and was related to dominance disPlays and aggression disPlays. Results are discussed in terms of the role of R&T in adolescent boys' dominance relationships.
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the rough Play of adolescent boys of differing sociometric status
International Journal of Behavioral Development, 1994Co-Authors: Anthony D. PellegriniAbstract:Two forms of Rough-and-Tumble Play (RT it was related to dominance status for all boys. Additionally, rejected and average boys chose to engage in R&T/Rough with children who were less dominant than they. R&T/Chase was not reliably correlated with other measures. These findings are interpreted as supporting the claim that some children exploit Play bouts for their own dominance-exhibition ends.
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Boys' rough‐and‐tumble Play, social competence and group composition
British Journal of Development Psychology, 1993Co-Authors: Anthony D. PellegriniAbstract:The intent of this study was to examine relations between specific aspects of boys' Rough-and-Tumble Play (R&T) and social competence. The prime concern was to test the hypothesis that R&T made contributions to boys' social competence, beyond those made by other forms of reciprocal social interaction. Boys' social competence was measured by their peer nominated popularity and solutions to hypothetical social problems. Forty-two boys, with a mean age of 11:2 years, were observed on their school Playground for 20 weeks. They nominated peers whom they liked most and least, rank-ordered peers in terms of dominance, and solved hypothetical social problems. Teachers also completed a temperament questionnaire for each child. Results indicated that neither relative frequency of R&T nor the vigour dimension of R&T accounted for significant variance in boys' popularity beyond other forms of reciprocal social interaction. Further, relative frequency of R&T was negatively, but not significantly, related to popularity. The flexibility dimension of R&T did account for significant variance, above other forms of reciprocal social interaction, in social problem solving. The composition of R&T groups, in terms of size and dominance symmetry, did not differ significantly from other forms of reciprocal social interaction. Lastly, both aspects of temperament measured related to the vigour level of R&T. Results are discussed in terms of specific design features of R&T serving differential functions.
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Rough‐and‐tumble Play and social problem solving flexibility
Creativity Research Journal, 1992Co-Authors: Anthony D. PellegriniAbstract:Abstract There were three goals in this study: To determine the relation between boys’ temperament and rough‐and‐tumble (RT to determine the group composition of RT and to determine the extent to which the vigor and flexibility components of R&T are related to social affiliation and social problem solving flexibility. Thirteen sociometrically defined popular boys, with a mean age of 114 months, were observed on their school Playground during recess for 20 sessions. Additionally, they nominated peers they liked most and least, ordered peers in terms of dominance, and solved hypothetical social problems. Teachers completed temperament questionnaires. Results indicated that R&T groups were similar to other social groupings in terms of number and dominance symmetry. The flexibility dimension of R&T, but not vigor, was related to affiliation and social problem solving. Temperament was minimally associated with measures of behavior. Results are ...
