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Ramanan Laxminarayan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the impact of a national early childhood development program on future Schooling Attainment evidence from integrated child development services in india
Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2020Co-Authors: Arindam Nandi, Jere R. Behrman, Ramanan LaxminarayanAbstract:AbstractEvidence on the long-term benefits of early-life interventions remains inadequate in developing countries. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of India’s Integrated Child Development Serv...
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childhood vaccinations and adult Schooling Attainment long term evidence from india s universal immunization programme
Social Science & Medicine, 2020Co-Authors: Arindam Nandi, Santosh Kumar, Anita Shet, David E Bloom, Ramanan LaxminarayanAbstract:Routine childhood vaccines are among the most cost-effective life-saving interventions. In addition, vaccines have been linked with reduced stunting and improved health and other outcomes in later life. However, evidence on such long-term benefits remain inadequate. In this study, we examined the associations between the initiation and implementation of the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) in India and Schooling Attainment among adults. We obtained district-level data on the rollout of the UIP in 1985-1990 and matched those with data from the National Family Health Survey of India, 2015-2016. Adults who were born in the five years before and after the rollout period (1980-1995) and always lived in the same location were included in the analysis (n=109,908). We employed household, village or city ward, district, and state fixed-effects linear regression models, which incorporated a wide range of socioeconomic and demographic indicators and community-level infrastructure, amenities, and access to healthcare. We compared Schooling Attainment in years among individuals who were born during or after the UIP was implemented in their districts (intervention group) with those who were born before UIP implementation (control group). In household fixed-effects analysis, intervention group adults attained 0.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.33; p<0.05) more Schooling grades as compared with control group adults from the same household. In village or city ward, district, and state fixed-effects analysis, intervention group adults attained 0.23 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.32; p<0.001), 0.29 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.38; p<0.001), and 0.25 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.39; p<0.01) additional Schooling grades, respectively, compared to the control group. In subgroup analyses, positive associations between UIP implementation and Schooling grades were observed among women and among rural, urban, and richer households. Our results support the association of vaccines with improved school Attainment.
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childhood vaccinations and adult Schooling Attainment long term evidence from india s universal immunisation programme
Social Science Research Network, 2019Co-Authors: Arindam Nandi, Santosh Kumar, Anita Shet, David E Bloom, Ramanan LaxminarayanAbstract:Routine childhood vaccines are among the most cost-effective life-saving interventions. In addition, vaccines could reduce stunting and thereby improve health and other outcomes in later life. However, evidence on such long-term benefits remain inadequate. In this study, we examined the associations between India’s routine childhood vaccination program – known as the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) – and Schooling Attainment among adults. We obtained district-level data on the rollout of the UIP in 1985-1990 and matched those with data from the National Family Health Survey of India, 2015-2016. Adults who were born in the five years before and after the rollout period (1980-1995) and always lived in the same location were included in the analysis (n=109,908). We employed household, village or city ward, district, and state fixed-effects linear regression models, which incorporated a wide range of socioeconomic and demographic indicators and community-level infrastructure, amenities, and access to healthcare. We compared Schooling Attainment in years of individuals who were born when or after the UIP was implemented in their districts (intervention group) with those who were born before the UIP (control group). In household fixed-effects analysis, intervention group adults attained 0.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.33; p<0.05) more Schooling grades as compared with control group adults from the same household. In village or city ward, district, and state fixed-effects analysis, intervention group adults attained 0.23 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.32; p<0.001), 0.29 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.38; p<0.001), and 0.25 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.39; p<0.01) additional Schooling grades respectively than the control group. In subgroup analyses, positive associations between the UIP and Schooling grades were observed among women and among rural, urban, and richer households.
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the impact of a national early childhood development program on future Schooling Attainment evidence from icds in india
Social Science Research Network, 2016Co-Authors: Arindam Nandi, Jere R. Behrman, Ramanan LaxminarayanAbstract:A central argument for early childhood nutrition is that it improves health, educational, and economic outcomes in later life. Our understanding of the long-term relationship between nutrition and educational Attainment in low- and middle-income countries is based on a few small-scale trials that may lack validity in contexts such as India, because the underlying socioeconomic and demographic conditions are different. In this study, we evaluate the effect of India’s Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), a national program of supplementary nutrition and other health services for children and new mothers, on future educational Attainment. Using data from a large national household survey, we determine exposure to the program based on the year ICDS centers were established in villages or city wards. We employ household fixed-effect regression models to find that 15- to 54-year-old men and 15- to 49-year-old women who were fully exposed to an ICDS center during the first three years of life complete on average up to 0.65 additional grades of Schooling than those with no exposure. If we also consider partial exposure to ICDS, the effect of the treatment is 0.52 extra grades of Schooling . For ICDS centers that are known to provide supplementary nutrition, individuals in the above age groups with full exposure during the first three years of life complete 1.08 additional grades of Schooling (0.93 extra years if we also consider partial exposure). Effect size varies by population subgroups, with women and members of Hindu and female-headed households gaining 1.19, 1.17, and 1.16 extra grades of Schooling , respectively.
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the impact of childhood nutrition on Schooling Attainment of non migrant adults in india evidence from the icds program
Social Science Research Network, 2016Co-Authors: Arindam Nandi, Jere R. Behrman, Ramanan LaxminarayanAbstract:A central argument for early childhood nutrition is that it improves health, educational, and economic outcomes in later life. Our understanding of the long-term relationship between nutrition and educational Attainment in low- and middle-income countries is based on a few small-scale trials that may lack validity in contexts such as India, because the underlying socioeconomic and demographic conditions are different. In this study, we evaluate the effect of India’s Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), a national program of supplementary nutrition and other health services for children and new mothers, on future educational Attainment. Using data from a large national household survey, we determine exposure to the program based on the year ICDS centers were established in villages or city wards. We employ household fixed-effect regression models to find that 15- to 54-year-old men and 15- to 49-year-old women who were fully exposed to an ICDS center during the first three years of life complete on average up to 0.65 additional grades of Schooling than those with no exposure. If we also consider partial exposure to ICDS, the effect of the treatment is 0.52 extra grades of Schooling . For ICDS centers that are known to provide supplementary nutrition, individuals in the above age groups with full exposure during the first three years of life complete 1.08 additional grades of Schooling (0.93 extra years if we also consider partial exposure). Effect size varies by population subgroups, with women and members of Hindu and female-headed households gaining 1.19, 1.17, and 1.16 extra grades of Schooling , respectively.
Jere R. Behrman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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genetic risks adolescent health and Schooling Attainment
Health Economics, 2021Co-Authors: Vikesh Amin, Carlos A Flores, Jere R. Behrman, Jason M Fletcher, Alfonso Floreslagunes, Hans Peter KohlerAbstract:We provide new evidence on the effect of adolescent health behaviors/outcomes (obesity, depression, smoking, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]) on Schooling Attainment using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We take two different approaches to deal with omitted variable bias and reverse causality. Our first approach attends to the issue of reverse causality by estimating the effect of health polygenic scores (PGSs) on Schooling. Second, we estimate the effect of adolescent health using sibling fixed-effects models that control for unmeasured genetic and family factors shared by siblings. We use the PGSs as additional controls in the sibling fixed-effects models to reduce concerns about residual confounding from sibling-specific genetic differences. We find consistent evidence across both approaches that being genetically predisposed to smoking and smoking regularly in adolescence reduces Schooling Attainment. Estimates for depression are more imprecise, but also suggest that a high genetic risk of depression and adolescent depression reduce Schooling Attainment. We find mixed evidence for ADHD. Our estimates suggest that having a high genetic risk for ADHD reduces grades of Schooling, but we do not find any statistically significant negative effects of ADHD. Finally, we find no consistent evidence for a detrimental effect of obesity on Schooling Attainment.
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the impact of a national early childhood development program on future Schooling Attainment evidence from integrated child development services in india
Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2020Co-Authors: Arindam Nandi, Jere R. Behrman, Ramanan LaxminarayanAbstract:AbstractEvidence on the long-term benefits of early-life interventions remains inadequate in developing countries. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of India’s Integrated Child Development Serv...
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mental health Schooling Attainment and polygenic scores are there significant gene environment associations
Social Science Research Network, 2020Co-Authors: Vikesh Amin, Carlos A Flores, Jere R. Behrman, Jason M Fletcher, Alfonso Floreslagunes, Hans Peter KohlerAbstract:It is well-established that (1) there is a large genetic component to mental health, and (2) higher Schooling Attainment is associated with better mental health. Given these two observations, we test the hypothesis that Schooling may attenuate the genetic predisposition to poor mental health. Specifically, we estimate associations between a polygenic score (PGS) for depressive symptoms, Schooling Attainment and gene-environment (GxE) interactions with mental health (depressive symptoms and depression), in two distinct United States datasets at different adult ages- 29 years old in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and 54 years old in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS).OLS results indicate that the association of the PGS with mental health is similar in Add Health and the WLS, but the association of Schooling Attainment is much larger in Add Health than in the WLS. There is some suggestive evidence that the association of the PGS with mental health is lower for more-schooled older individuals in the WLS, but there is no evidence of any significant GxE associations in Add Health.Quantile regression estimates also show that in the WLS the GxE associations are statistically significant only in the upper parts of the conditional depressive symptoms score distribution. We assess the robustness of the OLS results to omitted variable bias by using the siblings samples in both datasets to estimate sibling fixed-effect regressions. The sibling fixed-effect results must be qualified, in part due to low statistical power. However, the sibling fixed-effect estimates show that college education is associated with fewer depressive symptoms in both datasets.
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intergenerational transmission of poverty and inequality parental resources and Schooling Attainment and children s human capital in ethiopia india peru and vietnam
Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2017Co-Authors: Jere R. Behrman, Whitney Schott, Subha Mani, Benjamin T Crookston, Kirk A Dearden, Lia C H Fernald, Aryeh D SteinAbstract:AbstractAcademic and policy literatures on intergenerational transmissions of poverty and inequality suggest that improving Schooling Attainment and income for parents in poor households will lessen poverty and inequality in their children’s generation through increased human capital accumulated by their children. However, magnitudes of such effects are unknown. We use data on children born in the twenty-first century in four developing countries to simulate how changes in parents’ Schooling Attainment and consumption would affect poverty and inequality in both the parents’ and their children’s generations. We find that increasing minimum Schooling or income substantially reduces poverty and inequality in the parents’ generation but does not carry over to reducing poverty and inequality substantially in the children’s generation. Therefore, while reductions in poverty and inequality in the parents’ generation are desirable in themselves to improve welfare among current adults, they are not likely to have ...
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the impact of a national early childhood development program on future Schooling Attainment evidence from icds in india
Social Science Research Network, 2016Co-Authors: Arindam Nandi, Jere R. Behrman, Ramanan LaxminarayanAbstract:A central argument for early childhood nutrition is that it improves health, educational, and economic outcomes in later life. Our understanding of the long-term relationship between nutrition and educational Attainment in low- and middle-income countries is based on a few small-scale trials that may lack validity in contexts such as India, because the underlying socioeconomic and demographic conditions are different. In this study, we evaluate the effect of India’s Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), a national program of supplementary nutrition and other health services for children and new mothers, on future educational Attainment. Using data from a large national household survey, we determine exposure to the program based on the year ICDS centers were established in villages or city wards. We employ household fixed-effect regression models to find that 15- to 54-year-old men and 15- to 49-year-old women who were fully exposed to an ICDS center during the first three years of life complete on average up to 0.65 additional grades of Schooling than those with no exposure. If we also consider partial exposure to ICDS, the effect of the treatment is 0.52 extra grades of Schooling . For ICDS centers that are known to provide supplementary nutrition, individuals in the above age groups with full exposure during the first three years of life complete 1.08 additional grades of Schooling (0.93 extra years if we also consider partial exposure). Effect size varies by population subgroups, with women and members of Hindu and female-headed households gaining 1.19, 1.17, and 1.16 extra grades of Schooling , respectively.
Gunther Fink - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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children s education and parental old age survival quasi experimental evidence on the intergenerational effects of human capital investment
Journal of Health Economics, 2018Co-Authors: Janwalter De Neve, Gunther FinkAbstract:Abstract While a large literature has investigated the role of parental human capital on children’s well-being, relatively little is known regarding the effects of human capital investment in children on long run outcomes of parents. In this study we explore the human capital variations created by the 1974 Tanzania education reform to estimate the effect of children’s primary Schooling Attainment on parental survival. Using 5,026,315 census records from 1988, 2002, and 2012, we show that the 1974 reform resulted in an additional 1.1 years (31%) of educational Attainment among exposed cohorts. Using the reform as instrument for child education we find that each additional year of primary Schooling in children resulted in a 3.7 percentage point reduction ( p .001) in the probability of maternal death, and a 0.8 percentage point reduction ( p = .011) in the probability of paternal death by the time exposed child cohorts reach age 50. The results suggest that—at least in a setting where social security coverage is largely absent—a substantial fraction of human capital gains generated by reforms are shared with the parental generation.
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early childhood development and Schooling Attainment longitudinal evidence from british finnish and philippine birth cohorts
PLOS ONE, 2015Co-Authors: Evan D Peet, Dana Charles Mccoy, Goodarz Danaei, Majid Ezzati, Wafaie W Fawzi, Marjoriitta Jarvelin, Demetris Pillas, Gunther FinkAbstract:Background While recent literature has highlighted the importance of early childhood development for later life outcomes, comparatively little is known regarding the relative importance of early physical and cognitive development in predicting educational Attainment cross-culturally. Methods We used prospective data from three birth cohorts: the Northern Finland Birth Cohort of 1986 (NFBC1986), the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS1970), and the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey of 1983 (CLHNS) to assess the association of height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and cognitive development measured prior to age 8 with Schooling Attainment. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate baseline and adjusted associations. Results Both physical and cognitive development were highly predictive of adult educational Attainment conditional on parental characteristics. The largest positive associations between physical development and Schooling were found in the CLHNS (β = 0.53, 95%-CI: [0.32, 0.74]) with substantially smaller associations in the BCS1970 (β = 0.10, 95% CI [0.04, 0.16]) and the NFBC1986 (β = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.05, 0.16]). Strong associations between cognitive development and educational Attainment were found for all three cohorts (NFBC1986: β = 0.22, 95%-CI: [0.12, 0.31], BCS1970: β = 0.58, 95%-CI: [0.52, 0.64], CLHNS: β = 1.08, 95%-CI: [0.88, 1.27]). Models jointly estimating educational associations of physical and cognitive development demonstrated weaker associations for physical development and minimal changes for cognitive development. Conclusion The results indicate that although physical and cognitive early development are both important predictors of educational Attainment, cognitive development appears to play a particularly important role. The large degree of heterogeneity in the observed effect sizes suggest that the importance of early life physical growth and cognitive development is highly dependent on socioeconomic and institutional contexts.
Erica Field - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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iron deficiency and Schooling Attainment in peru
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2016Co-Authors: Alberto Chong, Erica Field, Isabelle Cohen, Eduardo Nakasone, Maximo ToreroAbstract:Do nutritional deficiencies contribute to the intergenerational persistence of poverty by reducing the earnings potential of future generations? To address this question, we made available supplemental iron pills at a health center in rural Peru and encouraged adolescents to take them via media messages. School administrative data provide novel evidence that reducing iron deficiency results in a large and significant improvement in school performance and aspirations for anemic students. Our findings demonstrate that combining low-cost outreach efforts and local supplementation programs can be an affordable and effective method of reducing rates of adolescent iron deficiency anemia.
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iron deficiency and Schooling Attainment in peru
Research Papers in Economics, 2015Co-Authors: Alberto Chong, Erica Field, Isabelle Cohen, Eduardo Nakasone, Maximo ToreroAbstract:A key question in development economics is whether nutritional deficiencies generate intergenerational poverty traps by reducing the earnings potential of children born into poverty. To assess the causal influence on human capital of one of the most widespread micronutrient deficiencies, supplemental iron pills were made available at a local health center in rural Peru and adolescents were encouraged to take them up via classroom media messages. Results from school administrative records provide novel evidence that reducing iron deficiency results almost immediately in a large and significant improvement in school performance. For anemic students, an average of 10 100mg iron pills over three months improves average test scores by 0.4 standard deviations and increases the likelihood of grade progression by 11%. Supplementation also raises anemic students’ aspirations for the future. Both results indicate that cognitive deficits from iron-deficiency anemia contribute to a nutrition-based poverty trap. Our findings also demonstrate that, with low-cost outreach efforts in schools, supplementation programs offered through a public clinic can be both affordable and effective in reducing rates of adolescent IDA.
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are there nutrient based poverty traps evidence on iron deficiency and Schooling Attainment in peru
MPRA Paper, 2014Co-Authors: Alberto Chong, Erica Field, Isabelle Cohen, Eduardo Nakasone, Maximo ToreroAbstract:A key question in development economics is whether nutritional deficiencies generate intergenerational poverty traps by reducing the earnings potential of children born into poverty. To assess the causal influence on human capital of one of the most widespread micronutrient deficiencies, supplemental iron pills were made available at a local health center in rural Peru and adolescents were encouraged to take them up via classroom media messages. Results from school administrative records provide novel evidence that reducing iron deficiency results almost immediately in a large and significant improvement in school performance. For anemic students, an average of 10 100mg iron pills over three months improves average test scores by 0.4 standard deviations and increases the likelihood of grade progression by 11%. Supplementation also raises anemic students’ aspirations for the future. Both results indicate that cognitive deficits from iron-deficiency anemia contribute to a nutrition-based poverty trap. Our findings also demonstrate that, with low-cost outreach efforts in schools, supplementation programs offered through a public clinic can be both affordable and effective in reducing rates of adolescent IDA.
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iodine deficiency and Schooling Attainment in tanzania
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2009Co-Authors: Erica Field, Omar Robles, Maximo ToreroAbstract:Cognitive damage from iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) has impor tant implications for economic growth through its effect on human capital. To gauge the magnitude of this influence, we evaluate the impact on Schooling of reductions in IDD from intensive iodine sup plementation in Tanzania. Our findings suggest a large effect of in utero iodine on cognition and human capital: treated children attain an estimated 0.35-0.56 years of additional Schooling relative to sib lings and older and younger peers. Furthermore, the effect appears to be substantially larger for girls, consistent with laboratory evi dence indicating greater cognitive sensitivity of female fetuses to maternal thyroid deprivation. (JEL112,121, J16, 015)
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early marriage age of menarche and female Schooling Attainment in bangladesh
Journal of Political Economy, 2008Co-Authors: Erica Field, Attila AmbrusAbstract:Using data from rural Bangladesh, we explore the hypothesis that women attain less Schooling as a result of social and financial pressure to marry young. We isolate the causal effect of marriage timing using age of menarche as an instrumental variable. Our results indicate that each additional year that marriage is delayed is associated with 0.22 additional year of Schooling and 5.6 percent higher literacy. Delayed marriage is also associated with an increase in use of preventive health services. In the context of competitive marriage markets, we use the above results to obtain estimates of the change in equilibrium female education that would arise from introducing age of consent laws.
Arindam Nandi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the impact of a national early childhood development program on future Schooling Attainment evidence from integrated child development services in india
Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2020Co-Authors: Arindam Nandi, Jere R. Behrman, Ramanan LaxminarayanAbstract:AbstractEvidence on the long-term benefits of early-life interventions remains inadequate in developing countries. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of India’s Integrated Child Development Serv...
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childhood vaccinations and adult Schooling Attainment long term evidence from india s universal immunization programme
Social Science & Medicine, 2020Co-Authors: Arindam Nandi, Santosh Kumar, Anita Shet, David E Bloom, Ramanan LaxminarayanAbstract:Routine childhood vaccines are among the most cost-effective life-saving interventions. In addition, vaccines have been linked with reduced stunting and improved health and other outcomes in later life. However, evidence on such long-term benefits remain inadequate. In this study, we examined the associations between the initiation and implementation of the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) in India and Schooling Attainment among adults. We obtained district-level data on the rollout of the UIP in 1985-1990 and matched those with data from the National Family Health Survey of India, 2015-2016. Adults who were born in the five years before and after the rollout period (1980-1995) and always lived in the same location were included in the analysis (n=109,908). We employed household, village or city ward, district, and state fixed-effects linear regression models, which incorporated a wide range of socioeconomic and demographic indicators and community-level infrastructure, amenities, and access to healthcare. We compared Schooling Attainment in years among individuals who were born during or after the UIP was implemented in their districts (intervention group) with those who were born before UIP implementation (control group). In household fixed-effects analysis, intervention group adults attained 0.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.33; p<0.05) more Schooling grades as compared with control group adults from the same household. In village or city ward, district, and state fixed-effects analysis, intervention group adults attained 0.23 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.32; p<0.001), 0.29 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.38; p<0.001), and 0.25 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.39; p<0.01) additional Schooling grades, respectively, compared to the control group. In subgroup analyses, positive associations between UIP implementation and Schooling grades were observed among women and among rural, urban, and richer households. Our results support the association of vaccines with improved school Attainment.
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childhood vaccinations and adult Schooling Attainment long term evidence from india s universal immunisation programme
Social Science Research Network, 2019Co-Authors: Arindam Nandi, Santosh Kumar, Anita Shet, David E Bloom, Ramanan LaxminarayanAbstract:Routine childhood vaccines are among the most cost-effective life-saving interventions. In addition, vaccines could reduce stunting and thereby improve health and other outcomes in later life. However, evidence on such long-term benefits remain inadequate. In this study, we examined the associations between India’s routine childhood vaccination program – known as the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) – and Schooling Attainment among adults. We obtained district-level data on the rollout of the UIP in 1985-1990 and matched those with data from the National Family Health Survey of India, 2015-2016. Adults who were born in the five years before and after the rollout period (1980-1995) and always lived in the same location were included in the analysis (n=109,908). We employed household, village or city ward, district, and state fixed-effects linear regression models, which incorporated a wide range of socioeconomic and demographic indicators and community-level infrastructure, amenities, and access to healthcare. We compared Schooling Attainment in years of individuals who were born when or after the UIP was implemented in their districts (intervention group) with those who were born before the UIP (control group). In household fixed-effects analysis, intervention group adults attained 0.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.33; p<0.05) more Schooling grades as compared with control group adults from the same household. In village or city ward, district, and state fixed-effects analysis, intervention group adults attained 0.23 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.32; p<0.001), 0.29 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.38; p<0.001), and 0.25 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.39; p<0.01) additional Schooling grades respectively than the control group. In subgroup analyses, positive associations between the UIP and Schooling grades were observed among women and among rural, urban, and richer households.
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the impact of a national early childhood development program on future Schooling Attainment evidence from icds in india
Social Science Research Network, 2016Co-Authors: Arindam Nandi, Jere R. Behrman, Ramanan LaxminarayanAbstract:A central argument for early childhood nutrition is that it improves health, educational, and economic outcomes in later life. Our understanding of the long-term relationship between nutrition and educational Attainment in low- and middle-income countries is based on a few small-scale trials that may lack validity in contexts such as India, because the underlying socioeconomic and demographic conditions are different. In this study, we evaluate the effect of India’s Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), a national program of supplementary nutrition and other health services for children and new mothers, on future educational Attainment. Using data from a large national household survey, we determine exposure to the program based on the year ICDS centers were established in villages or city wards. We employ household fixed-effect regression models to find that 15- to 54-year-old men and 15- to 49-year-old women who were fully exposed to an ICDS center during the first three years of life complete on average up to 0.65 additional grades of Schooling than those with no exposure. If we also consider partial exposure to ICDS, the effect of the treatment is 0.52 extra grades of Schooling . For ICDS centers that are known to provide supplementary nutrition, individuals in the above age groups with full exposure during the first three years of life complete 1.08 additional grades of Schooling (0.93 extra years if we also consider partial exposure). Effect size varies by population subgroups, with women and members of Hindu and female-headed households gaining 1.19, 1.17, and 1.16 extra grades of Schooling , respectively.
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the impact of childhood nutrition on Schooling Attainment of non migrant adults in india evidence from the icds program
Social Science Research Network, 2016Co-Authors: Arindam Nandi, Jere R. Behrman, Ramanan LaxminarayanAbstract:A central argument for early childhood nutrition is that it improves health, educational, and economic outcomes in later life. Our understanding of the long-term relationship between nutrition and educational Attainment in low- and middle-income countries is based on a few small-scale trials that may lack validity in contexts such as India, because the underlying socioeconomic and demographic conditions are different. In this study, we evaluate the effect of India’s Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), a national program of supplementary nutrition and other health services for children and new mothers, on future educational Attainment. Using data from a large national household survey, we determine exposure to the program based on the year ICDS centers were established in villages or city wards. We employ household fixed-effect regression models to find that 15- to 54-year-old men and 15- to 49-year-old women who were fully exposed to an ICDS center during the first three years of life complete on average up to 0.65 additional grades of Schooling than those with no exposure. If we also consider partial exposure to ICDS, the effect of the treatment is 0.52 extra grades of Schooling . For ICDS centers that are known to provide supplementary nutrition, individuals in the above age groups with full exposure during the first three years of life complete 1.08 additional grades of Schooling (0.93 extra years if we also consider partial exposure). Effect size varies by population subgroups, with women and members of Hindu and female-headed households gaining 1.19, 1.17, and 1.16 extra grades of Schooling , respectively.