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James A. Doyle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Experimental signal dissection and method sensitivity analyses reaffirm the potential of fossils and morphology in the resolution of the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales
Paleobiology, 2018Co-Authors: Mario Coiro, Guillaume Chomicki, James A. DoyleAbstract:The placement of angiosperms and Gnetales in Seed Plant phylogeny remains one of the most enigmatic problems in Plant evolution, with morphological analyses (which have usually included fossils) and molecular analyses pointing to very distinct topologies. Almost all morphology-based phylogenies group angiosperms with Gnetales and certain extinct Seed Plant lineages, while most molecular phylogenies link Gnetales with conifers. In this study, we investigate the phylogenetic signal present in published Seed Plant morphological data sets. We use parsimony, Bayesian inference, and maximum-likelihood approaches, combined with a number of experiments with the data, to address the morphological–molecular conflict. First, we ask whether the lack of association of Gnetales with conifers in morphological analyses is due to an absence of signal or to the presence of competing signals, and second, we compare the performance of parsimony and model-based approaches with morphological data sets. Our results imply that the grouping of Gnetales and angiosperms is largely the result of long-branch attraction (LBA), consistent across a range of methodological approaches. Thus, there is a signal for the grouping of Gnetales with conifers in morphological matrices, but it was swamped by convergence between angiosperms and Gnetales, both situated on long branches. However, this effect becomes weaker in more recent analyses, as a result of addition and critical reassessment of characters. Even when a clade including angiosperms and Gnetales is still weakly supported by parsimony, model-based approaches favor a clade of Gnetales and conifers, presumably because they are more resistant to LBA. Inclusion of fossil taxa weakens rather than strengthens support for a relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales. Our analyses finally reconcile morphology with molecules in favoring a relationship of Gnetales to conifers, and show that morphology may therefore be useful in reconstructing other aspects of the phylogenetic history of the Seed Plants.
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Experimental signal dissection and method sensitivity analyses reaffirm the potential of fossils and morphology in the resolution of Seed Plant phylogeny
bioRxiv, 2017Co-Authors: Mario Coiro, Guillaume Chomicki, James A. DoyleAbstract:The phylogeny of Seed Plants remains one of the most enigmatic problems in evolutionary Plant biology, with morphological phylogenies (which include fossils) and molecular phylogenies pointing to very distinct topologies. Almost all morphology-based phylogenies support the so-called anthophyte hypothesis, grouping the angiosperms with Gnetales and several extinct Seed Plant lineages, while most molecular phylogenies link Gnetales with conifers. In this study, we investigate the phylogenetic signal present in Seed Plant morphological datasets. We use maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference, combined with a number of experiments with all available Seed Plant morphological matrices to address the morphological-molecular conflict. First, we ask whether the lack of association of Gnetales with conifers in morphological analyses is due to an absence of signal or to the presence of competing signals, and second, we compare the performance of parsimony and Bayesian approaches with morphological datasets. Our results imply that the grouping of Gnetales and angiosperms is largely the result of long branch attraction, consistent across a range of methodological approaches. Thus, the signal for the grouping of Gnetales with conifers in morphological matrices was swamped by convergence between angiosperms and Gnetales, both situated on long branches, in previous analyses. However, this effect becomes weaker in more recent analyses, as a result of addition and critical reassessment of characters. Bayesian inference proves to be more resistant to long branch attraction, and the use of parsimony is largely responsible for persistence of the anthophyte topology. Our analyses finally reconcile morphology with molecules in the context of the Seed Plant phylogeny, and show that morphology may therefore be useful in reconstructing other aspects of the phylogenetic history of the Seed Plants.
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Seed Plant phylogeny: Demise of the anthophyte hypothesis?
Current Biology, 2000Co-Authors: Michael J. Donoghue, James A. DoyleAbstract:Recent molecular phylogenetic studies indicate, surprisingly, that Gnetales are related to conifers, or even derived from them, and that no other extant Seed Plants are closely related to angiosperms. Are these results believable? Is this a clash between molecules and morphology?
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Molecules, morphology, fossils, and the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 1998Co-Authors: James A. DoyleAbstract:Morphological analyses of Seed Plant phylogeny agree that Gnetales are the closest living relatives of angiosperms, but some studies indicate that both groups are monophyletic, while others indicate that angiosperms are nested within Gnetales. Molecular analyses of several genes agree that both groups are monophyletic, but differ on whether they are related. Conflicts among morphological trees depend on the interpretation of certain characters; when these are analyzed critically, both groups are found to be monophyletic. Conflicts among molecular trees may reflect the rapid Paleozoic radiation of Seed Plant lines, aggravated by the long branches leading to extant taxa. Trees in which angiosperms are not related to Gnetales conflict more with the stratigraphic record. Even if molecular data resolve the relationships among living Seed Plant groups, understanding of the origin of angiosperm organs will require integration of fossil taxa, necessarily using morphology.
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Seed Plant Phylogeny and the Relationships of Gnetales
International Journal of Plant Sciences, 1996Co-Authors: James A. DoyleAbstract:Most phylogenetic analyses of morphological data agree that Gnetales are a monophyletic group related to angiosperms and Bennettitales. However, they disagree on whether these groups (anthophytes) are related to coniferopsids or to Mesozoic Seed ferns, and thus on whether the flowers of Gnetales are primitively simple or reduced. Molecular analyses indicate that both Gnetales and angiosperms are monophyletic but disagree on their relationship. The conclusion of Nixon et al. (1994) that Gnetales are paraphyletic, with angiosperms nested within them, is weakly supported; when several questionable embryological characters are redefined in a neutral manner, Gnetales are inferred to be monophyletic Jurassic reproductive structures associated with linear leaves and ephedroid pollen (Piroconites) consist of a bract and a scalelike sporophyll covered with Welwitschia-like microsynangia or ovules, recalling the bractsporophyll complex of glossopterids. An analysis of Seed Plants incorporating these fossils and oth...
Susanne S. Renner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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SS: Dating dispersal and radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)-clock calibration when outgroup relationships are uncertain. Systematic Biology 2006
2014Co-Authors: Hyosig Won, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:Abstract.—Most implementations of molecular clocks require resolved topologies. However, one of the Bayesian relaxed clock approaches accepts input topologies that include polytomies. We explored the effects of resolved and polytomous input topologies in a rate-heterogeneous sequence data set for Gnetum, a member of the Seed Plant lineage Gnetales. Gnetum has 10 species in South America, 1 in tropical West Africa, and 20 to 25 in tropical Asia, and explanations for the ages of these disjunctions involve long-distance dispersal and/or the breakup of Gondwana. To resolve relationships within Gnetum, we sequenced most of its species for six loci from the chloroplast (rbcL, matK, and the trnT-trnF region), the nucleus (rITS/5.8S and the LEAFY gene second intron), and the mitochondrion (nad1 gene second intron). Because Gnetum has no fossil record, we relied on fossils from other Gnetales and from the Seed Plant lineages conifers, Ginkgo, cycads, and angiosperms to constrain a molecular clock and obtain absolute times for within-Gnetum divergence events. Relationships among Gnetales and the other Seed Plant lineages are still unresolved, and we therefore used differently resolved topologies, including one that contained a basal polytomy among gymnosperms. For a small set of Gnetales exemplars (n = 13) in which rbcL and matK satisfied the clock assumption, we also obtained time estimates from a strict clock, calibrated with one outgroup fossil. The changing hierarchical relationships among Seed Plants (and accordingly changing placements of distant fossils) resulte
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Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)--clock Calibration When Outgroup Relationships Are Uncertain
Systematic Biology, 2006Co-Authors: Hyosig Won, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:Most implementations of molecular clocks require resolved topologies. However, one of the Bayesian relaxed clock approaches accepts input topologies that include polytomies. We explored the effects of resolved and polytomous input topologies in a rate-heterogeneous sequence data set for Gnetum, a member of the Seed Plant lineage Gnetales. Gnetum has 10 species in South America, 1 in tropical West Africa, and 20 to 25 in tropical Asia, and explanations for the ages of these disjunctions involve long-distance dispersal and/or the breakup of Gondwana. To resolve relationships within Gnetum, we sequenced most of its species for six loci from the chloroplast (rbcL, matK, and the trnT-trnF region), the nucleus (rITS/5.8S and the LEAFY gene second intron), and the mitochondrion (nad1 gene second intron). Because Gnetum has no fossil record, we relied on fossils from other Gnetales and from the Seed Plant lineages conifers, Ginkgo, cycads, and angiosperms to constrain a molecular clock and obtain absolute times for within-Gnetum divergence events. Relationships among Gnetales and the other Seed Plant lineages are still unresolved, and we therefore used differently resolved topologies, including one that contained a basal polytomy among gymnosperms. For a small set of Gnetales exemplars (n = 13) in which rbcL and matK satisfied the clock assumption, we also obtained time estimates from a strict clock, calibrated with one outgroup fossil. The changing hierarchical relationships among Seed Plants (and accordingly changing placements of distant fossils) resulted in small changes of within-Gnetum estimates because topologically closest constraints overrode more distant constraints. Regardless of the Seed Plant topology assumed, relaxed clock estimates suggest that the extant clades of Gnetum began diverging from each other during the Upper Oligocene. Strict clock estimates imply a mid-Miocene divergence. These estimates, together with the phylogeny for Gnetum from the six combined data sets, imply that the single African species of Gnetum is not a remnant of a once Gondwanan distribution. Miocene and Pliocene range expansions are inferred for the Asian subclades of Gnetum, which stem from an ancestor that arrived from Africa. These findings fit with Seed dispersal by water in several species of Gnetum, morphological similarities among apparently young species, and incomplete concerted evolution in the nuclear ITS region.
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The Chloroplast trnT–trnF Region in the Seed Plant Lineage Gnetales
Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2005Co-Authors: Susanne S. RennerAbstract:The trnT – trnF region is located in the large single-copy region of the chloroplast genome. It consists of the trnL intron, a group I intron, and the trnT – trnL and trnL – trnF intergenic spacers. We analyzed the evolution of the region in the three genera of the gymnosperm lineage Gnetales ( Gnetum , Welwitschia , and Ephedra ), with especially dense sampling in Gnetum for which we sequenced 41 accessions, representing most of the 25–35 species. The trnL intron has a conserved secondary structure and contains elements that are homologous across land Plants, while the spacers are so variable in length and composition that homology cannot be found even among the three genera. Palindromic sequences that form hairpin structures were detected in the trnL – trnF spacer, but neither spacer contained promoter elements for the tRNA genes. The absence of promoters, presence of hairpin structures in the trnL – trnF spacer, and high sequence variation in both spacers together suggest that trnT and trnF are independently transcribed. Our model for the expression and processing of the genes tRNA^Thr(UGU), tRNA^Leu(UAA), and tRNA^Phe (GAA) therefore attributes the seemingly neutral evolution of the two spacers to their escape from functional constraints.
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The chloroplast trnT-trnF region in the Seed Plant lineage Gnetales.
Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2005Co-Authors: Hyosig Won, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:The trnT–trnF region is located in the large single-copy region of the chloroplast genome. It consists of the trnL intron, a group I intron, and the trnT–trnL and trnL–trnF intergenic spacers. We analyzed the evolution of the region in the three genera of the gymnosperm lineage Gnetales (Gnetum, Welwitschia, and Ephedra), with especially dense sampling in Gnetum for which we sequenced 41 accessions, representing most of the 25–35 species. The trnL intron has a conserved secondary structure and contains elements that are homologous across land Plants, while the spacers are so variable in length and composition that homology cannot be found even among the three genera. Palindromic sequences that form hairpin structures were detected in the trnL–trnF spacer, but neither spacer contained promoter elements for the tRNA genes. The absence of promoters, presence of hairpin structures in the trnL–trnF spacer, and high sequence variation in both spacers together suggest that trnT and trnF are independently transcribed. Our model for the expression and processing of the genes tRNAThr(UGU), tRNALeu(UAA), and tRNAPhe (GAA) therefore attributes the seemingly neutral evolution of the two spacers to their escape from functional constraints.
Hyosig Won - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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SS: Dating dispersal and radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)-clock calibration when outgroup relationships are uncertain. Systematic Biology 2006
2014Co-Authors: Hyosig Won, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:Abstract.—Most implementations of molecular clocks require resolved topologies. However, one of the Bayesian relaxed clock approaches accepts input topologies that include polytomies. We explored the effects of resolved and polytomous input topologies in a rate-heterogeneous sequence data set for Gnetum, a member of the Seed Plant lineage Gnetales. Gnetum has 10 species in South America, 1 in tropical West Africa, and 20 to 25 in tropical Asia, and explanations for the ages of these disjunctions involve long-distance dispersal and/or the breakup of Gondwana. To resolve relationships within Gnetum, we sequenced most of its species for six loci from the chloroplast (rbcL, matK, and the trnT-trnF region), the nucleus (rITS/5.8S and the LEAFY gene second intron), and the mitochondrion (nad1 gene second intron). Because Gnetum has no fossil record, we relied on fossils from other Gnetales and from the Seed Plant lineages conifers, Ginkgo, cycads, and angiosperms to constrain a molecular clock and obtain absolute times for within-Gnetum divergence events. Relationships among Gnetales and the other Seed Plant lineages are still unresolved, and we therefore used differently resolved topologies, including one that contained a basal polytomy among gymnosperms. For a small set of Gnetales exemplars (n = 13) in which rbcL and matK satisfied the clock assumption, we also obtained time estimates from a strict clock, calibrated with one outgroup fossil. The changing hierarchical relationships among Seed Plants (and accordingly changing placements of distant fossils) resulte
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Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)--clock Calibration When Outgroup Relationships Are Uncertain
Systematic Biology, 2006Co-Authors: Hyosig Won, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:Most implementations of molecular clocks require resolved topologies. However, one of the Bayesian relaxed clock approaches accepts input topologies that include polytomies. We explored the effects of resolved and polytomous input topologies in a rate-heterogeneous sequence data set for Gnetum, a member of the Seed Plant lineage Gnetales. Gnetum has 10 species in South America, 1 in tropical West Africa, and 20 to 25 in tropical Asia, and explanations for the ages of these disjunctions involve long-distance dispersal and/or the breakup of Gondwana. To resolve relationships within Gnetum, we sequenced most of its species for six loci from the chloroplast (rbcL, matK, and the trnT-trnF region), the nucleus (rITS/5.8S and the LEAFY gene second intron), and the mitochondrion (nad1 gene second intron). Because Gnetum has no fossil record, we relied on fossils from other Gnetales and from the Seed Plant lineages conifers, Ginkgo, cycads, and angiosperms to constrain a molecular clock and obtain absolute times for within-Gnetum divergence events. Relationships among Gnetales and the other Seed Plant lineages are still unresolved, and we therefore used differently resolved topologies, including one that contained a basal polytomy among gymnosperms. For a small set of Gnetales exemplars (n = 13) in which rbcL and matK satisfied the clock assumption, we also obtained time estimates from a strict clock, calibrated with one outgroup fossil. The changing hierarchical relationships among Seed Plants (and accordingly changing placements of distant fossils) resulted in small changes of within-Gnetum estimates because topologically closest constraints overrode more distant constraints. Regardless of the Seed Plant topology assumed, relaxed clock estimates suggest that the extant clades of Gnetum began diverging from each other during the Upper Oligocene. Strict clock estimates imply a mid-Miocene divergence. These estimates, together with the phylogeny for Gnetum from the six combined data sets, imply that the single African species of Gnetum is not a remnant of a once Gondwanan distribution. Miocene and Pliocene range expansions are inferred for the Asian subclades of Gnetum, which stem from an ancestor that arrived from Africa. These findings fit with Seed dispersal by water in several species of Gnetum, morphological similarities among apparently young species, and incomplete concerted evolution in the nuclear ITS region.
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The chloroplast trnT-trnF region in the Seed Plant lineage Gnetales.
Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2005Co-Authors: Hyosig Won, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:The trnT–trnF region is located in the large single-copy region of the chloroplast genome. It consists of the trnL intron, a group I intron, and the trnT–trnL and trnL–trnF intergenic spacers. We analyzed the evolution of the region in the three genera of the gymnosperm lineage Gnetales (Gnetum, Welwitschia, and Ephedra), with especially dense sampling in Gnetum for which we sequenced 41 accessions, representing most of the 25–35 species. The trnL intron has a conserved secondary structure and contains elements that are homologous across land Plants, while the spacers are so variable in length and composition that homology cannot be found even among the three genera. Palindromic sequences that form hairpin structures were detected in the trnL–trnF spacer, but neither spacer contained promoter elements for the tRNA genes. The absence of promoters, presence of hairpin structures in the trnL–trnF spacer, and high sequence variation in both spacers together suggest that trnT and trnF are independently transcribed. Our model for the expression and processing of the genes tRNAThr(UGU), tRNALeu(UAA), and tRNAPhe (GAA) therefore attributes the seemingly neutral evolution of the two spacers to their escape from functional constraints.
Ji-hong Jiang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Complete genome sequence of Kibdelosporangium phytohabitans KLBMP 1111T, a Plant growth promoting endophytic actinomycete isolated from oil-Seed Plant Jatropha curcas L.
Journal of Biotechnology, 2015Co-Authors: Wei-wei Feng, Ke Xing, Bo Yuan, Ji-hong JiangAbstract:Abstract Kibdelosporangium phytohabitans KLBMP 1111 T is a Plant growth promoting endophytic actinomycete isolated from the oil-Seed Plant Jatropha curcas L. collected from dry-hot valley, in Sichuan, China. The complete genome sequence of this actinomycete consists of one chromosome (11,759,770 bp) with no plasmid. From the genome, we identified gene clusters responsible for polyketide and nonribosomal peptide synthesis of natural products, and genes related to the Plant growth promoting, such as zeatin, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) and siderophore. The complete genome information may be useful to understand the beneficial interactions between K. phytohabitans KLBMP 1111 T and host Plants.
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Amycolatopsis endophytica sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinomycete isolated from oil-Seed Plant Jatropha curcas L.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2011Co-Authors: Qian Miao, Guang-kai Bian, Shu-kun Tang, Ke Xing, Bo Yuan, Sheng Qin, Yue-ji Zhang, Ji-hong JiangAbstract:A novel actinomycete, designated KLBMP 1221 T , was isolated from the surface-steril- ized Seeds of an oil-Seed Plant Jatropha curcas L. collected from Sichuan Province, south-west China and was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that this strain formed a distinct phyletic line within the radiation of the genus Amycolatopsis. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain KLBMP 1221 T was most closely related to Amycolatopsis eurytherma NT202 T (98.9%), Amycolatopsis tucu- manensis ABO T (98.8%), Amycolatopsis thermoflava N1165 T (98.6%) and Amycolatopsis methanolica IMSNU 20055 T (98.5%). Strain KLBMP 1221 T had morphological and chemotaxonomic properties that were consistent with its classification in the genus Amycolatopsis. However, DNA-DNA relatedness data and phenotypic differences clearly distinguished the isolate from its closest relatives. Based on the combined genotypic and phenotypic evidence, it is proposed that strain KLBMP 1221 T be classified as representative of a novel species for which the name Amycolatopsis endophytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP 1221 T (= KCTC 19776 T = CCTCC AA 2010003 T ).
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Nocardia endophytica sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from the oil-Seed Plant Jatropha curcas L.
International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology, 2010Co-Authors: Ke Xing, Guang-kai Bian, Shu-kun Tang, Qian Miao, Yun Wang, Ji-hong JiangAbstract:A novel actinomycete, designated strain KLBMP 1256(T), was isolated from a surface-sterilized stem of the oil-Seed Plant Jatropha curcas L. collected from Sichuan Province, south-west China, and was characterized to determine its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate was closely related to members of the genus Nocardia in the family Nocardiaceae, being most closely related to Nocardia callitridis CAP 290(T) (98.4 % similarity) and Nocardia nova JCM 6044(T) (97.5 %). Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain KLBMP 1256(T) and the type strains of other recognized species of the genus Nocardia were less than 97 %. Chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of the new isolate to the genus Nocardia. However, the novel strain could be distinguished from its closest phylogenetic neighbour, N. callitridis CAP 290(T), by a range of phenotypic properties. The combination of low DNA-DNA relatedness values and phenotypic differences from N. callitridis CAP 290(T) indicated that strain KLBMP 1256(T) represents a novel species of the genus Nocardia, for which the name Nocardia endophytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP 1256(T) ( = KCTC 19777(T) = CCTCC AA 2010004(T)).
Brian J. Enquist - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ecological and evolutionary determinants of a key Plant functional trait wood density and its community wide variation across latitude and elevation
American Journal of Botany, 2007Co-Authors: Nathan G Swenson, Brian J. EnquistAbstract:Wood density is an important trait in trees indicative of their life history and mechanical and physiological strategies. The following examines the evolutionary ecology of wood density using a large database for Seed Plants. In particular, we focused on the geographic and phylogenetic variation in wood density for both gymnosperms and angiosperms. A phylogenetic supertree was constructed for over 4600 taxa, allowing for comprehensive analyses of divergences across the Seed Plant phylogeny. Community-wide means and variances for wood densities were quantified for 171 standardized forest communities. Wood density was generally highly conserved across the entire Seed Plant phylogeny, yet large divergences were found within the rosid clade. Geographic and community variation in wood density, however, was significantly lower in temperate and high elevation communities, dominated by gymnosperms, than in tropical lowland communities, dominated by angiosperms, suggesting an increase in trait and, to some extent, clade filtering with latitude and elevation. Together, our results support the notion that both biotic and abiotic forces have been important in the evolution of wood density as well as in controlling the observed trait mean and variance across geographic gradients.
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An allometric model for Seed Plant reproduction
Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2003Co-Authors: Karl J. Niklas, Brian J. EnquistAbstract:An allometric framework is used to construct a model for Seed Plant annual reproductive biomass based on standing leaf, stem and root biomass. According to this model, the scaling of reproduction is governed by numerous taxon-specific scaling exponents and constants that reflect the allometry of vegetative biomass partitioning. Although this allometry cannot be predicted a priori, the model accurately predicts all observed inter- and intraspecific reproductive biomass trends based on the exponents and constants determined for a worldwide database representative of herbaceous and tree-sized dicot, monocot and conifer species growing in diverse habitats. The model also identifies the body proportions for which reproduction is energetically untenable. The limits for Seed Plant reproductive biomass are thus established, providing a conceptual and quantitative basis for understanding the scaling of reproductive capacity across and within ecologically and evolutionarily diverse spermatophytes.
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on the vegetative biomass partitioning of Seed Plant leaves stems and roots
The American Naturalist, 2002Co-Authors: Karl J. Niklas, Brian J. EnquistAbstract:Abstract: A central goal of comparative life‐history theory is to derive the general rules governing growth, metabolic allocation, and biomass partitioning. Here, we use allometric theory to predict the relationships among annual leaf, stem, and root growth rates (GL, GS, and GR, respectively) across a broad spectrum of Seed Plant species. Our model predicts isometric scaling relationships among all three organ growth rates: \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $G_{\mathrm{L}\,}\propto G_{\mathrm{S}\,}\propto G_{\mathr...
