The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Kunio Yoshikawa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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hydrothermal treatment of postconsumer aseptic packaging material Solid Fuel production and aluminum recovery
Energy Procedia, 2017Co-Authors: Baskoro Lokahita, Kunio Yoshikawa, Fumitake TakahashiAbstract:Abstract In this study, Tetra Brik from Tetra Pak Company was used to produce Solid Fuel. Tetra Brik consists of paper, LDPE, and Aluminum arranged in 6 different layers. Aluminum should be recovered to obtain high-quality Solid Fuel. Hydrothermal treatment was used to separate aluminum from the Solid Fuel. Temperature and time were controlled and observed to get the best result. The temperature was varied between 200 °C and 240 °C, while time was ranged from 0 and 60 minutes. The result showed that composite of aluminum and LDPE was formed in the process, and full separation occurred in the experiment other than 200 °C in 0 minutes. Ultimate and Proximate analysis were done to understand Solid Fuel characteristic. As the temperature and time got higher, the calorific value also increase.
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evaluation of hydrothermal treatment of empty fruit bunch for Solid Fuel and liquid organic fertilizer co production
Energy Procedia, 2015Co-Authors: Anissa Nurdiawati, Fumitake Takahashi, Srikandi Novianti, Ilman Nuran Zaini, Bakhtiyor Nakhshinieva, Hiroaki Sumida, Kunio YoshikawaAbstract:Abstract The hydrothermal treatment (HT) has demonstrated the ability to improve Fuel characteristics of biomass. On the other hand, the liquid by-product, which potentially contains solubilized nutrient, is being poorly utilized. This paper presents an investigation on HT of empty fruit bunch (EFB) on both Solid and liquid product characteristics. In this work, the effects of HT on EFB were investigated at the HT temperatures of 100, 150, 180 and 220 °C with the holding time of 30 minutes. The results showed that HT can increase the carbon content, remove up to 55% of ash content from EFB, lowering the potassium and chlorine contents down to 0.84% and 0.18%, respectively. Moreover, maximum of 37% of nitrogen, 65% of potassium and less than 10% of phosphorus in EFB were dissolved into the liquid product which positively correlated with the HT temperature. These results demonstrate the possibility of employing HT for producing Solid Fuel as well as nutrient recovery from EFB.
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alternative Solid Fuel production from paper sludge employing hydrothermal treatment
Energy & Fuels, 2014Co-Authors: Chinnathan Areeprasert, Peitao Zhao, Yafei Shen, Kunio YoshikawaAbstract:This paper aims to investigate the alternative Solid Fuel production from paper sludge employing hydrothermal treatment (HTT) in a lab-scale facility for implementation of the pilot-scale plant. The paper sludge was subjected to the HTT under subcritical hydrothermal conditions. In the lab-scale experiment, the temperature conditions were 180 °C, 200 °C, 220 °C, and 240 °C, respectively, while it was 197 °C in the pilot plant as the optimum condition. The holding time was 30 min in both cases. The hydrothermally produced Solid Fuel was evaluated for the Fuel property, the water removal performance, and the mass distribution. Furthermore, the energy balance of the process was studied. The higher heating value of the HT pretreated paper sludge was slightly improved. In addition, the produced Solid Fuel had comparable H/C and O/C atomic ratios with that of coal, indicating the presence of carbonization during the HTT process. Using the mechanical dewatering, only 4.1% of moisture in the raw paper sludge can ...
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an orthogonal experimental study on Solid Fuel production from sewage sludge by employing steam explosion
Applied Energy, 2013Co-Authors: Peitao Zhao, Kunio YoshikawaAbstract:Abstract The treatment and disposal of sewage sludge have been one of the most significant environmental problems in China. Production of Solid Fuel from sewage sludge could be an effective way to work out this problem as it can realize the harmlessness treatment and recycling of these wastes simultaneously. This study proposed a novelty process, including the steam explosion (SE) pretreatment, mechanical dewatering, natural drying and pelleting, to produce Solid Fuel from sewage sludge. Dewatered sewage sludge with moisture content about 80% and the leaves of Chinese parasol were used as raw materials. A L16(45) orthogonal table was employed to arrange the experiments to investigate the feasibility of the proposed process and optimize the operating parameters such as the ratio of sludge to leaves α and size of leaves S, pressure P and holding time H of the SE process. The range analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were carried out to detect the optimal level within the observed range and the predominance of each factor. The thermogravimetric (TG) method was also adopted to characterize the combustion behaviors of these sludge derived Fuel (SDF). The results show that no important factor has been omitted from the orthogonal design and the experimental results are consequently reliable. Considering only the SE operating parameters, the holding time H with a percentage contribution φH of 31.75% is the main influencing factor on the dewaterability of the SE treated products. With a holding time of 55 s, the moisture of all the Solid product is lower than 46.5% after mechanical dewatering with a press pressure of 1.0 MPa for 1.5 h. Moreover, the dewaterability of the SE products becomes better with the increase of the SE pressure. The optimal parameters to produce Solid Fuel from sewage sludge and leaves were α = 2:1, H = 70 s, P = 2.4 MPa, and S = 40 mm within the range observed in this study. The wet base heating value of these Fuels is more than 4000 kJ·kg−1, which are capable of self-sustaining combustion. The TG analysis results show that these Fuels have a good combustion performance with a low ignition point, narrow range of combustion temperature. The combustion process of these Fuels includes three stages, which were evaporation of water, combustion of the volatile matters and fixed carbon respectively. Finally, an energy consumption model considering the main advantage was employed to investigate the economy of the process proposed in this study. All the data demonstrate the proposed process is powerful to control the water content and also an energy-savings method to produce Solid Fuel from bio-wastes.
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hydrothermal treatment of dewatered sewage sludge cake for Solid Fuel production
Journal of Environment and Engineering, 2009Co-Authors: Tomoaki Namioka, Yoshiaki Morohashi, Ryosuke Yamane, Kunio YoshikawaAbstract:To develop a technology that can efficiently convert dewatered sewage sludge cake into Solid Fuel, we experimentally investigated the effects of the hydrothermal treatment on dewaterability and carbon distributions. Dewatered sewage sludge cake with a water content of about 80 wt% could not be dewatered by increasing the pressure of a mechanical press. However, after hydrothermal treatment, the sewage sludge cake could be dewatered with a mechanical press. Moisture content was negatively correlated with treatment temperature at temperatures below 473K but stayed about the same at temperatures above 473K in the range studied. Carbon contents in the residual Solid after treatment with a mechanical press were negatively correlated with the reaction temperature of the hydrothermal treatment owing to the solubilization of part of the volatile carbons in the dewatered sewage sludge cake. On the basis of the above results, we proposed a novel Solid Fuel production system composed of the following processes: hydrothermal treatment, mechanical press treatment, concentration, and drying. The optimum operating temperature of hydrothermal treatment was 473K in the range studied, and at this temperature, we estimated that the energy input to obtain dry sewage sludge using the proposed system would be about two-thirds that of a conventional drying process.
Jill Baumgartner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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elevated blood pressure and household Solid Fuel use in premenopausal women analysis of 12 demographic and health surveys dhs from 10 countries
Environmental Research, 2018Co-Authors: Raphael E Arku, Majid Ezzati, Jill Baumgartner, Gunther Fink, Perry Hystad, Bin Zhou, Michael BrauerAbstract:Abstract Background Approximately three billion people are exposed to household air pollution (HAP) from Solid Fuel cookstoves. Studies from single settings have linked HAP with elevated blood pressure (BP), but no evidence exists from multi-country analyses. Objectives Using nationally representative and internationally comparable data, we examined the association between Solid Fuel use and BP in 77,605 largely premenopausal women (aged 15–49) from ten resource-poor countries. Methods We obtained data on systolic and diastolic BP, self-reported primary cooking Fuel, health and socio-demographic characteristics from 12 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Benin, Ghana, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Namibia, and Peru. We estimated associations between history of Fuel use [Solid Fuel (coal or biomass) versus clean Fuel (electricity or gas)] with systolic and diastolic BP and hypertension using a meta-analytical approach. Results Overall, the country-level mean systolic and diastolic BP were 117 (range: 111–127) and 74 (71–83) mmHg, respectively. The country-level mean age of the women was 30.8 years (range: 28.4–32.9). The prevalence of Solid Fuel use was 46.0% (range: 4.1–95.8). In adjusted, pooled analyses, primary use of Solid Fuel was associated with 0.58 mmHg higher systolic BP (95% CI: 0.23, 0.93) as compared to primary use of clean Fuel. The pooled estimates for diastolic BP and pulse pressure were also positive, but the confidence intervals contained zero. The pooled odds of hypertension was [OR = 1.07 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.16)], an effect that was driven by rural participants for whom Solid Fuel use was associated with a 16% greater odds of hypertension [OR = 1.16 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.35)]. Conclusions Cooking with Solid Fuels was associated with small increases in BP and odds of hypertension. Use of cleaner Fuels like gas or electricity may reduce cardiovascular risk in developing countries, particularly among rural residents.
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particulate matter chemical component concentrations and sources in settings of household Solid Fuel use
Indoor Air, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew H Secrest, Ellison Carter, James J. Schauer, Jill BaumgartnerAbstract:Particulate matter (PM) air pollution derives from combustion and non-combustion sources and consists of various chemical species that may differentially impact human health and climate. Previous reviews of PM chemical component concentrations and sources focus on high-income urban settings, which likely differ from the low- and middle-income settings where Solid Fuel (i.e., coal, biomass) is commonly burned for cooking and heating. We aimed to summarize the concentrations of PM chemical components and their contributing sources in settings where Solid Fuel is burned. We searched the literature for studies that reported PM component concentrations from homes, personal exposures, and direct stove emissions under uncontrolled, real-world conditions. We calculated weighted mean daily concentrations for select PM components and compared sources of PM determined by source apportionment. Our search criteria yielded 48 studies conducted in 12 countries. Weighted mean daily cooking area concentrations of elemental carbon, organic carbon, and benzo(a)pyrene were 18.8 μg m-3, 74.0 μg m-3, and 155 ng m-3, respectively. Solid Fuel combustion explained 29% to 48% of principal component / factor analysis variance and 41% to 87% of PM mass determined by positive matrix factorization. Several indoor and outdoor sources impact PM concentrations and composition in these settings, including Solid Fuel burning, mobile emissions, dust, and Solid waste burning. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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particulate matter chemical component concentrations and sources in settings of household Solid Fuel use
Indoor Air, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew H Secrest, Ellison Carter, James J. Schauer, Jill BaumgartnerAbstract:Particulate matter (PM) air pollution derives from combustion and non-combustion sources and consists of various chemical species that may differentially impact human health and climate. Previous reviews of PM chemical component concentrations and sources focus on high-income urban settings, which likely differ from the low- and middle-income settings where Solid Fuel (ie, coal, biomass) is commonly burned for cooking and heating. We aimed to summarize the concentrations of PM chemical components and their contributing sources in settings where Solid Fuel is burned. We searched the literature for studies that reported PM component concentrations from homes, personal exposures, and direct stove emissions under uncontrolled, real-world conditions. We calculated weighted mean daily concentrations for select PM components and compared sources of PM determined by source apportionment. Our search criteria yielded 48 studies conducted in 12 countries. Weighted mean daily cooking area concentrations of elemental carbon, organic carbon, and benzo(a)pyrene were 18.8 μg m-3 , 74.0 μg m-3 , and 155 ng m-3 , respectively. Solid Fuel combustion explained 29%-48% of principal component/factor analysis variance and 41%-87% of PM mass determined by positive matrix factorization. Multiple indoor and outdoor sources impacted PM concentrations and composition in these settings, including Solid Fuel burning, mobile emissions, dust, and Solid waste burning.
Omer Musa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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combustion characteristics and turbulence modeling of swirling reacting flow in Solid Fuel ramjet
Acta Astronautica, 2017Co-Authors: Omer Musa, Chen Xiong, Zhou ChangshengAbstract:Abstract This paper reviews the historical studies have been done on the Solid-Fuel ramjet engine and difficulties associated with numerical modeling of swirling flow with combustible gases. A literature survey about works related to numerical and experimental investigations on Solid-Fuel ramjet as well as using swirling flow and different numerical approaches has been provided. An overview of turbulence modeling of swirling flow and the behavior of turbulence at streamline curvature and system rotation are presented. A new and simple curvature/correction factor is proposed in order to reduce the programming complexity of SST-CC turbulence model. Finally, numerical and experimental investigations on the impact of swirling flow on SFRJ have been carried out. For that regard, a multi-physics coupling code is developed to solve the problems of multi-physics coupling of fluid mechanics, Solid pyrolysis, heat transfer, thermodynamics, and chemical kinetics. The connected-pipe test facility is used to carry out the experiments. The results showed a positive impact of swirling flow on SFRJ along with, three correlations are proposed.
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Combustion modeling of unsteady reacting swirling flow in Solid Fuel ramjet
2017 International Conference on Mechanical System and Control Engineering (ICMSC), 2017Co-Authors: Chen Xiong, Zhou Changsheng, Omer MusaAbstract:The differences between finite-rate and eddy- dissipation models for simulating unsteady reacting swirling flow through Solid-Fuel ramjet engine are investigated. An in-house code has been developed to solve governing equations of compressible flow field with chemical reactions. The code is verified, validated, and then used to perform unsteady simulations on Solid-Fuel ramjet engine with high-density polyethylene. The results showed that both models are act similar, however, finite-rate model is preferred in such combustors with non-premixed flames (diffusion flames) over eddy-dissipation model.
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Validation of multi-physics coupling code for unsteady reacting swirling flow in Solid Fuel ramjet
2017 2nd International Conference on Frontiers of Sensors Technologies (ICFST), 2017Co-Authors: Chen Xiong, Zhou Changsheng, Omer MusaAbstract:This paper presents a validation study of a multi-physics coupling code for Solid Fuel pyrolysis in Solid-Fuel ramjet engine (SFRJ). An in-house code has been developed to model flow, turbulence, heat transfer, Solid pyrolysis, and chemical reactions. Unsteady reacting simulations are performed for swirling and non-swirling flows in SFRJ with high-density polyethylene Solid Fuel cylindrical grain. Experiments are carried out with and without swirl through connected pipe test facility. It is found that the code can describe accurately enough the local regression rate in the SFRJ.
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effect of inlet conditions on swirling turbulent reacting flows in a Solid Fuel ramjet engine
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017Co-Authors: Omer Musa, Chen Xiong, Zhou ChangshengAbstract:Abstract This paper presents experimental and numerical investigation of turbulent reacting flows in a Solid Fuel ramjet engine with different inlet conditions. In simulations, three main parameters were varied independently, which are the swirl intensity, mass flow rate, and air inlet temperature to study these parameters influence on the regression rate and combustion phenomena. Firstly, a numerical model has been developed to solve axisymmetric unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations of the turbulent swirling compressible flow field with chemical reactions. Secondly, experiments have been performed on the Solid Fuel ramjet without swirl to validate the developed code. Thirdly, in order to assess the accuracy and robustness of the code three test cases are adopted. Finally, a series of unsteady simulations are carried out for swirling reacting turbulent flows in a Solid Fuel ramjet using high-density Polyethylene (HDPE) Solid Fuel. The main results obtained from this study show that swirl flow enhances the regression rate and the turbulent mixing throughout the ramjet. In addition, the results revealed that an increase of swirl number, mass flow rate, and air inlet temperature increases the heat and mass transport at the Solid Fuel surface and hence enhances the local regression rate. Three relations have been proposed to correlate the average regression rate.
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effect of using swirl on reacting flows in Solid Fuel ramjet
International Conference Mechatronics and Control Engineering, 2016Co-Authors: Omer Musa, Zhou Changsheng, Chen Xiong, Zhu MinAbstract:In this paper, the influence of swirl on Solid Fuel regression rate and combustion phenomena in a Solid Fuel ramjet has been investigated numerically. Firstly, an in-house code has been developed to solve axisymmetric Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations of the unsteady turbulent swirling compressible flow field with chemical reactions. Secondly, unsteady simulations are carried out for unsteady reacting turbulent flows with and without swirl in a Solid Fuel ramjet using high-density polyethylene (HDPE) Solid Fuel. Then, the computational results are analyzed and discussed. It is found that the presence of swirl is more effective in enhancing the regression rate and the turbulent mixing throughout the ramjet. Moreover, increase swirl number increases the heat and mass transport at the Fuel surface and hence increases the regression rate.
Matthew H Secrest - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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particulate matter chemical component concentrations and sources in settings of household Solid Fuel use
Indoor Air, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew H Secrest, Ellison Carter, James J. Schauer, Jill BaumgartnerAbstract:Particulate matter (PM) air pollution derives from combustion and non-combustion sources and consists of various chemical species that may differentially impact human health and climate. Previous reviews of PM chemical component concentrations and sources focus on high-income urban settings, which likely differ from the low- and middle-income settings where Solid Fuel (i.e., coal, biomass) is commonly burned for cooking and heating. We aimed to summarize the concentrations of PM chemical components and their contributing sources in settings where Solid Fuel is burned. We searched the literature for studies that reported PM component concentrations from homes, personal exposures, and direct stove emissions under uncontrolled, real-world conditions. We calculated weighted mean daily concentrations for select PM components and compared sources of PM determined by source apportionment. Our search criteria yielded 48 studies conducted in 12 countries. Weighted mean daily cooking area concentrations of elemental carbon, organic carbon, and benzo(a)pyrene were 18.8 μg m-3, 74.0 μg m-3, and 155 ng m-3, respectively. Solid Fuel combustion explained 29% to 48% of principal component / factor analysis variance and 41% to 87% of PM mass determined by positive matrix factorization. Several indoor and outdoor sources impact PM concentrations and composition in these settings, including Solid Fuel burning, mobile emissions, dust, and Solid waste burning. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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particulate matter chemical component concentrations and sources in settings of household Solid Fuel use
Indoor Air, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew H Secrest, Ellison Carter, James J. Schauer, Jill BaumgartnerAbstract:Particulate matter (PM) air pollution derives from combustion and non-combustion sources and consists of various chemical species that may differentially impact human health and climate. Previous reviews of PM chemical component concentrations and sources focus on high-income urban settings, which likely differ from the low- and middle-income settings where Solid Fuel (ie, coal, biomass) is commonly burned for cooking and heating. We aimed to summarize the concentrations of PM chemical components and their contributing sources in settings where Solid Fuel is burned. We searched the literature for studies that reported PM component concentrations from homes, personal exposures, and direct stove emissions under uncontrolled, real-world conditions. We calculated weighted mean daily concentrations for select PM components and compared sources of PM determined by source apportionment. Our search criteria yielded 48 studies conducted in 12 countries. Weighted mean daily cooking area concentrations of elemental carbon, organic carbon, and benzo(a)pyrene were 18.8 μg m-3 , 74.0 μg m-3 , and 155 ng m-3 , respectively. Solid Fuel combustion explained 29%-48% of principal component/factor analysis variance and 41%-87% of PM mass determined by positive matrix factorization. Multiple indoor and outdoor sources impacted PM concentrations and composition in these settings, including Solid Fuel burning, mobile emissions, dust, and Solid waste burning.
Ellison Carter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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particulate matter chemical component concentrations and sources in settings of household Solid Fuel use
Indoor Air, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew H Secrest, Ellison Carter, James J. Schauer, Jill BaumgartnerAbstract:Particulate matter (PM) air pollution derives from combustion and non-combustion sources and consists of various chemical species that may differentially impact human health and climate. Previous reviews of PM chemical component concentrations and sources focus on high-income urban settings, which likely differ from the low- and middle-income settings where Solid Fuel (i.e., coal, biomass) is commonly burned for cooking and heating. We aimed to summarize the concentrations of PM chemical components and their contributing sources in settings where Solid Fuel is burned. We searched the literature for studies that reported PM component concentrations from homes, personal exposures, and direct stove emissions under uncontrolled, real-world conditions. We calculated weighted mean daily concentrations for select PM components and compared sources of PM determined by source apportionment. Our search criteria yielded 48 studies conducted in 12 countries. Weighted mean daily cooking area concentrations of elemental carbon, organic carbon, and benzo(a)pyrene were 18.8 μg m-3, 74.0 μg m-3, and 155 ng m-3, respectively. Solid Fuel combustion explained 29% to 48% of principal component / factor analysis variance and 41% to 87% of PM mass determined by positive matrix factorization. Several indoor and outdoor sources impact PM concentrations and composition in these settings, including Solid Fuel burning, mobile emissions, dust, and Solid waste burning. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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particulate matter chemical component concentrations and sources in settings of household Solid Fuel use
Indoor Air, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew H Secrest, Ellison Carter, James J. Schauer, Jill BaumgartnerAbstract:Particulate matter (PM) air pollution derives from combustion and non-combustion sources and consists of various chemical species that may differentially impact human health and climate. Previous reviews of PM chemical component concentrations and sources focus on high-income urban settings, which likely differ from the low- and middle-income settings where Solid Fuel (ie, coal, biomass) is commonly burned for cooking and heating. We aimed to summarize the concentrations of PM chemical components and their contributing sources in settings where Solid Fuel is burned. We searched the literature for studies that reported PM component concentrations from homes, personal exposures, and direct stove emissions under uncontrolled, real-world conditions. We calculated weighted mean daily concentrations for select PM components and compared sources of PM determined by source apportionment. Our search criteria yielded 48 studies conducted in 12 countries. Weighted mean daily cooking area concentrations of elemental carbon, organic carbon, and benzo(a)pyrene were 18.8 μg m-3 , 74.0 μg m-3 , and 155 ng m-3 , respectively. Solid Fuel combustion explained 29%-48% of principal component/factor analysis variance and 41%-87% of PM mass determined by positive matrix factorization. Multiple indoor and outdoor sources impacted PM concentrations and composition in these settings, including Solid Fuel burning, mobile emissions, dust, and Solid waste burning.
