The Experts below are selected from a list of 312 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Stuart J. Khan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Presence and select determinants of organophosphate flame retardants in public Swimming Pools
Science of The Total Environment, 2016Co-Authors: Tiffany L.l. Teo, Heather M. Coleman, Stuart J. KhanAbstract:The occurrence of five organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) consisting of tributyl phosphate (TNBP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1.3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in Swimming Pools were investigated. Fifteen chlorinated public Swimming Pools were sampled, including indoor Pools, outdoor Pools and spa Pools. The analyses were carried out using isotope dilution gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. All five PFRs were detected in Swimming pool waters with concentrations ranging from 5–27 ng/L (TNBP), 7–293 ng/L (TCEP), 62–1180 ng/L (TCIPP), 10–670 ng/L (TDCIPP) and 8–132 ng/L (TPHP). The concentrations of PFRs were generally higher in indoor Swimming Pools compared to outdoor Swimming Pools. In municipal water supplies, used to fill the Swimming Pools in three of the sampling locations, the five PFRs were all below the limit of quantifications, eliminating this as the source. Potential leaching of PFRs from commonly used Swimming equipment, including newly purchased kickboards and swimsuits was investigated. These experiments revealed that PFRs leached from swimsuits, and may be a source of PFRs in Swimming Pools. A quantitative risk assessment revealed that the health risk to PFRs via Swimming Pools was generally low and below commonly applied health risk benchmarks.
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Occurrence and daily variability of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Swimming Pools
Environmental science and pollution research international, 2015Co-Authors: Tiffany L.l. Teo, Heather M. Coleman, Stuart J. KhanAbstract:The aim of this research was to investigate the presence and daily variability of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in public Swimming Pools. Various types of public Swimming pool water were analysed, taken from freshwater indoor Swimming Pools, outdoor Swimming Pools, spa Pools and seawater Swimming Pools. Swimming pool water samples were analysed for 30 PPCPs using solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). All PPCPs were below quantification limits in seawater Pools. However, caffeine was detected in 12 chlorinated Swimming Pools at concentrations up to 1540 ng/L and ibuprofen was observed in 7 chlorinated Pools at concentrations up to 83 ng/L. Caffeine and ibuprofen concentrations were below quantification limits in all fill water samples, eliminating this as their source in Swimming Pools. High variations in caffeine concentrations monitored throughout the day roughly reflect bather loads in Swimming Pools. Future monitoring of these compounds may assist in evaluating what portion of organic matter measured in Swimming Pools may come from human excretions.
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Chemical contaminants in Swimming Pools: occurrence, implications and control.
Environment international, 2014Co-Authors: Tiffany L.l. Teo, Heather M. Coleman, Stuart J. KhanAbstract:A range of trace chemical contaminants have been reported to occur in Swimming Pools. Current disinfection practices and monitoring of Swimming pool water quality are aimed at preventing the spread of microbial infections and diseases. However, disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed when the disinfectants used react with organic and inorganic matter in the pool. Additional chemicals may be present in Swimming Pools originating from anthropogenic sources (bodily excretions, lotions, cosmetics, etc.) or from the source water used where trace chemicals may already be present. DBPs have been the most widely investigated trace chemical contaminants, including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), halobenzoquinones (HBQs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), halonitromethanes (HNMs), N-nitrosamines, nitrite, nitrates and chloramines. The presence and concentrations of these chemical contaminants are dependent upon several factors including the types of Pools, types of disinfectants used, disinfectant dosages, bather loads, temperature and pH of Swimming pool waters. Chemical constituents of personal care products (PCPs) such as parabens and ultraviolet (UV) filters from sunscreens have also been reported. By-products from reactions of these chemicals with disinfectants and UV irradiation have been reported and some may be more toxic than their parent compounds. There is evidence to suggest that exposure to some of these chemicals may lead to health risks. This paper provides a detailed review of various chemical contaminants reported in Swimming Pools. The concentrations of chemicals present in Swimming Pools may also provide an alternative indicator to Swimming pool water quality, providing insights to contamination sources. Alternative treatment methods such as activated carbon filtration and advanced oxidation processes may be beneficial in improving Swimming pool water quality.
Gabriella Aggazzotti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Occupational exposure to trihalomethanes in indoor Swimming Pools.
The Science of the total environment, 2001Co-Authors: Guglielmina Fantuzzi, Elena Righi, Guerrino Predieri, Giorgia Ceppelli, Fabriziomaria Gobba, Gabriella AggazzottiAbstract:The study evaluated occupational exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) in indoor Swimming Pools. Thirty-two subjects, representing the whole workforce employed in the five public indoor Swimming Pools in the city of Modena (Northern Italy) were enrolled. Both environmental and biological monitoring of THMs exposure were performed. Environmental concentrations of THMs in different areas inside the Swimming Pools (at the Poolside, in the reception area and in the engine-room) were measured as external exposure index, while individual exposure of Swimming pool employees was estimated by THMs concentration in alveolar air. The levels of THMs observed in Swimming pool water ranged from 17.8 to 70.8 μg/l; the mean levels of THMs in ambient air were 25.6±24.5 μg/m3 in the engine room, 26.1±24.3 μg/m3 in the reception area and 58.0±22.1 μg/m3 at the Poolside. Among THMs, only chloroform and bromodichloromethane were always measured in ambient air, while dibromochloromethane was detected in ambient air rarely and bromoform only once. Biological monitoring results showed a THMs mean value of 20.9±15.6 μg/m3. Statistically significant differences were observed according to the main job activity: in pool attendants, THMs alveolar air were approximately double those observed in employees working in other areas of the Swimming Pools (25.1±16.5 μg/m3 vs. 14.8±12.3 μg/m3, P
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occupational exposure to trihalomethanes in indoor Swimming Pools
Science of The Total Environment, 2001Co-Authors: Guglielmina Fantuzzi, Elena Righi, Guerrino Predieri, Giorgia Ceppelli, Fabriziomaria Gobba, Gabriella AggazzottiAbstract:The study evaluated occupational exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) in indoor Swimming Pools. Thirty-two subjects, representing the whole workforce employed in the five public indoor Swimming Pools in the city of Modena (Northern Italy) were enrolled. Both environmental and biological monitoring of THMs exposure were performed. Environmental concentrations of THMs in different areas inside the Swimming Pools (at the Poolside, in the reception area and in the engine-room) were measured as external exposure index, while individual exposure of Swimming pool employees was estimated by THMs concentration in alveolar air. The levels of THMs observed in Swimming pool water ranged from 17.8 to 70.8 μg/l; the mean levels of THMs in ambient air were 25.6±24.5 μg/m3 in the engine room, 26.1±24.3 μg/m3 in the reception area and 58.0±22.1 μg/m3 at the Poolside. Among THMs, only chloroform and bromodichloromethane were always measured in ambient air, while dibromochloromethane was detected in ambient air rarely and bromoform only once. Biological monitoring results showed a THMs mean value of 20.9±15.6 μg/m3. Statistically significant differences were observed according to the main job activity: in pool attendants, THMs alveolar air were approximately double those observed in employees working in other areas of the Swimming Pools (25.1±16.5 μg/m3 vs. 14.8±12.3 μg/m3, P<0.01). THMs in alveolar air samples were significantly correlated with THMs concentrations in ambient air (r=0.57; P<0.001). Indoor Swimming pool employees are exposed to THMs at ambient air levels higher than the general population. The different environmental exposure inside the Swimming pool can induce a different internal dose in exposed workers. The correlation found between ambient and alveolar air samples confirms that breath analysis is a good biological index of occupational exposure to these substances at low environmental levels.
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ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF CHLOROFORM IN INDOOR Swimming Pools
Journal of chromatography. A, 1995Co-Authors: Gabriella Aggazzotti, Guglielmina Fantuzzi, Elena Righi, Guerrino PredieriAbstract:The presence of chloroform as the result of disinfection with sodium hypochlorite was demonstrated in the water and ambient air of indoor Swimming Pools. Environmental monitoring was performed in 12 indoor Swimming Pools in northern Italy and the level of human exposure was assessed. Biological monitoring performed by gas chromatography on human plasma and alveolar air samples evidenced that the uptake of chloroform in swimmers varies according to the intensity of the physical activity and age. The elimination of chloroform in alveolar air in one subject showed a very short half-life (from 20 to 27 min) and a complete clearance within 10 h after the end of exposure.
Tiffany L.l. Teo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Presence and select determinants of organophosphate flame retardants in public Swimming Pools
Science of The Total Environment, 2016Co-Authors: Tiffany L.l. Teo, Heather M. Coleman, Stuart J. KhanAbstract:The occurrence of five organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) consisting of tributyl phosphate (TNBP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1.3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in Swimming Pools were investigated. Fifteen chlorinated public Swimming Pools were sampled, including indoor Pools, outdoor Pools and spa Pools. The analyses were carried out using isotope dilution gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. All five PFRs were detected in Swimming pool waters with concentrations ranging from 5–27 ng/L (TNBP), 7–293 ng/L (TCEP), 62–1180 ng/L (TCIPP), 10–670 ng/L (TDCIPP) and 8–132 ng/L (TPHP). The concentrations of PFRs were generally higher in indoor Swimming Pools compared to outdoor Swimming Pools. In municipal water supplies, used to fill the Swimming Pools in three of the sampling locations, the five PFRs were all below the limit of quantifications, eliminating this as the source. Potential leaching of PFRs from commonly used Swimming equipment, including newly purchased kickboards and swimsuits was investigated. These experiments revealed that PFRs leached from swimsuits, and may be a source of PFRs in Swimming Pools. A quantitative risk assessment revealed that the health risk to PFRs via Swimming Pools was generally low and below commonly applied health risk benchmarks.
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Occurrence and daily variability of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Swimming Pools
Environmental science and pollution research international, 2015Co-Authors: Tiffany L.l. Teo, Heather M. Coleman, Stuart J. KhanAbstract:The aim of this research was to investigate the presence and daily variability of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in public Swimming Pools. Various types of public Swimming pool water were analysed, taken from freshwater indoor Swimming Pools, outdoor Swimming Pools, spa Pools and seawater Swimming Pools. Swimming pool water samples were analysed for 30 PPCPs using solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). All PPCPs were below quantification limits in seawater Pools. However, caffeine was detected in 12 chlorinated Swimming Pools at concentrations up to 1540 ng/L and ibuprofen was observed in 7 chlorinated Pools at concentrations up to 83 ng/L. Caffeine and ibuprofen concentrations were below quantification limits in all fill water samples, eliminating this as their source in Swimming Pools. High variations in caffeine concentrations monitored throughout the day roughly reflect bather loads in Swimming Pools. Future monitoring of these compounds may assist in evaluating what portion of organic matter measured in Swimming Pools may come from human excretions.
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Chemical contaminants in Swimming Pools: occurrence, implications and control.
Environment international, 2014Co-Authors: Tiffany L.l. Teo, Heather M. Coleman, Stuart J. KhanAbstract:A range of trace chemical contaminants have been reported to occur in Swimming Pools. Current disinfection practices and monitoring of Swimming pool water quality are aimed at preventing the spread of microbial infections and diseases. However, disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed when the disinfectants used react with organic and inorganic matter in the pool. Additional chemicals may be present in Swimming Pools originating from anthropogenic sources (bodily excretions, lotions, cosmetics, etc.) or from the source water used where trace chemicals may already be present. DBPs have been the most widely investigated trace chemical contaminants, including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), halobenzoquinones (HBQs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), halonitromethanes (HNMs), N-nitrosamines, nitrite, nitrates and chloramines. The presence and concentrations of these chemical contaminants are dependent upon several factors including the types of Pools, types of disinfectants used, disinfectant dosages, bather loads, temperature and pH of Swimming pool waters. Chemical constituents of personal care products (PCPs) such as parabens and ultraviolet (UV) filters from sunscreens have also been reported. By-products from reactions of these chemicals with disinfectants and UV irradiation have been reported and some may be more toxic than their parent compounds. There is evidence to suggest that exposure to some of these chemicals may lead to health risks. This paper provides a detailed review of various chemical contaminants reported in Swimming Pools. The concentrations of chemicals present in Swimming Pools may also provide an alternative indicator to Swimming pool water quality, providing insights to contamination sources. Alternative treatment methods such as activated carbon filtration and advanced oxidation processes may be beneficial in improving Swimming pool water quality.
Guglielmina Fantuzzi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Occupational exposure to trihalomethanes in indoor Swimming Pools.
The Science of the total environment, 2001Co-Authors: Guglielmina Fantuzzi, Elena Righi, Guerrino Predieri, Giorgia Ceppelli, Fabriziomaria Gobba, Gabriella AggazzottiAbstract:The study evaluated occupational exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) in indoor Swimming Pools. Thirty-two subjects, representing the whole workforce employed in the five public indoor Swimming Pools in the city of Modena (Northern Italy) were enrolled. Both environmental and biological monitoring of THMs exposure were performed. Environmental concentrations of THMs in different areas inside the Swimming Pools (at the Poolside, in the reception area and in the engine-room) were measured as external exposure index, while individual exposure of Swimming pool employees was estimated by THMs concentration in alveolar air. The levels of THMs observed in Swimming pool water ranged from 17.8 to 70.8 μg/l; the mean levels of THMs in ambient air were 25.6±24.5 μg/m3 in the engine room, 26.1±24.3 μg/m3 in the reception area and 58.0±22.1 μg/m3 at the Poolside. Among THMs, only chloroform and bromodichloromethane were always measured in ambient air, while dibromochloromethane was detected in ambient air rarely and bromoform only once. Biological monitoring results showed a THMs mean value of 20.9±15.6 μg/m3. Statistically significant differences were observed according to the main job activity: in pool attendants, THMs alveolar air were approximately double those observed in employees working in other areas of the Swimming Pools (25.1±16.5 μg/m3 vs. 14.8±12.3 μg/m3, P
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occupational exposure to trihalomethanes in indoor Swimming Pools
Science of The Total Environment, 2001Co-Authors: Guglielmina Fantuzzi, Elena Righi, Guerrino Predieri, Giorgia Ceppelli, Fabriziomaria Gobba, Gabriella AggazzottiAbstract:The study evaluated occupational exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) in indoor Swimming Pools. Thirty-two subjects, representing the whole workforce employed in the five public indoor Swimming Pools in the city of Modena (Northern Italy) were enrolled. Both environmental and biological monitoring of THMs exposure were performed. Environmental concentrations of THMs in different areas inside the Swimming Pools (at the Poolside, in the reception area and in the engine-room) were measured as external exposure index, while individual exposure of Swimming pool employees was estimated by THMs concentration in alveolar air. The levels of THMs observed in Swimming pool water ranged from 17.8 to 70.8 μg/l; the mean levels of THMs in ambient air were 25.6±24.5 μg/m3 in the engine room, 26.1±24.3 μg/m3 in the reception area and 58.0±22.1 μg/m3 at the Poolside. Among THMs, only chloroform and bromodichloromethane were always measured in ambient air, while dibromochloromethane was detected in ambient air rarely and bromoform only once. Biological monitoring results showed a THMs mean value of 20.9±15.6 μg/m3. Statistically significant differences were observed according to the main job activity: in pool attendants, THMs alveolar air were approximately double those observed in employees working in other areas of the Swimming Pools (25.1±16.5 μg/m3 vs. 14.8±12.3 μg/m3, P<0.01). THMs in alveolar air samples were significantly correlated with THMs concentrations in ambient air (r=0.57; P<0.001). Indoor Swimming pool employees are exposed to THMs at ambient air levels higher than the general population. The different environmental exposure inside the Swimming pool can induce a different internal dose in exposed workers. The correlation found between ambient and alveolar air samples confirms that breath analysis is a good biological index of occupational exposure to these substances at low environmental levels.
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ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF CHLOROFORM IN INDOOR Swimming Pools
Journal of chromatography. A, 1995Co-Authors: Gabriella Aggazzotti, Guglielmina Fantuzzi, Elena Righi, Guerrino PredieriAbstract:The presence of chloroform as the result of disinfection with sodium hypochlorite was demonstrated in the water and ambient air of indoor Swimming Pools. Environmental monitoring was performed in 12 indoor Swimming Pools in northern Italy and the level of human exposure was assessed. Biological monitoring performed by gas chromatography on human plasma and alveolar air samples evidenced that the uptake of chloroform in swimmers varies according to the intensity of the physical activity and age. The elimination of chloroform in alveolar air in one subject showed a very short half-life (from 20 to 27 min) and a complete clearance within 10 h after the end of exposure.
James W. Buehler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Delinquent mortgages, neglected Swimming Pools, and West Nile virus, California.
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2009Co-Authors: Richard A. Goodman, James W. BuehlerAbstract:We thank Goodman and Buehler for their comments about our recent article drawing attention to linkages among neglected Swimming Pools, vector mosquito production, and West Nile virus (WNV) transmission (1). We agree with their comment that our “study could not directly assess the putative link between disease and exposures to WNV-infected mosquitoes that had bred in abandoned Swimming Pools in California.” However, outbreaks of pathogens with complicated transmission cycles rarely afford isolation of any one factor for analysis. Notably, an update of events in Kern County during 2008 may support our previous conclusions. As in 2007, Kern County experienced continued drought conditions in 2008, and mosquito production was again confined largely to urban sources, including Swimming Pools. Avian abundance was low, and seroprevalence for WNV among selected bird species was similar to seroprevalence rates for 2007 (i.e., 7.8% of 192 house finches, 5.6% of 90 house sparrows, and 41.2% of 68 western scrub-jays were seropositive in 2007). However, early in the spring of 2008, unlike in 2007, the Kern Mosquito and Vector Control District (MVCD) commenced aerial surveys, reassigned rural field crews to treat Swimming Pools (and other urban water sources), and immediately conducted ground-based adulticiding when surveillance detected enzootic activity. This aggressive approach resulted in 2,182 Swimming Pools treated (a 255% increase over the number treated in 2007), reduced enzootic transmission (i.e., 5% of 192 dead birds, 17 serum samples from 90 sentinel chickens, and 1% of 598 mosquito Pools positive for WNV), and almost no evidence of human infection (only 1 case reported in October). Intervention by the Kern MVCD, coupled with continuing severe drought conditions that eliminated natural and agricultural-related mosquito production sites, effectively eliminated WNV epidemic transmission that had persisted during the 4 previous years (2).
