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Anthony Tsarbopoulos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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use of liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to study the degradation pathways of Terbuthylazine ter by typha latifolia in constructed wetlands identification of a new ter metabolite
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2012Co-Authors: Evagelos Gikas, Nikolaos Papadopoulos, Georgios Zalidis, Anthony Tsarbopoulos, Fotini N BazotiAbstract:S-Triazines are used worldwide as herbicides for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Although Terbuthylazine (TER) is the second most frequently used S-triazine, there is limited information on its metabolism. For this reason, an analytical method based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS) has been developed aiming at the identification of TER and its five major metabolites (desisopropyl-hydroxy-atrazine, desethyl-hydroxy-Terbuthylazine, desisopropyl-atrazine, hydroxy-Terbuthylazine and desethyl-Terbuthylazine) in constructed wetland water samples. The separation of TER and its major metabolites was performed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C8 column using a gradient elution of aqueous acetic acid 1% (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B), followed by MS/MS analysis on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The data-depended analysis (DDA) scan approach has been employed and the main degradation pathways of both hydroxyl and chloro (dealkylated and alkylated) metabolites are elucidated through the tandem mass spectral (MS/MS) interpretation of triazine fragments under CID conditions. In addition, another major metabolite of TER, namely N2-tert-butyl-N4-ethyl-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, has been identified. This methodology can be further employed in biodegradation studies of TER, thus assisting the assessment of its environmental impact. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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simultaneous determination of Terbuthylazine and its major hydroxy and dealkylated metabolites in wetland water samples using solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007Co-Authors: Nikolaos Papadopoulos, Evagelos Gikas, Georgios Zalidis, Anthony TsarbopoulosAbstract:A method based on high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection was developed and validated aiming at the simultaneous determination of Terbuthylazine (TER) and its five major metabolites, desisopropyl-hydroxy-atrazine, desethyl-hydroxy-Terbuthylazine, desisopropyl-atrazine, hydroxy-Terbuthylazine, and desethyl-Terbuthylazine. Although s-triazines are used worldwide as herbicides for agricultural and nonagricultural purposes, there is limited information on the environmental impact of TER degradation products. The proposed method includes a solid-phase extraction procedure (using MCX cartridges) with adequate recovery efficiency (70−80%). The statistical evaluation of the method reveals good linearity, accuracy, and precision for the compounds determined, with RSD values less than 14.6%, while the detection limit was found to be 0.05 μg L-1 for DIHA and 0.01 μg L-1 for the other substances. This method can be employed in biodegradation studies of TER and its metabolites in water sample...
Nikolaos Papadopoulos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the use of typha latifolia l in constructed wetland microcosms for the remediation of herbicide Terbuthylazine
Environmental Processes, 2019Co-Authors: Nikolaos Papadopoulos, Georgios ZalidisAbstract:Aim of this work is to study the capability of constructed wetlands to remediate the herbicide Terbuthylazine (TER). For this purpose, eight surface-flow wetlands were constructed. Two types of substrates were used, sandy loam and mixture with zeolite. In addition, two levels of plant density were used, two and six rhizomes of Typha latifolia L (10 rhizomes/m2 and 30 rhizomes/m2, respectively). The randomized complete block design was used for statistical evaluation. The results revealed that the constructed wetlands remediate efficiently the herbicide with simultaneous increase of dealkylated metabolites deethyl-Terbuthylazine (DET) and deisopropyl-atrazine (DIA) in surface water. The bigger is the density of marsh plant, the more intensive is the reduction of herbicide (7.3 to 23.4%). Regarding the rate of reduction of herbicide during the 44 days of the experiment, the half-life (t1/2) value was twofold in wetlands with 10 rhizomes/m2 of that of 30 rhizomes/m2, i.e., 61 and 30 days, respectively. Moreover, the herbicide and its metabolites were detected in plant tissues, indicating the capability of plant to uptake the xenobiotic substance from the rhizosphere (phytoextraction). The accumulation was greater in foliage samples than in roots. The average uptake of TER was 3219.5 ng/g (n = 8) in the foliage and 1088.6 ng/g (n = 8) in the root. This study clarifies for the first time the possible metabolic pathway by the detection and quantification of the major hydroxy and dealkylated metabolites of herbicide Terbuthylazine in the two major wetland compartments such as water and plant tissues of Typha latifolia L. bioreactor.
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use of liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to study the degradation pathways of Terbuthylazine ter by typha latifolia in constructed wetlands identification of a new ter metabolite
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2012Co-Authors: Evagelos Gikas, Nikolaos Papadopoulos, Georgios Zalidis, Anthony Tsarbopoulos, Fotini N BazotiAbstract:S-Triazines are used worldwide as herbicides for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Although Terbuthylazine (TER) is the second most frequently used S-triazine, there is limited information on its metabolism. For this reason, an analytical method based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS) has been developed aiming at the identification of TER and its five major metabolites (desisopropyl-hydroxy-atrazine, desethyl-hydroxy-Terbuthylazine, desisopropyl-atrazine, hydroxy-Terbuthylazine and desethyl-Terbuthylazine) in constructed wetland water samples. The separation of TER and its major metabolites was performed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C8 column using a gradient elution of aqueous acetic acid 1% (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B), followed by MS/MS analysis on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The data-depended analysis (DDA) scan approach has been employed and the main degradation pathways of both hydroxyl and chloro (dealkylated and alkylated) metabolites are elucidated through the tandem mass spectral (MS/MS) interpretation of triazine fragments under CID conditions. In addition, another major metabolite of TER, namely N2-tert-butyl-N4-ethyl-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, has been identified. This methodology can be further employed in biodegradation studies of TER, thus assisting the assessment of its environmental impact. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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simultaneous determination of Terbuthylazine and its major hydroxy and dealkylated metabolites in wetland water samples using solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007Co-Authors: Nikolaos Papadopoulos, Evagelos Gikas, Georgios Zalidis, Anthony TsarbopoulosAbstract:A method based on high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection was developed and validated aiming at the simultaneous determination of Terbuthylazine (TER) and its five major metabolites, desisopropyl-hydroxy-atrazine, desethyl-hydroxy-Terbuthylazine, desisopropyl-atrazine, hydroxy-Terbuthylazine, and desethyl-Terbuthylazine. Although s-triazines are used worldwide as herbicides for agricultural and nonagricultural purposes, there is limited information on the environmental impact of TER degradation products. The proposed method includes a solid-phase extraction procedure (using MCX cartridges) with adequate recovery efficiency (70−80%). The statistical evaluation of the method reveals good linearity, accuracy, and precision for the compounds determined, with RSD values less than 14.6%, while the detection limit was found to be 0.05 μg L-1 for DIHA and 0.01 μg L-1 for the other substances. This method can be employed in biodegradation studies of TER and its metabolites in water sample...
Georgios Zalidis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the use of typha latifolia l in constructed wetland microcosms for the remediation of herbicide Terbuthylazine
Environmental Processes, 2019Co-Authors: Nikolaos Papadopoulos, Georgios ZalidisAbstract:Aim of this work is to study the capability of constructed wetlands to remediate the herbicide Terbuthylazine (TER). For this purpose, eight surface-flow wetlands were constructed. Two types of substrates were used, sandy loam and mixture with zeolite. In addition, two levels of plant density were used, two and six rhizomes of Typha latifolia L (10 rhizomes/m2 and 30 rhizomes/m2, respectively). The randomized complete block design was used for statistical evaluation. The results revealed that the constructed wetlands remediate efficiently the herbicide with simultaneous increase of dealkylated metabolites deethyl-Terbuthylazine (DET) and deisopropyl-atrazine (DIA) in surface water. The bigger is the density of marsh plant, the more intensive is the reduction of herbicide (7.3 to 23.4%). Regarding the rate of reduction of herbicide during the 44 days of the experiment, the half-life (t1/2) value was twofold in wetlands with 10 rhizomes/m2 of that of 30 rhizomes/m2, i.e., 61 and 30 days, respectively. Moreover, the herbicide and its metabolites were detected in plant tissues, indicating the capability of plant to uptake the xenobiotic substance from the rhizosphere (phytoextraction). The accumulation was greater in foliage samples than in roots. The average uptake of TER was 3219.5 ng/g (n = 8) in the foliage and 1088.6 ng/g (n = 8) in the root. This study clarifies for the first time the possible metabolic pathway by the detection and quantification of the major hydroxy and dealkylated metabolites of herbicide Terbuthylazine in the two major wetland compartments such as water and plant tissues of Typha latifolia L. bioreactor.
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use of liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to study the degradation pathways of Terbuthylazine ter by typha latifolia in constructed wetlands identification of a new ter metabolite
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2012Co-Authors: Evagelos Gikas, Nikolaos Papadopoulos, Georgios Zalidis, Anthony Tsarbopoulos, Fotini N BazotiAbstract:S-Triazines are used worldwide as herbicides for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Although Terbuthylazine (TER) is the second most frequently used S-triazine, there is limited information on its metabolism. For this reason, an analytical method based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS) has been developed aiming at the identification of TER and its five major metabolites (desisopropyl-hydroxy-atrazine, desethyl-hydroxy-Terbuthylazine, desisopropyl-atrazine, hydroxy-Terbuthylazine and desethyl-Terbuthylazine) in constructed wetland water samples. The separation of TER and its major metabolites was performed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C8 column using a gradient elution of aqueous acetic acid 1% (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B), followed by MS/MS analysis on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The data-depended analysis (DDA) scan approach has been employed and the main degradation pathways of both hydroxyl and chloro (dealkylated and alkylated) metabolites are elucidated through the tandem mass spectral (MS/MS) interpretation of triazine fragments under CID conditions. In addition, another major metabolite of TER, namely N2-tert-butyl-N4-ethyl-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, has been identified. This methodology can be further employed in biodegradation studies of TER, thus assisting the assessment of its environmental impact. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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simultaneous determination of Terbuthylazine and its major hydroxy and dealkylated metabolites in wetland water samples using solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007Co-Authors: Nikolaos Papadopoulos, Evagelos Gikas, Georgios Zalidis, Anthony TsarbopoulosAbstract:A method based on high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection was developed and validated aiming at the simultaneous determination of Terbuthylazine (TER) and its five major metabolites, desisopropyl-hydroxy-atrazine, desethyl-hydroxy-Terbuthylazine, desisopropyl-atrazine, hydroxy-Terbuthylazine, and desethyl-Terbuthylazine. Although s-triazines are used worldwide as herbicides for agricultural and nonagricultural purposes, there is limited information on the environmental impact of TER degradation products. The proposed method includes a solid-phase extraction procedure (using MCX cartridges) with adequate recovery efficiency (70−80%). The statistical evaluation of the method reveals good linearity, accuracy, and precision for the compounds determined, with RSD values less than 14.6%, while the detection limit was found to be 0.05 μg L-1 for DIHA and 0.01 μg L-1 for the other substances. This method can be employed in biodegradation studies of TER and its metabolites in water sample...
Josef Velisek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of Terbuthylazine on early life stages of common carp.
Neuro endocrinology letters, 2020Co-Authors: Josef Velisek, Dalibor Koutnik, Alzbeta Stara, Eliska ZuskovaAbstract:OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of Terbuthylazine in different developmental stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on the basis of mortality, early ontogeny, occurrence of morphological anomalies, growth rate, and Fulton's condition factor during and at the conclusion of the test. DESIGN: The toxicity tests were performed on carp according to OECD 210 methodology. The developmental stages of carp were exposed to Terbuthylazine at four concentrations, 2.9 (reported environmental concentration in Czech rivers); 70; 1,400; and 3,500 µg.L(-1) for 35 days and compared to carps in a non-treated control group. RESULTS: Terbuthylazine in concentration 1,400 and 3,000 µg.L(-1) caused significant (p
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the chronic effects of Terbuthylazine 2 hydroxy on early life stages of marbled crayfish procambarus fallax f virginalis
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2017Co-Authors: Dalibor Koutnik, Eliska Zuskova, Alzbeta Stara, Antonin Kouba, Josef VelisekAbstract:Abstract This study assessed the chronic effects of Terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy (T2H), one of the main Terbuthylazine degradation products, on early life stages of marbled crayfish ( Procambarus fallax f. virginalis ) by means of mortality, growth rate, early ontogeny, oxidative stress, antioxidant defence and histopathology. The crayfish were exposed to four concentrations of the tested substance as follows: 0.75 μg/l (environmental concentration), 75, 375 and 750 μg/l for 62 days. Concentrations over 75 μg/l caused lower weight compared to the control group. T2H at 750 μg/l caused delay in ontogenetic development. Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and total superoxide dismutase activity were significantly ( p
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effects of Terbuthylazine desethyl a Terbuthylazine degradation product on red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii
Science of The Total Environment, 2016Co-Authors: Alzbeta Stara, Eliska Zuskova, Antonin Kouba, Josef VelisekAbstract:Abstract Terbuthylazine is a widely used triazine pesticide. This, together with one of its degradation products, Terbuthylazine-desethyl (TD), are frequently found in quantities exceeding the EU limit of 0.1 μg/L in aquatic ecosystems where they might constitute a serious risk to non-target organisms. The sub-chronic effects of TD at 2.9 μg/L (real environmental concentration) and at 580 μg/L were investigated in a non-target aquatic species, the red swamp crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ). Gill and hepatopancreas histopathology, alterations in biochemical parameters of haemolymph, oxidative damage to hepatopancreas, and changes in antioxidant biomarkers in muscle and hepatopancreas were recorded at both tested concentrations after 14 days exposure. A 14 day recovery period in TD-free water was not sufficient for restoration of normal parameters. Chronic Terbuthylazine-desethyl exposure affected biochemical profile, and the antioxidant system, caused oxidative stress and histopathological changes in hepatopancreas of red swamp crayfish.
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effects of the Terbuthylazine metabolite Terbuthylazine desethyl on common carp embryos and larvae
Science of The Total Environment, 2016Co-Authors: Josef Velisek, Dalibor Koutnik, Eliska Zuskova, Alzbeta StaraAbstract:Abstract Toxicity of Terbuthylazine-desethyl to embryos and larvae of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) was assessed. Based on mortality, the lethal concentration of Terbuthylazine-desethyl was estimated to be 31 days LC50 = 441.6 μg/L. Carp exposed to Terbuthylazine-desethyl at 1800 μg/L exhibited lower weight and length at 7 days of exposure compared to the control group. By day 20, carp exposed to 900 μg/L Terbuthylazine-desethyl showed lower weight and length compared to control group. Terbuthylazine-desethyl in concentrations (180, 900, and 1800 μg/L) caused delay in ontogenetic development. Total superoxide dismutase activity was significantly lower in all exposed groups. Exposure to 180 and 900 μg/L Terbuthylazine-desethyl was associated with alteration of the caudal kidney tubular system including peritubular dilatation detachment of epithelial cells from the basal lamina, and focal autolytic disintegration of the tubular epithelia. Chronic Terbuthylazine-desethyl exposure affected survival, growth, ontogenetic development, and the antioxidant system and caused pathological changes to the caudal kidney.
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effects of Terbuthylazine on early life stages of common carp
Neuro endocrinology letters, 2015Co-Authors: Josef Velisek, Dalibor Koutnik, Alzbeta Stara, Eliska ZuskovaAbstract:OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of Terbuthylazine in different developmental stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on the basis of mortality, early ontogeny, occurrence of morphological anomalies, growth rate, and Fulton's condition factor during and at the conclusion of the test. DESIGN: The toxicity tests were performed on carp according to OECD 210 methodology. The developmental stages of carp were exposed to Terbuthylazine at four concentrations, 2.9 (reported environmental concentration in Czech rivers); 70; 1,400; and 3,500 µg.L(-1) for 35 days and compared to carps in a non-treated control group. RESULTS: Terbuthylazine in concentration 1,400 and 3,000 µg.L(-1) caused significant (p<0.01) decrease of mass, total length and delayed in development of carp. Fish exposed to Terbuthylazine showed alteration of tubular system of caudal kidney. On the basis of histopathological changes the values of LOEC=2.9 µg.L(-1) Terbuthylazine were estimated. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic Terbuthylazine exposure of early-life stages of common carp affected their growth rate, early ontogeny and histology. Some of the changes were observed only at higher exposures, but change founded in caudal kidney was affected in fish exposed to the real environmental concentration tested (i.e., 2.9 µg.L(-1)).
Giuseppe Zanin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of sewage amendment on the dissipation of Terbuthylazine its degradation compound desethyl Terbuthylazine and s metolachlor in a field study
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes, 2019Co-Authors: Laura Carretta, Giuseppe Zanin, Alessandra Cardinali, Roberta MasinAbstract:This study evaluates the effect of sewage amendment (SA) on the dissipation of Terbuthylazine, its degradation compound desethyl-Terbuthylazine, and S-metolachlor in the soil. The experiment was co...
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dissipation of Terbuthylazine metolachlor and mesotrione in soils with contrasting texture
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes, 2018Co-Authors: Laura Carretta, Giuseppe Zanin, Alessandra Cardinali, Ester Marotta, Roberta MasinAbstract:: This study evaluates the dissipation of Terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione at different depths in soils with contrasting texture. The field trial was conducted at the Padua University Experimental Farm, north-east Italy. The persistence of three herbicides was studied in three different soil textures (clay soil, sandy soil, and loamy soil) at two depths (0-5 and 5-15 cm). Soil organic carbon content was highest in the clay (1.10%) followed by loam (0.67%) and sandy soil (0.24%); the pH of soils was sub-alkaline. Terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione were applied on maize as a formulated product (Lumax®) at a dose of 3.5 L ha-1. Their dissipation in the treated plots was followed for 2 months after application. The concentrations of herbicides were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dissipation of Terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione could be described by a pseudo first-order kinetics. Terbuthylazine showed the highest DT50, followed by metolachlor and mesotrione. Considering the tested soil, the highest DT50 value was found in clay soil for Terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas for mesotrione there was no difference among soils. Significant differences were found between the two soil depths for Terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas none were found for mesotrione. These results suggest that soil texture and depth have a strong influence on the dissipation of Terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas no influence was observed on mesotrione because of its chemical and physical properties.
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Terbuthylazine Contamination of the Aquifer North of Vicenza (North-East Italy) (5 pp)
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - International, 2007Co-Authors: Lorenzo Altissimo, Giuseppe ZaninAbstract:- DOI: http://dx.doi/10.1065/espr2006.01.016 Background and Goal Agricultural practices can affect the quality of aquifers given that they are often located in cropped areas, so significant amounts of pesticides can be found in the water. In particular, triazine herbicides are always carefully checked by the official monitoring systems. The goal of this study was to find the mean concentration of Terbuthylazine in an Italian aquifer and to set up a mass balance of this compound. Methods Terbuthylazine concentrations in the aquifer were measured in various check-wells during 1998–2004, and the value of censored data were estimated using a Gompertz inverse in order to evaluate the overall mean concentration. The total Terbuthylazine load in the recharge area was calculated on the basis of surveys of cropped land and the main weed control techniques applied in the area. Data on aquifer water balance were obtained from previous studies. Results and Discussion The herbicide Terbuthylazine applied in the recharge zone can be transported by surface water and enter the aquifer. Detected concentrations were always well below the EU drinking water limit and the fraction that can reach the groundwater under normal cropping practices is small, very likely less than 0.2%. Recommendations and Outlook The use and application rates of pesticides should be strictly regulated in recharge areas. Vegetated buffer strips can mitigate the impact of herbicides on surface water through reducing drift and early-spring runoff. Attention should also be paid to the fate of the main metabolites from soil biochemical processes.
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Terbuthylazine contamination of the aquifer north of vicenza north east italy 5 pp
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2007Co-Authors: Lorenzo Altissimo, Giuseppe ZaninAbstract:BACKGROUND AND GOAL: Agricultural practices can affect the quality of aquifers given that they are often located in cropped areas, so significant amounts of pesticides can be found in the water. In particular, triazine herbicides are always carefully checked by the official monitoring systems. The goal of this study was to find the mean concentration of Terbuthylazine in an Italian aquifer and to set up a mass balance of this compound. METHODS: Terbuthylazine concentrations in the aquifer were measured in various check-wells during 1998-2004, and the value of censored data were estimated using a Gompertz inverse in order to evaluate the overall mean concentration. The total Terbuthylazine load in the recharge area was calculated on the basis of surveys of cropped land and the main weed control techniques applied in the area. Data on aquifer water balance were obtained from previous studies. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The herbicide Terbuthylazine applied in the recharge zone can be transported by surface water and enter the aquifer. Detected concentrations were always well below the EU drinking water limit and the fraction that can reach the groundwater under normal cropping practices is small, very likely less than 0.2%. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: The use and application rates of pesticides should be strictly regulated in recharge areas. Vegetated buffer strips can mitigate the impact of herbicides on surface water through reducing drift and early-spring runoff. Attention should also be paid to the fate of the main metabolites from soil biochemical processes.
