The Experts below are selected from a list of 4614 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Eric Croddy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Rat poison and food security in the People’s Republic of China: focus on tetramethylene disulfoTetramine (Tetramine)
Archives of Toxicology, 2004Co-Authors: Eric CroddyAbstract:The last several years have seen a large number of mass poisonings in mainland China, particularly those caused by illicit rodenticides. One rat poison, Tetramine (tetramethylene disulfoTetramine) is responsible for a great percentage of death and injury in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Tetramine is an acutely toxic substance with human oral toxicity estimated as low as 0.1 mg/kg, and is widely available in open markets in mainland China—this despite being prohibited for manufacture or sale in the PRC. Being a GABA antagonist, and having an extremely potent effect on the brain stem, many victims can quickly fall into convulsions and die within hours following ingestion. With no known effective antidote at this time, clinical data from the PRC show that acute cases of Tetramine poisoning are extremely difficult to treat. The widespread use of Tetramine—including its reported sale at a Malaysian outdoor market in September 2002—could exacerbate its hazard to public health, particularly in those areas having large overseas Chinese populations.
-
rat poison and food security in the people s republic of china focus on tetramethylene disulfoTetramine Tetramine
Archives of Toxicology, 2004Co-Authors: Eric CroddyAbstract:The last several years have seen a large number of mass poisonings in mainland China, particularly those caused by illicit rodenticides. One rat poison, Tetramine (tetramethylene disulfoTetramine) is responsible for a great percentage of death and injury in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Tetramine is an acutely toxic substance with human oral toxicity estimated as low as 0.1 mg/kg, and is widely available in open markets in mainland China—this despite being prohibited for manufacture or sale in the PRC. Being a GABA antagonist, and having an extremely potent effect on the brain stem, many victims can quickly fall into convulsions and die within hours following ingestion. With no known effective antidote at this time, clinical data from the PRC show that acute cases of Tetramine poisoning are extremely difficult to treat. The widespread use of Tetramine—including its reported sale at a Malaysian outdoor market in September 2002—could exacerbate its hazard to public health, particularly in those areas having large overseas Chinese populations.
Kazuo Shiomi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
determination of Tetramine in marine gastropods by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Toxicon, 2004Co-Authors: Yoko Kawashima, Yuji Nagashima, Kazuo ShiomiAbstract:Tetramine (tetramethylammonium ion) is found at high levels (several mg/g) in the salivary gland of buccinid gastropods and has been involved in numerous poisoning incidents after ingestion of those gastropods. A sensitive and selective determination method for Tetramine, which is based on a combination of liquid chromatography (LC) and electrospray ionization-single quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), was developed. Following separation by LC on a cation-exchange column, Tetramine was easily detected by simultaneous monitoring of a molecular ion (m/z 74) at a cone voltage of 30 V and a fragment ion (m/z 58) at 70 V. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the range of 0.1-100 ng by plotting the peak areas of the molecular ion versus the amounts of Tetramine. Spiking experiments demonstrated that Tetramine in gastropod tissues can be determined by the LC/ESI-MS method, without being affected by sample matrices as well as the extration procedure. Applications of the new method to gastropod samples revealed that a small amount of Tetramine is contained even in mid-gut gland and muscle and that Tetramine in the salivary gland diffuses to other tissues during boiling and slow thawing.
-
Determination of Tetramine in marine gastropods by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2004Co-Authors: Yoko Kawashima, Yuji Nagashima, Kazuo ShiomiAbstract:Tetramine (tetramethylammonium ion) is found at high levels (several mg/g) in the salivary gland of buccinid gastropods and has been involved in numerous poisoning incidents after ingestion of those gastropods. A sensitive and selective determination method for Tetramine, which is based on a combination of liquid chromatography (LC) and electrospray ionization-single quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), was developed. Following separation by LC on a cation-exchange column, Tetramine was easily detected by simultaneous monitoring of a molecular ion (m/z 74) at a cone voltage of 30 V and a fragment ion (m/z 58) at 70 V. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the range of 0.1-100 ng by plotting the peak areas of the molecular ion versus the amounts of Tetramine. Spiking experiments demonstrated that Tetramine in gastropod tissues can be determined by the LC/ESI-MS method, without being affected by sample matrices as well as the extration procedure. Applications of the new method to gastropod samples revealed that a small amount of Tetramine is contained even in mid-gut gland and muscle and that Tetramine in the salivary gland diffuses to other tissues during boiling and slow thawing.
-
Toxicity and Tetramine contents of salivary glands from carnivorous gastropods
Shokuhin eiseigaku zasshi. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan, 2002Co-Authors: Yoko Kawashima, Yuji Nagashima, Kazuo ShiomiAbstract:Salivary glands from 29 species of marine carnivorous gastropods in nine families were examined for lethal activity against mice and Tetramine content. Mouse lethality was assayed by intravenous injection of buffer extracts into mice, and was detected in 14 species. Heat-stability tests confirmed that toxins in four species were thermolabile, while those in eight species were thermostable. Based on the Tetramine contents determined by the colorimetric method using methanolic extracts, the thermostable toxins in seven species (Neptunea eulimatalamellosa, N. vinosa, N. arthritica, N. bulbacea, N. intersculpta f. pribiloffensis, N. intersculpta f. frater pilsbry and Hemifusus tuba) were considered to be Tetramine contained at high levels (more than 900 micrograms/g salivary gland), but that in one species (Buccinum opisthoplectum) appeared to be a low-molecular-weight compound differing from Tetramine. It is interesting that one (Hemifusus tuba) of the seven species containing high amounts of Tetramine belongs to the family Melongenidae, although the other six Neptunea species are members of the family Buccinidae, as expected from previous studies.
Tae Seek Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Identification of Tetramine, a toxin in whelks, as the cause of a poisoning incident in Korea and the distribution of Tetramine in fresh and boiled whelk (Neptunea intersculpta).
Journal of food protection, 2009Co-Authors: Ji Hoe Kim, Ka Jeong Lee, Toshiyuki Suzuki, Chun Mi Kim, Jae Yun Lee, Jong Soo Mok, Tae Seek LeeAbstract:An investigation was conducted into the clinical symptoms and causative agent associated with a whelk poisoning incident that occurred in March 2005 in Korea. The whelk consumed in the poisoning incident was identified as Neptunea intersculpta. All of the 17 patients suffered from eyeball pain, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, and nausea but no diarrhea. The causative agent was identified as Tetramine, based on results from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Based on the Tetramine concentration in the leftover whelk meat and the amount of meat consumed, the amount of Tetramine ingested by the patients was estimated to be > or = 10 mg. This is the first report of the identification of Tetramine as the causative agent in whelk poisoning in Korea. The anatomical distribution of Tetramine in fresh and boiled N. intersculpta was examined. The toxin concentration in the meat was higher in specimens boiled in the shell than in fresh specimens collected on the same date. In meat boiled separately after removing the shell, the salivary gland, and the midgut gland, the Tetramine concentration was much lower than that in fresh specimens or those boiled in the shell. This result suggests that boiling the meat after removing the salivary gland is a suitable way to prevent Tetramine poisoning.
Li Leishi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Sequential hemoperfusion and continuous venovenous hemofiltration in treatment of severe Tetramine poisoning.
Blood purification, 2006Co-Authors: Gong Dehua, Xie Honglang, Xu Bin, Liu Yun, Li LeishiAbstract:Objective: It was the aim of this study to observe the effects of sequential hemoperfusion (HP) and continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) on patients with severe Tetramine poisoning and to evaluate the ability of these modalities to remove Tetramine. Methods: Eighteen patients diagnosed as having severe Tetramine poisoning were treated by blood purification, additional to routine medical therapy. Blood purification procedures included HP using activated charcoal for 3–5 h and consecutive CVVH for 24–36 h. Patients’ clinical conditions, blood routine tests and serum chemical tests were evaluated every day after admission. Plasma Tetramine concentrations were determined before and after HP. During CVVH, Tetramine concentrations in plasma before and after passing through the filter and ultrafiltration at 2 and 12 h were also determined. Results: Eight patients received blood purification within 12 h after onset of poisoning, and 10 patients received blood purification more than 12 h later. Early-treated patients showed a higher cure rate (100 vs. 60.0%; p 2 test) and shorter coma time than late-treated patients (26.0 ± 23.2 h, range 5–70, vs. 59.7 ± 27.7 h, range 20–96; p 0.05). Mean plasma Tetramine concentration was reduced from 0.124 ± 0.082 to 0.080 ± 0.055 mg/l after HP. At 2 h of CVVH, mean plasma Tetramine concentration was 0.078 ± 0.064 mg/l, at 12 h of CVVH, 0.074 ± 0.059 mg/l, and the ultrafiltration sieving coefficient at 2 and 12 h was 0.839 ± 0.409 and 0.686 ± 0.253 mg/l, respectively. Conclusion: Early sequential HP and CVVH therapy may significantly improve the outcome of patients with severe Tetramine intoxication. HP can rapidly reduce the plasma concentration of Tetramine, and CVVH can attenuate the plasma Tetramine concentration rebound after HP by continuously removing Tetramine from the plasma.
-
The effect of CBP on the immunodeficiency state induced by acute Tetramine poisoning
Chinese Journal of Nephrology Dialysis & Transplantation, 2003Co-Authors: Li LeishiAbstract:Objective:To investigate the immune status of the patients with severe Tetramine poisoning and the effects of the sequential charcoal hemoperfusion (HP) and continuous blood purification (CBP) treatment on the immune status. Methodology:Twelve patients with severe acute Tetramine poisoning were treated by sequential HP and continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Blood were taken from those patients at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours during CBP. Monocytes were isolated and incubated with LPS 10 μg/ml for 12 hours at 37℃. The levels of TNF α, IL 6 and IL 10 in the supernatants were detected by ELISA method to determine the secreting function of monocytes. The number of monocytes in peripheral blood was also counted at same time. The levels of plasma TNF α, IL 6 and IL 10 were examined simultaneously (ELISA). Results:① Compared with normals, the levels of cytokines secreted from monocytes of tetraminie poisoning patients were significantly lower, especially, the levels of TNF α and IL 10 ( P 0.01).② After HP combined CBP treatment, the concentration of Tetramine in blood was decreased markedly( P 0.05), the outcome in most of the patients improved, simultaneously, and the function of monocytes was recovered in those patients( P 0.05). ③ Only in a few patients who failed to recover, the concentration of Tetramine in blood was higher than those curing patients, the time from onset of poisoning to HP is later, and the immune status was severely suppressed and couldn't recover. Conclusion:The immune status is severely suppressed in patients with Tetramine poisoning. Sequential hemoperfusion and CBP can eliminate the Tetramine in blood significantly and persistently, and also improve monocyte function quickly in most of the patients. The prognosis of the poisoning patients is related with the dosage of toxin, the beginning time of treatment and the patient's immune status.
Lewis S. Nelson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Tetramine poisoning in China: changes over a decade viewed through the media’s eye
BMC public health, 2014Co-Authors: Yanxia Gao, Jingmin Peng, Lewis S. NelsonAbstract:Background Tetramine, or tetramethylenedisulfoTetramine, is an internationally banned compound that had been used primarily as a rodenticide. Despite its regulatory status, there are widespread reports of its intentional use in human poisonings, primarily in China, and often in mass poisonings. Enhanced governmental regulations were implemented in 2003 to further reduce the availability of Tetramine, though the effects of these regulations, and the current use of Tetramine, remains unknown.
-
Tetramine poisoning in china changes over a decade viewed through the media s eye
BMC Public Health, 2014Co-Authors: Yanxia Gao, Jingmin Peng, Lewis S. NelsonAbstract:Background Tetramine, or tetramethylenedisulfoTetramine, is an internationally banned compound that had been used primarily as a rodenticide. Despite its regulatory status, there are widespread reports of its intentional use in human poisonings, primarily in China, and often in mass poisonings. Enhanced governmental regulations were implemented in 2003 to further reduce the availability of Tetramine, though the effects of these regulations, and the current use of Tetramine, remains unknown.
