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Anna Gilmore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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longitudinal evaluation of the impact of standardised packaging and minimum excise tax on Tobacco Sales and industry revenue in the uk
Tobacco Control, 2020Co-Authors: Rosemary Hiscock, Nicole H Augustin, Robert J Branston, Anna GilmoreAbstract:Background Standardised packaging for factory-made cigarettes (FM) and roll-your-own Tobacco (RYO), and a minimum excise tax (MET) were fully implemented in the UK in May 2017 following a 12-month transition period. This paper is the first to examine effects on Tobacco Sales volumes and company revenues. Methods Analysis of UK commercial supermarket and convenience store electronic point of sale data on Tobacco Sales. FM and RYO products9 data (May 2015–April 2018) yielded 107 572 monthly observations. Expected values from additive mixed modelling were used to calculate trends in: (1) volumes of Tobacco sold overall, by cigarette type (FM and RYO) and by seven market segments; and (2) company net revenues. A 10-month period (June 2015–March 2016) before the transition to standardised packs was compared with a 10-month period after the introduction of the MET and full implementation of standardised packs (June 2017–March 2018). Results Postimplementation, the average monthly decline in stick Sales was 6.4 million (95% CI 0.1 million to 12.7 million) sticks faster than prelegislation, almost doubling the speed of decline. Sales of cheap FM brands, previously increasing, plateaued after implementation. Company monthly net revenues declined from a stable £231 million (95% CI £228 million to £234 million), prelegislation, to £198 million (95% CI £191 million to £206 million) in April 2018. Conclusions The concurrent introduction of standardised packaging and MET in the UK was associated with significant decline in Sales and in Tobacco industry revenues, and the end of the previous growth in cheap cigarette brands that appeal to young and price conscious smokers.
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introduction of standardised Tobacco packaging and minimum excise tax on in the uk a prospective study
The Lancet, 2019Co-Authors: Rosemary Hiscock, Nicole H Augustin, Robert J Branston, Anna GilmoreAbstract:Abstract Background Standardised packaging for factory made and roll your own Tobacco was implemented in the UK in May, 2017, alongside a minimum excise tax for factory made products. As other jurisdictions attempt to implement standardised packaging, the Tobacco industry continues to suggest that it would be counterproductive, in part by leading to falls in price due to commoditisation. Here, we assess the impact of the introduction of these policies on the UK Tobacco market. Methods We did a prospective study of UK commercial electronic point-of-sale data from 11 constituent geographic areas. The main outcomes were changes in Sales volumes, volume-weighted real prices, and Tobacco industry revenue. These were assessed using trend estimation from generalised additive mixed models. Products distributed to less than 10% of stores were excluded for sample design reasons; nevertheless, the analysis included an estimated 91% of the UK Tobacco market products. The study did not require ethical approval. Findings 107 572 monthly observations of products from May, 2015, to April,2018were included in the analysis. Introduction of standardised packaging and a minimum excise tax was associated with a doubling of the rate of Sales decline. The most marked change in Sales volumes was among the cheapest factory-made brands, where substantial Sales growth stopped and prices rose markedly (prices increased by 0·035 p for the cheapest factory-made brands compared with 0·016 p across all factory-made brands and a 0·004 p increase across all products from May, 2015, to April, 2018). There was no evidence of commoditisation as market segmentation (price differentiation and different price trajectories for premium and lower priced products) continued. Company monthly net revenues declined from GBP £231 million (95% CI £222 million to £240 million) in May, 2015, to £192 million (£182 million to £201 million) in April, 2018. Interpretation The concurrently introduced policies of standardised packaging and minimum excise tax were associated with declining Tobacco Sales and Tobacco industry revenue, which might underpin the Tobacco industry's opposition to the policies. Prices at the end of the period were higher than the at the start, implying no long-term price falls. A minimum excise tax might limit the Tobacco industry's ability to keep low-priced Tobacco, which is popular with young and disadvantaged smokers, available. The complementary introduction of standardised packaging and the minimum excise tax meant effects could not be distinguished statistically. Funding Cancer Research UK and British Heart Foundation (grant number C27260/A23168).
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Tobacco industry strategies undermine government tax policy evidence from commercial data
Tobacco Control, 2018Co-Authors: Rosemary Hiscock, Robert J Branston, Ann Mcneill, Sara C Hitchman, Timea R Partos, Anna GilmoreAbstract:Objective Taxation equitably reduces smoking, the leading cause of health inequalities. The Tobacco industry (TI) can, however, undermine the public health gains realised from Tobacco taxation through its pricing strategies. This study aims to examine contemporary TI pricing strategies in the UK and implications for Tobacco tax policy. Design Review of commercial literature and longitudinal analysis of Tobacco Sales and price data. Setting A high-income country with comprehensive Tobacco control policies and high Tobacco taxes (UK). Participants 2009 to 2015 Nielsen Scantrak electronic point of sale systems data. Main outcome measures Tobacco segmentation; monthly prices, Sales volumes of and net revenue from roll-your-own (RYO) and factory-made (FM) cigarettes by segment; use of price-marking and pack sizes. Results The literature review and Sales data concurred that both RYO and FM cigarettes were segmented by price. Despite regular tax increases, average real prices for the cheapest FM and RYO segments remained steady from 2013 while volumes grew. Low prices were maintained through reductions in the size of packs and price-marking. Each year, at the point the budget is implemented, the TI drops its revenue by up to 18 pence per pack, absorbing the tax increases (undershifting). Undershifting is most marked for the cheapest segments. Conclusions The TI currently uses a variety of strategies to keep Tobacco cheap. The implementation of standardised packaging will prevent small pack sizes and price-marking but further changes in tax policy are needed to minimise the TI’s attempts to prevent sudden price increases.
Ruth E Malone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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policy coherence integration and proportionality in Tobacco control should Tobacco Sales be limited to government outlets
Journal of Public Health Policy, 2017Co-Authors: Elizabeth A Smith, Heikki Hiilamo, Patricia A Mcdaniel, Ruth E MaloneAbstract:Multiple factors, including marijuana decriminalization/legalization, Tobacco endgame discourse, and alcohol industry pressures, suggest that the retail regulatory environment for psychoactive or addictive substances is a dynamic one in which new options may be considered. In most countries, the regulation of Tobacco, marijuana, and alcohol is neither coherent, nor integrated, nor proportional to the potential harms caused by these substances. We review the possible consequences of restricting Tobacco Sales to outlets run by government-operated alcohol retail monopolies, as well as the likely obstacles to such a policy. Such a move would allow governments more options for regulating Tobacco Sales, and increase coherence, integration, and proportionality of substance regulation. It might also serve as an incremental step toward an endgame goal of eliminating Sales of commercial combustible Tobacco.
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understanding community norms surrounding Tobacco Sales
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Patricia A Mcdaniel, Ruth E MaloneAbstract:In the US, denormalizing Tobacco use is key to Tobacco control; less attention has been paid to denormalizing Tobacco Sales. However, some localities have placed limits on the number and type of retailers who may sell Tobacco, and some retailers have abandoned Tobacco Sales voluntarily. Understanding community norms surrounding Tobacco Sales may help accelerate Tobacco denormalization.We conducted 15 focus groups with customers of California, New York, and Ohio retailers who had voluntarily discontinued Tobacco Sales to examine normative assumptions about where cigarettes should or should not be sold, voluntary decisions to discontinue Tobacco Sales, and government limits on such Sales.Groups in all three states generally agreed that grocery stores that sold healthy products should not sell Tobacco; California groups saw pharmacies similarly, while this was a minority opinion in the other two states. Convenience stores were regarded as a natural place to sell Tobacco. In each state, it was regarded as normal and commendable for some stores to want to stop selling Tobacco, although few participants could imagine convenience stores doing so. Views on government's role in setting limits on Tobacco Sales varied, with California and New York participants generally expressing support for restrictions, and Ohio participants expressing opposition. However, even those who expressed opposition did not approve of Tobacco Sales in all possible venues. Banning Tobacco Sales entirely was not yet normative.Limiting the ubiquitous availability of Tobacco Sales is key to ending the Tobacco epidemic. Some limits on Tobacco Sales appear to be normative from the perspective of community members; it may be possible to shift norms further by problematizing the ubiquitous presence of cigarettes and drawing connections to other products already subject to restrictions.
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Advance and Retreat: Tobacco Control Policy in the U.S. Military
Military medicine, 2008Co-Authors: Sarah R. Arvey, Ruth E MaloneAbstract:ABSTRACT This archival study explored why military Tobacco control initiatives have thus far largely failed to meet their goals. We analyzed more than 5,000 previously undisclosed internal Tobacco industry documents made public via an online database and additional documents obtained from the U.S. military. In four case studies, we illustrate how pressures exerted by multiple political actors resulted in weakening or rescinding military Tobacco control policy initiatives. Our findings suggest that lowering military smoking rates will require health policymakers to better anticipate and counter political opponents. The findings also suggest that effective Tobacco control policies may require strong, explicit implementation instructions and high-level Department of Defense support. Finally, policy designers should also consider ways to reduce or eliminate existing perverse incentives to increase Tobacco consumption, such as allowing exchange store Tobacco Sales to fund Morale, Recreation, and Welfare Programs.
Kurt M Ribisl - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A comparison of three policy approaches for Tobacco retailer reduction ☆
2020Co-Authors: Allison E Myers, Marissa G Hall, Lisa F Isgett, Kurt M RibislAbstract:a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Available online 14 February 2015 Keywords: Tobacco Policy Public health Background. The Institute of Medicine recommends that public health agencies restrict the number and regulate the location of Tobacco retailers as a means of reducing Tobacco use. However, the best policy strategy for Tobacco retailer reduction is unknown. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to test the percent reduction in the number and density of Tobacco retailers in North Carolina resulting from three policies: (1) prohibiting Sales of Tobacco products in pharmacies or stores with a pharmacy counter, (2) restricting Sales of Tobacco products within 1000 ft of schools, and (3) regulating to 500 ft the minimum allowable distance between Tobacco outlets. Methods. This study uses data from two lists of Tobacco retailers gathered in 2012, one at the statewide level, and another "gold standard" three-county list. Retailers near schools were identified using point and parcel boundaries in ArcMap. Python programming language generated a random lottery system to remove retailers within 500 ft of each other. Analyses were conducted in 2014. Results. A minimum allowable distance policy had the single greatest impact and would reduce density by 22.1% at the state level, or 20.8% at the county level (range 16.6% to 27.9%). Both a pharmacy and near-schools ban together would reduce density by 29.3% at the state level, or 29.7% at the county level (range 26.3 to 35.6%). Conclusions. The implementation of policies restricting Tobacco Sales in pharmacies, near schools, and/or in close proximity to another Tobacco retailer would substantially reduce the number and density of Tobacco retail outlets
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research gaps related to Tobacco product marketing and Sales in the family smoking prevention and Tobacco control act
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2012Co-Authors: Kurt M RibislAbstract:This paper is part of a collection that identifies research priorities that will help guide the efforts of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as it regulates Tobacco products. This paper examines the major provisions related to Tobacco product advertising, marketing, Sales, and distribution included in Public Law 111-31, the "Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act". This paper covers 5 areas related to (a) marketing regulations (e.g., ban on color and imagery in ads, ban on nonTobacco gifts with purchase); (b) granting FDA authority over the sale, distribution, accessibility, advertising, and promotion of Tobacco and lifting state preemption over advertising; (c) remote Tobacco Sales (mail order and Internet); (d) prevention of illicit and cross-border trade; and (e) noncompliant export products. Each of the 5 sections of this paper provides a description and brief history of regulation, what is known about this regulatory strategy, and research opportunities.
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effectiveness of state and federal government agreements with major credit card and shipping companies to block illegal internet cigarette Sales
PLOS ONE, 2011Co-Authors: Kurt M Ribisl, Rebecca S Williams, Ziya Gizlice, Amy H HerringAbstract:Most Internet vendors offer tax-free cigarettes making them cheaper than those sold at stores. This undermines the impact that higher prices have upon reducing consumption. Most Internet Tobacco Sales have violated taxation and youth access laws, which led to landmark voluntary agreements in 2005 with the major credit card companies and major private shippers to ban payment transactions and shipments for all Internet cigarette Sales. Objective To assess whether these bans increased the rate of Internet Cigarette Vendors (ICVs) ceasing online Sales, decreased the proportion of vendors offering banned payment and shipping options, and decreased consumer traffic to the most popular ICVs. Design Websites in a longitudinal study of ICVs were visited in 2003 (n = 338), 2004 (n = 775), 2005 (n = 664), 2006 (n = 762), and 2007 (n = 497) to assess whether they were in business and monitor their advertised Sales practices. The number of unique monthly visitors to the 50 most popular ICVs at baseline was examined for the period one year before and two years after the bans to determine whether the bans altered traffic. Results Following the bans, the rate of ICVs ceasing online Sales year to year increased, but due to an influx of new vendors, there was a net increase in ICVs. The proportion of vendors accepting banned payment options dropped from 99.2% to 37.4% after the bans, and the proportion offering banned shipping options dropped from 32.2% to 5.6%, but there was a corresponding increase in vendors offering non-banned payment options (e.g., personal checks) and shipping options (e.g., US Postal Service). Following the bans, there was a 3.5 fold decline in traffic to the most popular ICV websites. Conclusions This promising approach to controlling the sale of restricted goods online has implications for regulating other products such as alcohol, firearms, quack cures, and medicines sold without a prescription.
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what factors are associated with local enforcement of laws banning illegal Tobacco Sales to minors a study of 182 law enforcement agencies in california
Preventive Medicine, 2001Co-Authors: Kim Ammann Howard, Kurt M Ribisl, Beth Howardpitney, Gregory J Norman, Louise A RohrbachAbstract:Abstract Objectives . The aims of this study were to understand the attitudes of local law enforcement staff regarding policies to reduce youth access to Tobacco, to determine what proportion of these agencies have conducted unannounced compliance checks in the past year, and to examine factors associated with conducting compliance checks. Methods . A written questionnaire was completed by 182 law enforcement officials representing 200 cities and counties in California (some officials represented multiple jurisdictions). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with conducting compliance checks. Results . Only 36% of local enforcement agencies reported conducting one or more compliance checks in the previous year. Agencies were more likely to conduct compliance checks if they perceived fewer barriers to enforcement, reported more frequent collaboration with other community agencies to enforce youth access laws, and believed that youth access to Tobacco is a problem in their community. Conclusions . Because active enforcement of youth access laws using unannounced compliance checks has been shown to reduce the rate of illegal Tobacco Sales to minors and may reduce youth smoking, efforts to increase the level of enforcement should be promoted. These study results may be used to inform efforts to encourage local agencies to enforce existing youth access laws.
Michael Chaiton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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association of flavoured cigar regulations with wholesale Tobacco volumes in canada an interrupted time series analysis
Tobacco Control, 2019Co-Authors: Michael Chaiton, Robert Schwartz, Gabrielle Tremblay, Robert NugentAbstract:Introduction This study examines the association of Federal Canadian regulations passed in 2009 addressing flavours (excluding menthol) in small cigars with changes in cigar Sales. Methods Quarterly wholesale unit data as reported to Health Canada from 2001 through 2016 were analysed using interrupted time series analysis. Changes in Sales of cigars with and without flavour descriptors were estimated. Analyses were seasonally adjusted. Changes in the flavour types were assessed over time. Results The Federal flavour regulations were associated with a reduction in the Sales of flavoured cigars by 59 million units (95% CI −86.0 to −32.4). Increases in Sales of cigars with descriptors other than flavours (eg, colour or other ambiguous terms) were observed (9.6 million increase (95% CI −1.3 to 20.5), but the overall level (decline of 49.6 million units (95% CI −73.5 to −25.8) and trend of Sales of cigars (6.9 million units per quarter (95% CI −8.1 to −5.7)) declined following the ban. Sensitivity analysis showed that there was no substantial difference in effect over time comparing Ontario and British Columbia, suggesting that other provincial Tobacco control legislation was not associated with the changes in levels. Analyses suggested that the level change was sensitive to the specification of the date. Conclusion This study demonstrates that flavour regulations have the potential to substantially impact Tobacco Sales. However, exemptions for certain flavours and product types may have reduced the effectiveness of the ban, indicating the need for comprehensive, well-designed regulations.
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impacts of canada s minimum age for Tobacco Sales mats laws on youth smoking behaviour 2000 2014
Tobacco Control, 2018Co-Authors: Russell C Callaghan, Michael Chaiton, Robert Schwartz, Marcos Sanches, Jodi M Gatley, James K Cunningham, Susan J Bondy, Claire BennyAbstract:Background Recently, the US Institute of Medicine has proposed that raising the minimum age for Tobacco purchasing/Sales to 21 years would likely lead to reductions in smoking behavior among young people. Surprisingly few studies, however, have assessed the potential impacts of minimum-age Tobacco restrictions on youth smoking. Objective To estimate the impacts of Canadian minimum age for Tobacco Sales (MATS) laws on youth smoking behaviour. Design A regression-discontinuity design, using seven merged cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2000–2014. Participants Survey respondents aged 14–22 years (n=98 320). Exposure Current Canadian MATS laws are 18 years in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Quebec, the Yukon and Northwest Territories, and 19 years of age in the rest of the country. Main outcomes Current, occasional and daily smoking status; smoking frequency and intensity; and average monthly cigarette consumption. Results In comparison to age groups slightly younger than the MATS, those just older had significant and abrupt increases immediately after the MATS in the prevalence of current smokers (absolute increase: 2.71%; 95% CI 0.70% to 4.80%; P=0.009) and daily smokers (absolute increase: 2.43%; 95% CI 0.74% to 4.12%; P=0.005). Average past-month cigarette consumption within age groups increased immediately following the MATS by 18% (95% CI 3% to 39%; P=0.02). There was no evidence of significant increases in smoking intensity for daily or occasional smokers after release from MATS restrictions. Conclusion The study provides relevant evidence supporting the effectiveness of Canadian MATS laws for limiting smoking among Tobacco-restricted youth.
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Tobacco on campus industry marketing and Tobacco control policy among post secondary institutions in canada
Tobacco Control, 2005Co-Authors: David Hammond, Michael Chaiton, I Tremblay, E Lessard, C CallardAbstract:Objective: Post-secondary institutions provide a unique opportunity to implement and evaluate leading edge Tobacco policies, while influencing a key group of young adults. To date, however, we know little about the Tobacco control environment at post-secondary institutions outside the USA. Design: Telephone surveys were conducted with campus informants from 35 post-secondary institutions in Canada to evaluate Tobacco control policies and the presence of Tobacco marketing on campus. Main outcome measures: Tobacco marketing on campus, Tobacco control policies, and attitudes towards Tobacco control. Results: The findings indicate that Tobacco marketing is prevalent among post-secondary institutions in Canada. Every university and half of all colleges surveyed had participated in some form of Tobacco marketing in the past year. Among universities, 80% had run a Tobacco advertisement in their paper and 18% had hosted a Tobacco sponsored nightclub event. Tobacco control policies varied considerably between institutions. Although several campuses had introduced leading edge policies, such as campus wide outdoor smoking restrictions and Tobacco Sales bans, there is a general lack of awareness of Tobacco issues among campus decision makers and fundamental public health measures, such as indoor smoke-free policies, have yet to be introduced in many cases. Conclusions: Post-secondary institutions in Canada remain Tobacco friendly environments. Without increased direction and support from the public health community, post-secondary institutions will continue to lag behind, rather than lead current policy standards.
Joseph R. Difranza - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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enforcement of underage Sales laws as a predictor of daily smoking among adolescents a national study
BMC Public Health, 2009Co-Authors: Joseph R. Difranza, Judith A. Savageau, Kenneth E FletcherAbstract:Background With a goal to reduce youth smoking rates, the U.S. federal government mandated that states enforce laws prohibiting underage Tobacco Sales. Our objective was to determine if state compliance with Tobacco Sales laws is associated with a decreased risk of current daily smoking among adolescents.
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Is the standard compliance check protocol a valid measure of the accessibility of Tobacco to underage smokers
Tobacco control, 2001Co-Authors: Joseph R. Difranza, Judith A. Savageau, Joseph BouchardAbstract:OBJECTIVE—To determine if the standard compliance check protocol is a valid measure of the experience of underage smokers when purchasing Tobacco in unfamiliar communities. SETTING—160 Tobacco outlets in eight Massachusetts communities where underage Tobacco Sales laws are vigorously enforced. PROCEDURE—Completed purchase rates were compared between underage smokers who behaved normally and inexperienced non-smoking youths who were not allowed to lie or present proof of age (ID). RESULTS—The "smoker protocol" increased the likelihood of a sale nearly sixfold over that for the non-smokers (odds ratio (OR) 5.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 22). When the youths presented an ID with an underage birth date, the odds of a completed sale increased dramatically (OR 27, 95% CI 3.4 to 212). Clerks judged to be under 21 years of age were seven times more likely to make an illegal sale (OR 7.6, 95% CI 2.4 to 24.0). CONCLUSIONS—Commonly used compliance check protocols are too artificial to reflect accurately the experience of underage smokers. The validity of compliance checks might be improved by having youths present ID, and by employing either Tobacco users, or non-Tobacco users who are sufficiently experienced to mimic the self confidence exhibited by Tobacco users in this situation. Consideration should be given to prohibiting the sale of Tobacco by individuals under 21 years of age. Keywords: compliance check protocol; underage smokers
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the effect of enforcing Tobacco Sales laws on adolescents access to Tobacco and smoking behavior
The New England Journal of Medicine, 1997Co-Authors: Nancy A Rigotti, Joseph R. Difranza, Yuchiao Chang, Thelma Tisdale, Becky Kemp, Daniel E SingerAbstract:Background Enforcing laws banning Tobacco Sales to minors is widely advocated as a way to reduce young people's access to Tobacco and Tobacco use. Whether this approach is successful is not known. Methods In a two-year controlled study, we assessed Sales of Tobacco to minors and young people's access to and use of Tobacco in six Massachusetts communities. Three communities (the intervention group) enforced Tobacco-Sales laws, whereas three matched communities (the control group) did not. To assess compliance with the law, minors working for the study investigators attempted to purchase Tobacco from all retail vendors in each community every six months. Three annual anonymous surveys of a total of 22,021 students in grades 9 through 12 (response rate, 84 percent) measured access to Tobacco and smoking behavior. Results At base line, 68 percent of 487 vendors sold Tobacco to minors. Compliance with the law improved significantly faster in the intervention communities than in the controls (P<0.001). By the s...
