The Experts below are selected from a list of 267 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Isik Unlu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of lambda cyhalothrin and pyriproxyfen barrier treatments for aedes albopictus diptera culicidae management in urbanized areas of new jersey
Journal of Medical Entomology, 2018Co-Authors: Isik Unlu, Gregory M Williams, Ilia Rochlin, Devi S Suman, Yi Wang, Kshitij Chandel, Randy GauglerAbstract:Mosquito control programs in the United States are still searching for best management practices to control the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse; Diptera: Culicidae). Most intervention methods for this species are either labor intensive (e.g., source reduction) or short-term (e.g., Ultra-Low-Volume adulticiding). We investigated the effectiveness of barrier spray pesticide applications within urban and suburban residential yards in New Jersey as a control strategy using a before-after-control-impact (BACI) approach. Applications of Demand CSR pyrethroid (9.7% AI lambda-cyhalothrin) only or combined Demand CSR and Archer IGR insect growth regulator (1.3% AI pyriproxyfen) applications resulted in significant and similar decreases in adult mosquito abundance post-treatment ranging from 78 to 74% respectively, compared with the untreated control. Both insecticides exceeded the 70% reduction threshold considered as effective for Ae. albopictus control for 2 to 4 wk. However, applications of Archer IGR alone did not reduce adult mosquito abundance. The field study results were supported by laboratory no-choice bioassays using treated leaf foliage. Our study is the first data driven evidence of the residual efficacy of barrier pesticide applications in New Jersey with lambda-cyhalothrin that provided significant reductions in adult Ae. albopictus populations for an extended duration.
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the eye of the tiger the thrill of the fight effective larval and adult control measures against the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus diptera culicidae in north america
Journal of Medical Entomology, 2016Co-Authors: Ary Faraji, Isik UnluAbstract:The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is a highly invasive container-inhabiting species with a global distribution. This mosquito, similar to other Stegomyia species such as Aedes aegypti (L.), is highly adapted to urban and suburban areas, and commonly oviposits in artificial containers, which are ubiquitous in these peridomestic environments. The increase in speed and amount of international travel and commerce, coupled with global climate change, have aided in the resurgence and expansion of Stegomyia species into new areas of North America. In many parts of their range, both species are implicated as significant vectors of emerging and re-emerging arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and now Zika. Although rapid and major advances have been made in the field of biology, ecology, genetics, taxonomy, and virology, relatively little has changed in the field of mosquito control in recent decades. This is particularly discouraging in regards to container-inhabiting mosquitoes, because traditional integrated mosquito management (IMM) approaches have not been effective against these species. Many mosquito control programs simply do not possess the man-power or necessary financial resources needed to suppress Ae. albopictus effectively. Therefore, control of mosquito larvae, which is the foundation of IMM approaches, is exceptionally difficult over large areas. This review paper addresses larval habitats, use of geographic information systems for habitat preference detection, door-to-door control efforts, source reduction, direct application of larvicides, biological control agents, area-wide low-Volume application of larvicides, hot spot treatments, autodissemination stations, public education, adult traps, attractive-toxic sugar bait methods, lethal ovitraps, barrier-residual adulticides, hand-held Ultra-Low-Volume adulticides, area-wide adulticides applied by ground or air, and genetic control methods. The review concludes with future recommendations for practitioners, researchers, private industry, and policy makers.
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droplet characterization and penetration of an ultra low Volume mosquito adulticide spray targeting the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus within urban and suburban environments of northeastern usa
PLOS ONE, 2016Co-Authors: Ary Faraji, Sean P Healy, Dina M Fonseca, Isik Unlu, Taryn Crepeau, Scott C Crans, Griffith Lizarraga, Randy GauglerAbstract:Adult control of Aedes albopictus via Ultra-Low Volume is difficult because this species occurs primarily in peridomestic habitats where obstacles such as buildings and vegetation can disrupt spray plumes and droplet dispersion. We determined droplet penetration and characterization of a pyrethroid adulticide applied from the ground at mid (46.77 ml/ha) and maximum (93.53 ml/ha) label rates within cryptic habitats of urban and suburban environments. Droplets were collected from all habitats, with no significant differences detected between locations within the same application rate or collection method. No differences were detected in droplet densities (drops per mm2) between rates within urban environments, but more droplets were collected in urban (149.93 ± 11.07 SE) than suburban sites (114.37 ± 11.32) at the maximum label rate (P = 0.003). The excellent penetration of aerosols into cryptic habitats of an urban site was likely due to the shorter spray paths afforded by our network of roads and alleys. Mid label rates displayed similar droplet density values as maximum label rates in urban areas, indicating that lower rates may be used effectively to reduce costs, lessen non-target effects, and increase environmental stewardship. Advances in formulations and technology are driving changes in adulticide applications, leading to use of the minimum effective dose for maximum efficacy, precision, and accountability.
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effectiveness of ultra low Volume nighttime applications of an adulticide against diurnal aedes albopictus a critical vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses
PLOS ONE, 2012Co-Authors: Sean P Healy, Isik Unlu, Ary Farajollahi, Randy Gaugler, Dina M FonsecaAbstract:Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, continues expanding its geographic range and involvement in mosquito-borne diseases such as chikungunya and dengue. Vector control programs rarely attempt to suppress this diurnal species with an Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) adulticide because for maximum efficacy applications are conducted at night. During 2009–2011 we performed experimental nighttime applications of a novel adulticide (DUET®) against field populations of Ae. albopictus within an urban site composed of approximately 1,000 parcels (home and yard) in northeastern USA. Dual applications at mid label rate of the adulticide spaced one or two days apart accomplished significantly higher control (85.0±5.4% average reduction) than single full rate applications (73.0±5.4%). Our results demonstrate that nighttime ULV adulticiding is effective in reducing Ae. albopictus abundance and highlight its potential for use as part of integrated pest management programs and during disease epidemics when reducing human illness is of paramount importance.
Grant C. Hose - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Short and long-term impacts of Ultra-Low-Volume pesticide and biopesticide applications for locust control on non-target arid zone arthropods
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Kimberly Maute, C. Michael Bull, Paul Story, Kristine French, Grant C. HoseAbstract:Abstract While locust control is necessary to avoid the high cost of locust damage to agriculture, land managers are increasingly seeking to minimize the environmental impact of pesticide spray treatments used. The comparative impacts of different locust control treatments on non-target arid zone fauna are rarely studied in the field, leading to uncertainty as to which treatments represent the lowest hazard to the sprayed ecosystems. A phenyl pyrazole pesticide, fipronil, and a fungal biopesticide, Metarhizium acridum (Green Guard®) were applied aerially in either a barrier or blanket ULV treatment at replicated sites which mimicked the techniques employed for locust control operations in Australia. Effects of the two pesticide treatments were compared in the absence of dense locust populations. We measured the abundance and community composition of non-target arid-zone arthropods at control and treatment sites before and after pesticide applications using a large field-based pitfall trapping experiment. Arthropod community composition was not significantly affected over time by either locust control treatment. However, significant short-term times × treatment interactions were found for 6 of 11 most common taxa at family or higher taxonomic level (collembolans, acarians, coleopterans, psocopterans, gryllids, and dipterans). We also compared unsprayed and sprayed areas within fipronil and Metarhizium treatment sites, and found 2 of the 10 most common ant species (Formicidae: Rhytidoponera mayri and Iridomyrmex purpureus) showed significant time × treatment interactions for fipronil but none for Metarhizium, indicating that ants were more severely affected by fipronil within sites than between the three treatments. One year post-treatment, significant time × treatment interactions persisted for only two taxa (dipterans and blattodeans) at Metarhizium treatments, indicating full recovery of most taxa. The suppression of the ant R. mayri in fipronil sprayed areas within treatment sites persisted after one year, while I. purpureus had fully recovered. Relative arthropod abundance and community assemblage changed over time in control and treatment sites, probably reflecting changes in patterns of local rainfall over the study period. Most of the statistically significant treatment effects recorded for different taxa in our study were not long lasting, suggesting that the two locust control methods studied represent a relatively low and transient hazard to most arthropod taxa. The pronounced temporal variation in arthropod abundance across all sites indicated that climate and environmental factors are likely to be stronger drivers of arid zone arthropod abundance and community structure than single aerial applications of low-dose aerial pesticide treatments used to control locusts in arid and semi-arid regions of Australia.
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comparative effects of pesticides fenitrothion and fipronil applied as ultra low Volume formulations for locust control on non target invertebrate assemblages in mitchell grass plains of south west queensland australia
Crop Protection, 2016Co-Authors: P W Walker, Paul Story, Grant C. HoseAbstract:Abstract The effect of an aerial application of two broad-spectrum insecticides, the organophosphorus compound, fenitrothion, and the phenyl pyrazole pesticide, fipronil, on non-target invertebrates was investigated during Australian plague locust ( Chortoicetes terminifera , (Walker, 1870)) control operations on a Mitchell grass ( Astrebla spp.) plain in south-western Queensland, Australia, between 2002 and 2004. The invertebrate assemblages were monitored using yellow pan and Malaise traps to target flying invertebrates and pitfall traps to target ground-dwelling invertebrates, sampled immediately before spraying and then at 3, 7, 39, 79, 189 and 414 days after spraying. Both pesticides caused significant changes to invertebrate community composition immediately after spraying, largely due to changes in the abundance of Orthoptera, Collembola and Formicidae. The richness and abundance of invertebrates in Malaise and yellow pan traps did not differ significantly with pesticide application although significant changes in assemblage composition persisted for up to 79 days. Although not statistically significant, the richness and abundance of invertebrates in pitfall traps declined at sprayed sites after treatment, relative to controls. Assemblage composition in pitfall traps at sprayed sites was significantly different from that in the control sites and these differences persisted for up to 189 days post-spray. Prolonged drought across the study site is likely to have affected the recovery of invertebrate populations and a return to pre-spray abundances did not occur until after heavy rain fell approximately one year after the commencement of the study. The controlling influence of climatic conditions on recovery of non-target arthropod populations after exposure to pesticides therefore has implications for risk assessments for the use of pesticides in arid environments.
Paul Story - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Short and long-term impacts of Ultra-Low-Volume pesticide and biopesticide applications for locust control on non-target arid zone arthropods
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Kimberly Maute, C. Michael Bull, Paul Story, Kristine French, Grant C. HoseAbstract:Abstract While locust control is necessary to avoid the high cost of locust damage to agriculture, land managers are increasingly seeking to minimize the environmental impact of pesticide spray treatments used. The comparative impacts of different locust control treatments on non-target arid zone fauna are rarely studied in the field, leading to uncertainty as to which treatments represent the lowest hazard to the sprayed ecosystems. A phenyl pyrazole pesticide, fipronil, and a fungal biopesticide, Metarhizium acridum (Green Guard®) were applied aerially in either a barrier or blanket ULV treatment at replicated sites which mimicked the techniques employed for locust control operations in Australia. Effects of the two pesticide treatments were compared in the absence of dense locust populations. We measured the abundance and community composition of non-target arid-zone arthropods at control and treatment sites before and after pesticide applications using a large field-based pitfall trapping experiment. Arthropod community composition was not significantly affected over time by either locust control treatment. However, significant short-term times × treatment interactions were found for 6 of 11 most common taxa at family or higher taxonomic level (collembolans, acarians, coleopterans, psocopterans, gryllids, and dipterans). We also compared unsprayed and sprayed areas within fipronil and Metarhizium treatment sites, and found 2 of the 10 most common ant species (Formicidae: Rhytidoponera mayri and Iridomyrmex purpureus) showed significant time × treatment interactions for fipronil but none for Metarhizium, indicating that ants were more severely affected by fipronil within sites than between the three treatments. One year post-treatment, significant time × treatment interactions persisted for only two taxa (dipterans and blattodeans) at Metarhizium treatments, indicating full recovery of most taxa. The suppression of the ant R. mayri in fipronil sprayed areas within treatment sites persisted after one year, while I. purpureus had fully recovered. Relative arthropod abundance and community assemblage changed over time in control and treatment sites, probably reflecting changes in patterns of local rainfall over the study period. Most of the statistically significant treatment effects recorded for different taxa in our study were not long lasting, suggesting that the two locust control methods studied represent a relatively low and transient hazard to most arthropod taxa. The pronounced temporal variation in arthropod abundance across all sites indicated that climate and environmental factors are likely to be stronger drivers of arid zone arthropod abundance and community structure than single aerial applications of low-dose aerial pesticide treatments used to control locusts in arid and semi-arid regions of Australia.
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comparative effects of pesticides fenitrothion and fipronil applied as ultra low Volume formulations for locust control on non target invertebrate assemblages in mitchell grass plains of south west queensland australia
Crop Protection, 2016Co-Authors: P W Walker, Paul Story, Grant C. HoseAbstract:Abstract The effect of an aerial application of two broad-spectrum insecticides, the organophosphorus compound, fenitrothion, and the phenyl pyrazole pesticide, fipronil, on non-target invertebrates was investigated during Australian plague locust ( Chortoicetes terminifera , (Walker, 1870)) control operations on a Mitchell grass ( Astrebla spp.) plain in south-western Queensland, Australia, between 2002 and 2004. The invertebrate assemblages were monitored using yellow pan and Malaise traps to target flying invertebrates and pitfall traps to target ground-dwelling invertebrates, sampled immediately before spraying and then at 3, 7, 39, 79, 189 and 414 days after spraying. Both pesticides caused significant changes to invertebrate community composition immediately after spraying, largely due to changes in the abundance of Orthoptera, Collembola and Formicidae. The richness and abundance of invertebrates in Malaise and yellow pan traps did not differ significantly with pesticide application although significant changes in assemblage composition persisted for up to 79 days. Although not statistically significant, the richness and abundance of invertebrates in pitfall traps declined at sprayed sites after treatment, relative to controls. Assemblage composition in pitfall traps at sprayed sites was significantly different from that in the control sites and these differences persisted for up to 189 days post-spray. Prolonged drought across the study site is likely to have affected the recovery of invertebrate populations and a return to pre-spray abundances did not occur until after heavy rain fell approximately one year after the commencement of the study. The controlling influence of climatic conditions on recovery of non-target arthropod populations after exposure to pesticides therefore has implications for risk assessments for the use of pesticides in arid environments.
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insecticide residues in australian plague locusts chortoicetes terminifera walker after ultra low Volume aerial application of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2013Co-Authors: Paul Story, Pierre Mineau, Wim C. MulliéAbstract:The need for locust control throughout eastern Australia during spring 2010 provided an opportunity to quantify residues of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion on nymphs of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera Walker. Residues were collected across the different physiological states—live, dead, and debilitated (characterized by ease of capture, erratic hopping, and the inability to remain upright)—of locust nymphs observed following exposure to fenitrothion. The time course of residue depletion for 72 h after spraying was quantified, and residue-per-unit dose values in the present study were compared with previous research. Fenitrothion residue-per-unit dose values ranged from 0.2 µg/g to 31.2 µg/g (mean ± standard error [SE] = 6.3 ± 1.3 µg/g) in live C. terminifera nymps, from 0.5 µg/g to 25.5 µg/g (7.8 ± 1.3 µg/g) in debilitated nymphs, and from 2.3 µg/g to 39.8 µg/g (16.5 ± 2.8 µg/g) in dead nymphs. Residues of the oxidative derivative of fenitrothion, fenitrooxon, were generally below the limit of quantitation for the analysis (0.02 µg/g), with 2 exceptions—1 live and 1 debilitated sample returned residues at the limit of quantitation. The results of the present study suggest that sampling of acridids for risk assessment should include mimicking predatory behavior and be over a longer time course (preferably 3–24 h postspray) than sampling of vegetation (typically 1–2 h postspray) and that current regulatory frameworks may underestimate the risk of pesticides applied for locust or grasshopper control. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2792–2799. © 2013 SETAC
Randy Gaugler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of lambda cyhalothrin and pyriproxyfen barrier treatments for aedes albopictus diptera culicidae management in urbanized areas of new jersey
Journal of Medical Entomology, 2018Co-Authors: Isik Unlu, Gregory M Williams, Ilia Rochlin, Devi S Suman, Yi Wang, Kshitij Chandel, Randy GauglerAbstract:Mosquito control programs in the United States are still searching for best management practices to control the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse; Diptera: Culicidae). Most intervention methods for this species are either labor intensive (e.g., source reduction) or short-term (e.g., Ultra-Low-Volume adulticiding). We investigated the effectiveness of barrier spray pesticide applications within urban and suburban residential yards in New Jersey as a control strategy using a before-after-control-impact (BACI) approach. Applications of Demand CSR pyrethroid (9.7% AI lambda-cyhalothrin) only or combined Demand CSR and Archer IGR insect growth regulator (1.3% AI pyriproxyfen) applications resulted in significant and similar decreases in adult mosquito abundance post-treatment ranging from 78 to 74% respectively, compared with the untreated control. Both insecticides exceeded the 70% reduction threshold considered as effective for Ae. albopictus control for 2 to 4 wk. However, applications of Archer IGR alone did not reduce adult mosquito abundance. The field study results were supported by laboratory no-choice bioassays using treated leaf foliage. Our study is the first data driven evidence of the residual efficacy of barrier pesticide applications in New Jersey with lambda-cyhalothrin that provided significant reductions in adult Ae. albopictus populations for an extended duration.
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droplet characterization and penetration of an ultra low Volume mosquito adulticide spray targeting the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus within urban and suburban environments of northeastern usa
PLOS ONE, 2016Co-Authors: Ary Faraji, Sean P Healy, Dina M Fonseca, Isik Unlu, Taryn Crepeau, Scott C Crans, Griffith Lizarraga, Randy GauglerAbstract:Adult control of Aedes albopictus via Ultra-Low Volume is difficult because this species occurs primarily in peridomestic habitats where obstacles such as buildings and vegetation can disrupt spray plumes and droplet dispersion. We determined droplet penetration and characterization of a pyrethroid adulticide applied from the ground at mid (46.77 ml/ha) and maximum (93.53 ml/ha) label rates within cryptic habitats of urban and suburban environments. Droplets were collected from all habitats, with no significant differences detected between locations within the same application rate or collection method. No differences were detected in droplet densities (drops per mm2) between rates within urban environments, but more droplets were collected in urban (149.93 ± 11.07 SE) than suburban sites (114.37 ± 11.32) at the maximum label rate (P = 0.003). The excellent penetration of aerosols into cryptic habitats of an urban site was likely due to the shorter spray paths afforded by our network of roads and alleys. Mid label rates displayed similar droplet density values as maximum label rates in urban areas, indicating that lower rates may be used effectively to reduce costs, lessen non-target effects, and increase environmental stewardship. Advances in formulations and technology are driving changes in adulticide applications, leading to use of the minimum effective dose for maximum efficacy, precision, and accountability.
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point source and area wide field studies of pyriproxyfen autodissemination against urban container inhabiting mosquitoes
Acta Tropica, 2014Co-Authors: Devi S Suman, Sean P Healy, Ary Farajollahi, Gregory M Williams, Yi Wang, George B Schoeler, Randy GauglerAbstract:a b s t r a c t Autodissemination of insecticides is a novel strategy for mosquito management. We tested if contami- nated Aedes albopictus (Skuse) mosquitoes from a small area treated with commercial formulations (79 gm a.i. pyriproxyfen/ha) using conventional techniques, would disseminate pyriproxyfen over a wider area. Pyriproxyfen showed LC50 = 0.012 ppb for Ae. albopictus. Direct treatment and autodissemination effi- cacy was measured as a pupal mortality by conducting Ae. albopictus larval bioassay. A tire pile (n = 100 tires) treated by backpack sprayer as a point-source treatment showed higher pupal mortality in 2010 (60.8% for week 0-6) than in 2011 (38.3% for week 0-6). The sentinel containers placed for autodissem- ination in four compass directions out to 200-400 m from the tire pile showed 15.8% pupal mortality (week 1-6) in the first year, and 1.4% pupal mortality in the second year. No significant difference was detected among the distances and direction for pupal mortality. In area-wide treatments, vegetation was sprayed in checkerboard pattern (3.7% of 105 ha) using backpack sprayer in 2010 and in strips (24.8% of 94 ha) using truck-mounted Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) sprayer in 2011. In both years, the area-wide direct treatment efficacy was lower (30.3% during 2010 and 5.3% in 2011) than point-source treatments. Autodissemination in area-wide plots was higher in 2010 (10.3%) than 2011 (2.9%). However, area-wide treatments were ineffective on field populations of Ae. albopictus as monitored by using BGS traps. We found accumulation of pyriproxyfen in the week 6 autodissemination containers in both experiments. The differences in autodissemination in 2010 and 2011 can be attributed to higher rainfall in the second year that may have eroded the pyriproxyfen from treatment surfaces and sentinel containers. Our study shows that ULV surface treatments of conventional formulation do not work for autodissemination. The effectiveness of pyriproxyfen in autodissemination may be improved by developing specific formulations to treat vegetation and tires that can load high doses on mosquitoes.
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effectiveness of ultra low Volume nighttime applications of an adulticide against diurnal aedes albopictus a critical vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses
PLOS ONE, 2012Co-Authors: Sean P Healy, Isik Unlu, Ary Farajollahi, Randy Gaugler, Dina M FonsecaAbstract:Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, continues expanding its geographic range and involvement in mosquito-borne diseases such as chikungunya and dengue. Vector control programs rarely attempt to suppress this diurnal species with an Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) adulticide because for maximum efficacy applications are conducted at night. During 2009–2011 we performed experimental nighttime applications of a novel adulticide (DUET®) against field populations of Ae. albopictus within an urban site composed of approximately 1,000 parcels (home and yard) in northeastern USA. Dual applications at mid label rate of the adulticide spaced one or two days apart accomplished significantly higher control (85.0±5.4% average reduction) than single full rate applications (73.0±5.4%). Our results demonstrate that nighttime ULV adulticiding is effective in reducing Ae. albopictus abundance and highlight its potential for use as part of integrated pest management programs and during disease epidemics when reducing human illness is of paramount importance.
J A S Bonds - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a technical review of mulv disp a recent mosquito ultra low Volume pesticide spray dispersion model
Journal of The American Mosquito Control Association, 2015Co-Authors: Milton E Teske, Harold W Thistle, J A S BondsAbstract:The authors of a recently published paper summarized the development of a regression model for ground-based Ultra-Low Volume applications, suggesting that their model was sufficiently verified that it could be used extensively for mosquito control. These authors claimed that their statistical model was superior in its predictive capability to the extensively developed and Environmental Protection Agency-validated AGDISP mechanistic model. In this technical review, the assumptions, reduction and interpretation of data, and conclusions reached with regard to their model are discussed, and explicit misstatements and incorrect mathematical relationships are pointed out. Two published versions of the model regression equation give substantially different results without explanation. Petri dish collection was used for very small droplets, with no mention of collection efficiency. Meteorological data were misused based on manufacturer's specification of instrument accuracy. We strongly disagree with many of the model results and show that the model misrepresents the actual behavior of aerosol sprays applied in the manner tested.
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ultra low Volume space sprays in mosquito control a critical review
Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2012Co-Authors: J A S BondsAbstract:The availability of tools to control mosquito (Diptera:Culicidae) vectors that transmit disease is often limited by a variety of economic, environmental and social issues. In emergency conditions (epidemics, hurricanes, floods etc.), the application of pesticides as space sprays (either by ground or air) is the common method of choice in order to rapidly limit adult local mosquito production in the affected area. Space spray application now employs Ultra-Low-Volume technology for the control of adult mosquitoes. However, the use of space sprays often raises social and environmental concerns by the general public that is served. This review will define and illustrate modern Ultra-Low-Volume technology for the purpose of application as a space spray, as well as describing the engineering controls that have been developed to minimize the environmental impact. The primary social concern is validity and efficacy of application. To address this point, the review will attempt to synthesize the global literature to address the effectiveness of space sprays to significantly impact mosquito vectors in relation to human disease.