The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Peter Doran - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the earth summit UNCED ecology as spectacle
Paradigms, 1993Co-Authors: Peter DoranAbstract:(1993). “The earth summit” (UNCED) ecology as spectacle. Paradigms: Vol. 7, The Environment and I.R., pp. 55-65.
-
the earth summit UNCED 1992 ecology as spectacle
Social Science Research Network, 1993Co-Authors: Peter DoranAbstract:For ten days in Rio de Janeiro last June, Presidents, Prime Ministers, and assorted representatives from over 170 countries turned the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development into the greatest summit/show on earth. Down the road, at the Global Forum, rainbow warriors from the Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) community assembled, lobbied, performed, and (in some cases) enjoyed unprecedented access to final negotiations during this 'state of the art' round of global summitry. Thirty years after the publication of Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring" (1962), the "morning star of environmentalism", twenty years after the Stockholm Conference on the environment, and five years after the Brundtland report, the "Earth Summit" was billed as a landmark in the learning process which has forced politicians and their publics to reflect on the linkages between the crises of development and the environment. In the words of Eduardo Galleano, "North and south, east and west, people are sawing away with delirious enthusiasm at the very branch on which they sit".
Darryl Howlett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
freshwater and the post UNCED agenda
Environmental Politics, 1993Co-Authors: Darryl HowlettAbstract:Freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource. The fragility of the world's water resources is likely to become more acute unless future strategies recognise the crucial links between water, the environment, development and international security. Environmental change could have resounding effects on water, leading to extreme scenarios of drought or flooding. Developmental practices that treat water as a plentiful and robust resource are likely to result in severe depletion of its quality and thereby diminish its capacity for human consumption and other uses. Water is already scarce in certain regions of the world. Uncertainty about future supplies may exacerbate political tensions within states and lead to conflict between them, especially over international watercourses.
Kristin G Rosendal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the forest issue in post UNCED international negotiations conflicting interests and fora for reconciliation
Biodiversity and Conservation, 1995Co-Authors: Kristin G RosendalAbstract:The article is concerned with the international deliberations for a follow-up mechanism of the UNCED Statement of Forest Principles. The forest issue is complicated by the different scientific approaches to the deforestation problem, as represented by climate change and biodiversity respectively. From the former perspective, reforestation may seem an adequate remedy to solve the problem, while from the latter, biodiversity, much more weight must be put on conservation and sustainable utilization. An additional complication is presented by the political divide between developing and industrialized countries concerning the approach to the problem of deforestation. The focus of the article is on the current three main international arenas in which the issue is being discussed: (i) addressing the forest issue within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity, (ii) enlarging the scope of the International Agreement on Tropical Timber (ITTA) to include all types of forests, and (iii) pursuing the forest issue in a World Commission on Forests and Sustainable Development. The feasibility of achieving agreement and effective implementation within the framework of the various options is the focal point of the discussion.
Joachim H Spangenberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
sustainable consumption within a sustainable economy beyond green growth and green economies
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2014Co-Authors: Sylvia Lorek, Joachim H SpangenbergAbstract:Abstract In 1992, one unambiguous result of the UNCED conference was the need for changing consumption and production patterns, with affluent countries taking the lead. 20 years later, at the 2012 UNCSD, little is left over and instead the “green economy” has been the theme pursued by the OECD, the EU and other countries. So the question needs to be answered if this is finally an attempt to put into practice what was promised 20 years ago, or another diversion from what needs to be accomplished. Sustainable development is still a convincing concept, if the original definition is taken, avoiding the confusion caused by partisan interests reinterpreting the concept. Focussing on human needs fulfilment and respecting environmental limits, it can still guide strong sustainable consumption. Green economy/green growth, on the other hand, is a new terminology for what is known since 40 years as ecological modernisation. It is indeed overdue, but with its focus on efficiency and innovation it cannot guarantee to fulfil the Brundtland sustainability criteria. A factor analysis based on the I = P*A*T formula demonstrates how optimistic the assumptions regarding future technologies must be to support the green growth concept. Consequently, the authors pledge for a pragmatic, risk avoiding approach by slimming the physical size of the economy. This requires ‘strong sustainable consumption’ (including production as resource consumption), which in turn requires a change of the societies' institutional settings (formal and informal, mechanisms and orientations). Finally some elements of a strategy towards this end are pointed out, with special emphasis on the role of non-governmental organisations NGOs. Through networking and advocacy they can both stimulate bottom-up action and mobilise the pressure necessary for the institutional changes which are needed to mainstream strong sustainable consumption.
O Auciello - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
status review of the science and technology of ultrananocrystalline diamond uncd films and application to multifunctional devices
Diamond and Related Materials, 2010Co-Authors: O Auciello, Anirudha V SumantAbstract:Abstract This review focuses on a status report on the science and technology of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films developed and patented at Argonne National Laboratory. The UNCD material has been developed in thin film form and exhibit multifunctionalities applicable to a broad range of macro to nanoscale multifunctional devices. UNCD thin films are grown by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) or hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) using new patented Ar-rich/CH 4 or H 2 /CH 4 plasma chemistries. UNCD films exhibit a unique nanostructure with 2–5 nm grain size (thus the trade name UNCD) and grain boundaries of 0.4–0.6 nm for plain films, and grain sizes of 7–10 nm and grain boundaries of 2–4 nm when grown with nitrogen introduced in the Ar-rich/CH 4 chemistry, to produce UNCD films incorporated with nitrogen, which exhibit electrical conductivity up to semi-metallic level. This review provides a status report on the synthesis of UNCD films via MPCVD and integration with dissimilar materials like oxides for piezoactuated MEMS/NEMS, metal films for contacts, and biological matter for a new generation of biomedical devices and biosensors. A broad range of applications from macro to nanoscale multifunctional devices is reviewed, such as coatings for mechanical pumps seals, field-emission cold cathodes, RF MEMS/NEMS resonators and switches for wireless communications and radar systems, NEMS devices, biomedical devices, biosensors, and UNCD as a platform for developmental biology, involving biological cells growth on the surface. Comparisons with nanocrystalline diamond films and technology are made when appropriate.
-
thermal transport and grain boundary conductance in ultrananocrystalline diamond thin films
Journal of Applied Physics, 2006Co-Authors: Maki A Angadi, O Auciello, J A Carlisle, Taku Watanabe, Arun Bodapati, Xingcheng Xiao, J A Eastman, Pawel Keblinski, Patrick K Schelling, Simon R PhillpotAbstract:Although diamond has the highest known room temperature thermal conductivity, k∼2200W∕mK, highly sp3 amorphous carbon films have k<15W∕mK. We carry out an integrated experimental and simulation study of thermal transport in ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films. The experiments show that UNCD films with a grain size of 3–5nm have thermal conductivities as high as k=12W∕mK at room temperature, comparable with that of the most conductive amorphous diamond films. This value corresponds to a grain boundary (Kapitza) conductance greater than 3000MW∕m2K, which is ten times larger than that previously seen in any material. Our simulations of both UNCD and individual diamond grain boundaries yield values for the grain boundary conductance consistent with the experimentally obtained value, leading us to conclude that thermal transport in UNCD is controlled by the intrinsic properties of the grain boundaries.
-
surface functionalization of ultrananocrystalline diamond films by electrochemical reduction of aryldiazonium salts
Langmuir, 2004Co-Authors: Jian Wang, O Auciello, Millicent A Firestone, J A CarlisleAbstract:The surface functionalization of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) thin films via the electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium cations is described. The one-electron-transfer reaction leads to the formation of solution-based aryl radicals, which in turn react with the UNCD surface forming stable covalent C−C bonds. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ac impedance spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements have been employed to characterize the organic overlayer and estimate the surface coverage. The grafting of 3,5-dichlorophenyl groups renders the UNCD surface hydrophobic, whereas the attachment of 4-aminophenyl groups makes the surface relatively hydrophilic. The surface coverage, estimated from the electrochemical and XPS measurements, is as high as 70% of a compact monolayer. The aminophenyl terminated surface was obtained by electrochemical reduction of the tethered nitrophenyl groups. This two-step approach yields a UNCD surface with functional moieties available ...
-
low temperature growth of ultrananocrystalline diamond
Journal of Applied Physics, 2004Co-Authors: Xingcheng Xiao, O Auciello, J Birrell, J E Gerbi, J A CarlisleAbstract:Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films were prepared by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition using argon-rich Ar∕CH4 plasmas at substrate temperatures from ∼400 to 800°C. Different seeding processes were employed to enhance the initial nucleation density for UNCD growth to about 1011sites∕cm2. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure, visible and ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the bonding structure as a function of growth temperature. The results showed that the growth of UNCD films is much less dependent on substrate temperature than for hydrogen-based CH4∕H2 plasmas. UNCD with nearly the same nanoscale structure as those characteristic of high-temperature deposition can be grown at temperatures as low as 400°C with growth rates of about 0.2μm∕hr. The average grain size increased to about 8nm from 3 to 5nm that is characteristic of high-temperature growth, but the relative amounts of sp3 and s...
-
materials science and fabrication processes for a new mems technology based on ultrananocrystalline diamond thin films
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2004Co-Authors: O Auciello, J A Carlisle, Xingcheng Xiao, J Birrell, J E Gerbi, Bei Peng, Horacio D EspinosaAbstract:Most MEMS devices are currently based on silicon because of the available surface machining technology. However, Si has poor mechanical and tribological properties which makes it difficult to produce high performance Si based MEMS devices that could work reliably, particularly in harsh environments; diamond, as a superhard material with high mechanical strength, exceptional chemical inertness, outstanding thermal stability and superior tribological performance, could be an ideal material for MEMS. A key challenge for diamond MEMS is the integration of diamond films with other materials. Conventional CVD thin film deposition methods produce diamond films with large grains, high internal stress, poor intergranular adhesion and very rough surfaces, and are consequently ill-suited for MEMS applications. Diamond-like films offer an alternative, but are deposited using physical vapour deposition methods unsuitable for conformal deposition on high aspect ratio features, and generally they do not exhibit the outstanding mechanical properties of diamond. We describe a new ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) film technology based on a microwave plasma technique using argon plasma chemistries that produce UNCD films with morphological and mechanical properties that are ideally suited for producing reliable MEMS devices. We have developed lithographic techniques for the fabrication of UNCD MEMS components, including cantilevers and multilevel devices, acting as precursors to micro-bearings and gears, making UNCD a promising material for the development of high performance MEMS devices. We also review the mechanical, tribological, electronic transport, chemical and biocompatibility properties of UNCD, which make this an ideal material for reliable, long endurance MEMS device use.