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Janet E Rosenbaum - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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patient teenagers a comparison of the sexual behavior of Virginity pledgers and matched nonpledgers
2009Co-Authors: Janet E RosenbaumAbstract:OBJECTIVE. The US government spends more than $200 million annually on abstinence-promotion programs, including Virginity pledges. This study compares the sexual activity of adolescent Virginity pledgers with matched nonpledgers by using more robust methods than past research. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. The subjects for this study were National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health respondents, a nationally representative sample of middle and high school students who, when surveyed in 1995, had never had sex or taken a Virginity pledge and who were >15 years of age (n = 3440). Adolescents who reported taking a Virginity pledge on the 1996 survey (n = 289) were matched with nonpledgers (n = 645) by using exact and nearest-neighbor matching within propensity score calipers on factors including prepledge religiosity and attitudes toward sex and birth control. Pledgers and matched nonpledgers were compared 5 years after the pledge on self-reported sexual behaviors and positive test results for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis, and safe sex outside of marriage by use of birth control and condoms in the past year and at last sex. RESULTS. Five years after the pledge, 82% of pledgers denied having ever pledged. Pledgers and matched nonpledgers did not differ in premarital sex, sexually transmitted diseases, and anal and oral sex variables. Pledgers had 0.1 fewer past-year partners but did not differ in lifetime sexual partners and age of first sex. Fewer pledgers than matched nonpledgers used birth control and condoms in the past year and birth control at last sex. CONCLUSIONS. The sexual behavior of Virginity pledgers does not differ from that of closely matched nonpledgers, and pledgers are less likely to protect themselves from pregnancy and disease before marriage. Virginity pledges may not affect sexual behavior but may decrease the likelihood of taking precautions during sex. Clinicians should provide birth control information to all adolescents, especially Virginity pledgers.
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patient teenagers a comparison of the sexual behavior of Virginity pledgers and matched nonpledgers
2009Co-Authors: Janet E RosenbaumAbstract:OBJECTIVE. The US government spends more than $200 million annually on abstinence-promotion programs, including Virginity pledges. This study compares the sexual activity of adolescent Virginity pledgers with matched nonpledgers by using more robust methods than past research. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. The subjects for this study were National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health respondents, a nationally representative sample of middle and high school students who, when surveyed in 1995, had never had sex or taken a Virginity pledge and who were >15 years of age (n = 3440). Adolescents who reported taking a Virginity pledge on the 1996 survey (n = 289) were matched with nonpledgers (n = 645) by using exact and nearest-neighbor matching within propensity score calipers on factors including prepledge religiosity and attitudes toward sex and birth control. Pledgers and matched nonpledgers were compared 5 years after the pledge on self-reported sexual behaviors and positive test results for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis, and safe sex outside of marriage by use of birth control and condoms in the past year and at last sex. RESULTS. Five years after the pledge, 82% of pledgers denied having ever pledged. Pledgers and matched nonpledgers did not differ in premarital sex, sexually transmitted diseases, and anal and oral sex variables. Pledgers had 0.1 fewer past-year partners but did not differ in lifetime sexual partners and age of first sex. Fewer pledgers than matched nonpledgers used birth control and condoms in the past year and birth control at last sex. CONCLUSIONS. The sexual behavior of Virginity pledgers does not differ from that of closely matched nonpledgers, and pledgers are less likely to protect themselves from pregnancy and disease before marriage. Virginity pledges may not affect sexual behavior but may decrease the likelihood of taking precautions during sex. Clinicians should provide birth control information to all adolescents, especially Virginity pledgers.
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reborn a virgin adolescents retracting of Virginity pledges and sexual histories
2006Co-Authors: Janet E RosenbaumAbstract:Objectives. We examined retractions of Virginity pledges and of sexual histories among adolescents taking part in waves 1 and 2 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.Methods. Logistic regression analyses were used to compare respondents’ reports of Virginity pledges and sexual histories at waves 1 and 2.Results. Among wave 1 Virginity pledgers, 53% denied having made a pledge at wave 2; after control for confounders, pledgers who subsequently initiated sexual activity were 3 times as likely to deny having made a pledge as those who did not initiate sexual activity (odds ratio [OR] = 3.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.04, 5.04). Among wave 1 nonvirgins who subsequently took Virginity pledges, 28% retracted their sexual histories at wave 2; respondents who took Virginity pledges were almost 4 times as likely as those who did not to retract reports of sexual experience (OR=3.88; 95% CI=1.87, 8.07).Conclusions. Adolescents who initiate sexual activity are likely to recant Virginity pledg...
Leo W Beukeboom - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a single qtl with large effect is associated with female functional Virginity in an asexual parasitoid wasp
2021Co-Authors: Bart A Pannebakker, Elzemiek Geuverink, Seyed Yahya Anvar, Paris Veltsos, Tanja Schwander, Louis Van De Zande, Leo W BeukeboomAbstract:During the transition from sexual to asexual reproduction, a suite of reproduction-related sexual traits become superfluous, and may be selected against if costly. Female functional Virginity refers to asexual females resisting to mate or not fertilizing eggs after mating. These traits appear to be among the first that evolve during transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction. The genetic basis of female functional Virginity remains elusive. Previously, we reported that female functional Virginity segregates as expected for a single recessive locus in the asexual parasitoid wasp Asobara japonica. Here, we investigate the genetic basis of this trait by quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and candidate gene analyses. Consistent with the segregation of phenotypes, we found a single QTL of large effect, spanning over 4.23 Mb and comprising at least 131 protein-coding genes, of which 15 featured sex-biased expression in the related sexual species Asobara tabida. Two of the 15 sex-biased genes were previously identified to differ between related sexual and asexual population/species: CD151 antigen and nuclear pore complex protein Nup50. A third gene, hormone receptor 4, is involved in steroid hormone mediated mating behavior. Overall, our results are consistent with a single locus, or a cluster of closely linked loci, underlying rapid evolution of female functional Virginity in the transition to asexuality. Once this variant, causing rejection to mate, has swept through a population, the flanking region does not get smaller owing to lack of recombination in asexuals.
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a single qtl with large effect is associated with female functional Virginity in an asexual parasitoid wasp
2020Co-Authors: Bart A Pannebakker, Elzemiek Geuverink, Seyed Yahya Anvar, Paris Veltsos, Tanja Schwander, Louis Van De Zande, Leo W BeukeboomAbstract:During the transition from sexual to asexual reproduction, a suite of reproduction-related sexual traits become superfluous, and may be selected against if costly. Female functional Virginity refers to asexual females resisting to mate or not fertilizing eggs after mating. These traits appear to be among the first that evolve during the gradual transition from sexual to asexual reproduction. The genetic basis of female functional Virginity remains elusive. Previously, we reported that female functional Virginity segregates as a single recessive locus in the asexual parasitoid wasp Asobara japonica. Here, we investigate the genetic basis of this trait by quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and candidate gene analyses. Consistent with the segregation of phenotypes, a single QTL of large effect was found spanning over 4.23 Mb and comprising at least 131 protein-coding genes, of which 15 featured sex-biased expression in the related sexual Asobara tabida. We speculate that two of these 15 genes may be of particular interest: CD151 antigen and nuclear pore complex protein Nup50. Overall, our results are consistent with a single gene or a cluster of linked genes underlying rapid evolution of female functional Virginity in the transition to asexuality. Once a mutation for rejection to mate has swept through a population, the region comprising the gene(s) does not get smaller due to lack of recombination in asexuals.
Laura M Carpenter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Virginity and Virginity pledges
2015Co-Authors: Laura M Carpenter, Heather Hensman KettreyAbstract:Virginity refers to the state of having never had sex. Historically, spiritual and moral definitions of Virginity prevailed, but definitions shifted to focus on physical acts in the early 1900s. Present-day debates include whether LGBQ individuals can lose their Virginity through sexual activity with same-sex partners and whether anal sex, oral sex, or rape can result in Virginity loss. Individuals tend to interpret Virginity through one of four metaphors: as a gift, a stigma, a step in the process of growing up, or a sign of commitment to God. The 1990s saw the emergence of a Virginity pledge movement, which recruits adolescents to save their Virginity for marriage. However, whether Virginity pledges are effective, and by what measures, remains controversial and depends on one's definition of Virginity. Keywords: abstinence; adolescent sexuality; chastity; gender
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gender and the meaning and experience of Virginity loss in the contemporary united states
2002Co-Authors: Laura M CarpenterAbstract:This article draws on in-depth case studies of 61 women and men of diverse sexual identities to show how gender, while apparently diminishing in significance, continues to shape interpretations and experiences of Virginity loss in complex ways. Although women and men tended to assign different meanings to Virginity, those who shared an interpretation reported similar Virginity-loss encounters. Each interpretation of Virginity—as a gift, stigma, or process—featured unequal roles for virgin and partner, which interacted with gender differences in power to produce interpretation-specific patterns of gender subordination, only one of which consistently gave men power over women.
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the first time das erstes mal approaches to Virginity loss in u s and german teen magazines
2001Co-Authors: Laura M CarpenterAbstract:Cross-national studies link mass media presentation of sexuality to different patterns of adolescent sexual socialization and conduct but have not analyzed media texts in detail. Using ethnographic content analysis, the author evaluates 76 stories about Virginity loss—a key sexual transition—from one German and one U.S. teen magazine. Consistent with culture-specific approaches to teen sexuality, editors at both publications made similar recommendations for Virginity loss, but German editors portrayed suggested practices as more appealing and feasible.
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the ambiguity of having sex the subjective experience of Virginity loss in the united states
2001Co-Authors: Laura M CarpenterAbstract:Ambiguity surrounds Virginity loss as defined and interpreted by young people in the contemporary United States. Drawing on in‐depth case studies of 61 women and men of various sexual orientations, ages 18 to 35, I explore the influence of that ambiguity on conduct and identity. Although uniformly agreeing that Virginity loss could occur through first coitus, most respondents claimed that other kinds of genital sex could also sometimes result in Virginity loss. Many argued that Virginity could not be lost through rape. Respondents offered three primary interpretations of Virginity—as a gift, stigma, or part of a process—which were associated with distinctive presentations of self, choices of Virginity‐loss partner, and contraceptive practices. Different definitions and interpretations of Virginity loss gave distinctive shape to individuals ‘ choices about the transitions from virgin to nonvirgin identity. Understandings of Virginity loss were further patterned by gender and sexual orientation.
Bart A Pannebakker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a single qtl with large effect is associated with female functional Virginity in an asexual parasitoid wasp
2021Co-Authors: Bart A Pannebakker, Elzemiek Geuverink, Seyed Yahya Anvar, Paris Veltsos, Tanja Schwander, Louis Van De Zande, Leo W BeukeboomAbstract:During the transition from sexual to asexual reproduction, a suite of reproduction-related sexual traits become superfluous, and may be selected against if costly. Female functional Virginity refers to asexual females resisting to mate or not fertilizing eggs after mating. These traits appear to be among the first that evolve during transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction. The genetic basis of female functional Virginity remains elusive. Previously, we reported that female functional Virginity segregates as expected for a single recessive locus in the asexual parasitoid wasp Asobara japonica. Here, we investigate the genetic basis of this trait by quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and candidate gene analyses. Consistent with the segregation of phenotypes, we found a single QTL of large effect, spanning over 4.23 Mb and comprising at least 131 protein-coding genes, of which 15 featured sex-biased expression in the related sexual species Asobara tabida. Two of the 15 sex-biased genes were previously identified to differ between related sexual and asexual population/species: CD151 antigen and nuclear pore complex protein Nup50. A third gene, hormone receptor 4, is involved in steroid hormone mediated mating behavior. Overall, our results are consistent with a single locus, or a cluster of closely linked loci, underlying rapid evolution of female functional Virginity in the transition to asexuality. Once this variant, causing rejection to mate, has swept through a population, the flanking region does not get smaller owing to lack of recombination in asexuals.
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a single qtl with large effect is associated with female functional Virginity in an asexual parasitoid wasp
2020Co-Authors: Bart A Pannebakker, Elzemiek Geuverink, Seyed Yahya Anvar, Paris Veltsos, Tanja Schwander, Louis Van De Zande, Leo W BeukeboomAbstract:During the transition from sexual to asexual reproduction, a suite of reproduction-related sexual traits become superfluous, and may be selected against if costly. Female functional Virginity refers to asexual females resisting to mate or not fertilizing eggs after mating. These traits appear to be among the first that evolve during the gradual transition from sexual to asexual reproduction. The genetic basis of female functional Virginity remains elusive. Previously, we reported that female functional Virginity segregates as a single recessive locus in the asexual parasitoid wasp Asobara japonica. Here, we investigate the genetic basis of this trait by quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and candidate gene analyses. Consistent with the segregation of phenotypes, a single QTL of large effect was found spanning over 4.23 Mb and comprising at least 131 protein-coding genes, of which 15 featured sex-biased expression in the related sexual Asobara tabida. We speculate that two of these 15 genes may be of particular interest: CD151 antigen and nuclear pore complex protein Nup50. Overall, our results are consistent with a single gene or a cluster of linked genes underlying rapid evolution of female functional Virginity in the transition to asexuality. Once a mutation for rejection to mate has swept through a population, the region comprising the gene(s) does not get smaller due to lack of recombination in asexuals.
Daniel L Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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gender violence and the price of Virginity theory and evidence of incomplete marriage contracts
2020Co-Authors: Daniel L ChenAbstract:This paper builds and tests a model of marriage as an incomplete contract that arises from asymmetric Virginity premiums and examines whether this can lead to social inefficiencies. Contrary to the efficient households hypothesis, women cannot prevent being appropriated by men once they enter marriage if they command lower marriage market opportunities upon divorce. Because men cannot or do not commit to compensating women for their lower ex post marriage market opportunities, marriage is an incomplete contract. Men may seek to lower women’s ex ante “market wages” in order to induce entry into joint production. Inefficient or abusive marriages are less likely to separate. Equalizing Virginity premiums may reduce domestic and non-domestic violence. Female circumcision and prices women pay doctors to appear virgin before marriage in many countries suggest asymmetric Virginity premiums continue to exist. Evidence from China and the US suggest asymmetric Virginity premiums persist over economic development. Asymmetric Virginity premiums are strongly positively correlated with female but not male Virginity premiums. I use variation in religious upbringing to help estimate the effect of Virginity premiums on gender violence in the US. The OLS relationship between Virginity premiums and female reports of forced sex may be biased downwards if shame is associated with abuse and this shame is greater for women with higher Virginity premiums. But the OLS relationship for males might not be biased downwards. Asymmetric Virginity premiums are positively correlated with men forcing sex on women and paying women for sex. The model complements a growing empirical literature on inefficient households and human rights abuses, visible manifestations of female appropriability across time and space.
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Gender Violence and the Price of Virginity: Theory and Evidence of Incomplete Marriage Contracts
2020Co-Authors: Daniel L ChenAbstract:This paper builds and tests a model of marriage as an incomplete contract that arises from asymmetric Virginity premiums and examines whether this can lead to social inefficiencies. Contrary to the efficient households hypothesis, women cannot prevent being appropriated by men once they enter marriage if they command lower marriage market opportunities upon divorce. Because men cannot or do not commit to compensating women for their lower ex post marriage market opportunities, marriage is an incomplete contract. Men may seek to lower women’s ex ante “market wages” in order to induce entry into joint production. Inefficient or abusive marriages are less likely to separate. Equalizing Virginity premiums may reduce domestic and non-domestic violence.
