African Swine Fever

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Dirk U. Pfeiffer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • African Swine Fever Epidemiology and Control
    Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 2020
    Co-Authors: Linda K. Dixon, Karl Ståhl, Ferran Jori, Laurence Vial, Dirk U. Pfeiffer
    Abstract:

    African Swine Fever is a devastating disease that can result in death in almost all infected pigs. The continuing spread of African Swine Fever from Africa to Europe and recently to the high-pig production countries of China and others in Southeast Asia threatens global pork production and food security. The African Swine Fever virus is an unusual complex DNA virus and is not related to other viruses. This has presented challenges for vaccine development, and currently none is available. The virus is extremely well adapted to replicate in its hosts in the sylvatic cycle in East and South Africa. Its spread to other regions, with different wildlife hosts, climatic conditions, and pig production systems, has revealed unexpected epidemiological scenarios and different challenges for control. Here we review the epidemiology of African Swine Fever in these different scenarios and methods used for control. We also discuss progress toward vaccine development and research priorities to better understand this complex disease and improve control.

  • introduction of African Swine Fever into the european union through illegal importation of pork and pork products
    PLOS ONE, 2013
    Co-Authors: S Costard, Lina Mur, J M Sanchezvizcaino, Beatriz Martinezlopez, Bryony A Jones, Ana De La Torre, Marta Martinez, Fernando Sanchezvizcaino, Dirk U. Pfeiffer
    Abstract:

    Transboundary animal diseases can have very severe socio-economic impacts when introduced into new regions. The history of disease incursions into the European Union suggests that initial outbreaks were often initiated by illegal importation of meat and derived products. The European Union would benefit from decision-support tools to evaluate the risk of disease introduction caused by illegal imports in order to inform its surveillance strategy. However, due to the difficulty in quantifying illegal movements of animal products, very few studies of this type have been conducted. Using African Swine Fever as an example, this work presents a novel risk assessment framework for disease introduction into the European Union through illegal importation of meat and products. It uses a semi-quantitative approach based on factors that likely influence the likelihood of release of contaminated smuggled meat and products, and subsequent exposure of the susceptible population. The results suggest that the European Union is at non-negligible risk of African Swine Fever introduction through illegal importation of pork and products. On a relative risk scale with six categories from negligible to very high, five European Union countries were estimated at high (France, Germany, Italy and United Kingdom) or moderate (Spain) risk of African Swine Fever release, five countries were at high risk of exposure if African Swine Fever were released (France, Italy, Poland, Romania and Spain) and ten countries had a moderate exposure risk (Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Sweden and United Kingdom). The approach presented here and results obtained for African Swine Fever provide a basis for the enhancement of risk-based surveillance systems and disease prevention programmes in the European Union.

  • Epidemiology of African Swine Fever virus
    Virus Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Solenne Costard, Lina Mur, Juan Lubroth, José Manuel Sánchez-vizcaíno, Dirk U. Pfeiffer
    Abstract:

    African Swine Fever virus used to occur primarily in Africa. There had been occasional incursions into Europe or America which apart from the endemic situation on the island of Sardinia always had been successfully controlled. But following an introduction of the virus in 2007, it now has expanded its geographical distribution into Caucasus and Eastern Europe where it has not been controlled, to date. African Swine Fever affects domestic and wild pig species, and can involve tick vectors. The ability of the virus to survive within a particular ecosystem is defined by the ecology of its wild host populations and the characteristics of livestock production systems, which influence host and vector species densities and interrelationships. African Swine Fever has high morbidity in naive pig populations and can result in very high mortality. There is no vaccine or treatment available. Apart from stamping out and movement control, there are no control measures, thereby potentially resulting in extreme losses for producers. Prevention and control of the infection requires good understanding of its epidemiology, so that targeted measures can be instigated.

Eladio Viñuela - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Replication of African Swine Fever virus DNA in infected cells.
    Virology, 1999
    Co-Authors: Gema Rojo, Eladio Viñuela, Regina Garcı́a-beato, Maria Salas, José Salas
    Abstract:

    Abstract We have examined the ultrastructural localization of African Swine Fever virus DNA in thin-sections of infected cells byin situhybridization and autoradiography. Virus-specific DNA sequences were found in the nucleus of infected Vero cells at early times in the synthesis of the viral DNA, forming dense foci localized in proximity to the nuclear membrane. At later times, the viral DNA was found exclusively in the cytoplasm. Electron microscopic autoradiography of African Swine Fever virus-infected macrophages showed that the nucleus is also a site of viral DNA replication at early times. These results provide further evidence of the existence of nuclear and cytoplasmic stages in the synthesis of African Swine Fever virus DNA. On the other hand, alkaline sucrose sedimentation analysis of the replicative intermediates synthesized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected macrophages showed that small DNA fragments (∼6–12S) were synthesized in the nucleus at an early time, whereas at later times, larger fragments of ∼37–49S were labeled in the cytoplasm. Pulse–chase experiments demonstrated that these fragments are precursors of the mature cross-linked viral DNA. The formation of dimeric concatemers, which are predominantly head-to-head linked, was observed by pulsed-field electrophoresis and restriction enzyme analysis at intermediate and late times in the replication of African Swine Fever virus DNA. Our findings suggest that the replication of African Swine Fever virus DNA proceeds by ade novostart mechanism with the synthesis of small DNA fragments, which are then converted into larger size molecules. Ligation or further elongation of these molecules would originate a two-unit concatemer with dimeric ends that could be resolved to generate the genomic DNA by site-specific nicking, rearrangement, and ligation as has been proposed in thede novostart model of Baroudyet al.(B. M. Baroudy, S. Venkatesam, and B. Moss, 1982,Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol.47, 723–729) for the replication of vaccinia virus DNA.

  • African Swine Fever Virus Guanylyltransferase
    Virology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Lucía Peña, Yolanda Revilla, Eladio Viñuela, Rafael J. Yáñez, Margarita Salas
    Abstract:

    Abstract The gene coding for the guanylyltransferase of African Swine Fever virus has been identified and sequenced. The gene, designated NP868R, is located within fragments EcoRI N′ and D of the virus genome (BA71V strain) and encodes a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 99.9 kDa that shares significant similarity with the large subunit of both vaccinia and Shope fibroma virus capping enzymes, with percentages of identity of 20.6 and 21.8%, respectively. A protein of 95 kDa was induced in Escherichia coli cells transformed with a recombinant plasmid carrying the NP868R gene. The E. coli expressed protein, as well as a protein of the same molecular weight present in African Swine Fever virus particles, form a covalent complex with GTP that can be reversed by pyrophosphate, two characteristic reactions of guanylyltransferases. An examination of the amino acid sequences of the African Swine Fever virus, poxvirus, and yeast guanylyltransferases has revealed a common motif around a lysine residue at the amino-terminal part of the proteins [Y(V, A)X2K(T, A)DG] which resembles the adenylylation site of DNA ligases (Tomkinson, A. E., Totty, N. F., Ginsburg, M., and Lindahl, T. (1991), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 400-404). This lysine residue could be the guanylylation site in these enzymes.

  • Transcriptional mapping of a late gene coding for the p12 attachment protein of African Swine Fever virus.
    Journal of Virology, 1993
    Co-Authors: F Almazán, Eladio Viñuela, Javier M. Rodríguez, Ana Angulo, José F. Rodríguez
    Abstract:

    The transcriptional characterization of the gene coding for the p12 attachment protein of the African Swine Fever virus is presented. The results obtained have been used to generate the first detailed transcriptional map of an African Swine Fever virus late gene. Novel experimental evidence indicating the existence of major differences between the mechanisms controlling the transcription of late genes in African Swine Fever virus and poxviruses is provided.

  • Transcriptional analysis of multigene family 110 of African Swine Fever virus.
    Journal of Virology, 1992
    Co-Authors: F Almazán, Eladio Viñuela, Javier M. Rodríguez, Germán Andrés, Ricardo Pérez, José F. Rodríguez
    Abstract:

    A transcriptional analysis of the 3.2-kb region of the African Swine Fever virus genome containing the five members of the multigene family 110 is presented. The mRNAs corresponding to the genes studied have short leader sequences with no intervening AUG codons before the translational start site, and their 3' ends map within a conserved sequence motif formed by a stretch of seven or more consecutive thymidylate residues. The possible role of this sequence as a signal for the 3'-end formation of African Swine Fever virus mRNAs is discussed. While four of the genes studied are actively transcribed from the beginning of the infection until the onset of virus DNA replication, the transcription of one of the members of the multigene family 110, the L270 gene, is silenced at an earlier time. A detailed analysis, including in vitro translation of mRNAs isolated from infected Vero cells, revealed that the L270 gene belongs to a small subset of early genes, designated immediate early, whose transcription is silenced before the onset of virus DNA replication. The transcriptional data obtained enabled us to generate the first detailed transcriptional map of a region of the African Swine Fever virus genome, thus opening the possibility of studying the cis-acting sequences involved in transcriptional control of the viral genes.

  • Role of the host cell nucleus in the replication of African Swine Fever virus DNA
    Virology, 1992
    Co-Authors: R. Garcia-beato, Eladio Viñuela, Margarita Salas, José Salas
    Abstract:

    An examination by autoradiography of African Swine Fever virus-infected alveolar macrophages pulse labeled with [3H]thymidine showed that, at early times of viral DNA replication, the grains were localized exclusively in the nucleus in 20% of the cells, while in 45% the label was found in the cytoplasm. In the remaining 35%, newly synthesized DNA was detected in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. At later times, the percentage of cells with grains in the nucleus decreased considerably. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the DNA synthesized in the nucleus is then transported to the cytoplasm. The presence of virus-specific DNA sequences in the nucleus was confirmed by in situ hybridization of infected macrophages. Similar hybridization experiments with African Swine Fever virus-infected VERO cells followed by confocal microscopy also indicated the existence of a nuclear stage in the localization of the viral DNA. These results suggest a mechanism for African Swine Fever virus DNA replication with an initial stage in the nucleus followed by a cytoplasmic phase. Specific nuclear forms associated with the hybridization signal have been observed in African Swine Fever virus-infected macrophages and VERO cells. The nuclear forms seen in macrophages are consistent with a mechanism for the egress of the viral DNA from the nucleus that involves initial budding at the nuclear membrane.

Vlasova Natalia Nikiforovna - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • RECOMBINANT PROTEINS IN INVESTIGATION OF African Swine Fever
    2011
    Co-Authors: Kazakova Anna Sergeevna, Kalantaenko Yuriy Fedorovich, Lyska Valentina Markelovna, Vlasova Natalia Nikiforovna
    Abstract:

    Статья посвящена анализу эффективности применения рекомбинантных белков p30 и р72 вируса африканской чумы свиней ( АЧС ) при исследовании антителообразования при различных формах течения болезни , а также уровня антител к вирусу АЧС в сыворотках крови животных при остром и хроническом течении болезни методом непрямого твердофазного иммуноферментного анализа ( непрямого ТФ ИФА ) Ключевые слова : АФРИКАНСКАЯ ЧУМА СВИНЕЙ , РЕКОМБИНАНТНЫЕ БЕЛКИ , P30, P72, ИФА , АНТИТЕЛА UDC 619:616.98:578.842.1:577.2 RECOMBINANT PROTEINS IN INVESTIGATION OF African Swine Fever Kazakova Anna Sergeevna postgraduate student Yuzhuk Tatyana Emmanuillovna Cand.Biol.Sci. Kalantaenko Yuriy Fedorovich Cand.Vet.Sci. Lyska Valentina Markelovna Cand.Biol.Sci. Vlasova Natalia Nikiforovna Dr.Sci.Biol. State Research Institution National Research Institute for Veterinary Virology and Microbiology of Russian Academy for Agricultural Sciences, Pokrov, Russia This article describes performance analysis of using African Swine Fever virus (ASFV) recombinant protein p30 and p72 in indirect solid-phase Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for investigation of antibodies formation by research of their level against African Swine Fever virus in porcine serum under the acute and chronicle process of disease Keywords: African Swine Fever, RECOMBINANT PROTEINS, P30, P72, ELISA, ANTIBODIES

  • monospeciphic rabbit serum to recombinant protein p30 in investigation of African Swine Fever asf
    2011
    Co-Authors: Kazakova Anna Sergeevna, Lyska Valentina Markelovna, Varentsova Alisa Alexeevna, Pershin Andrey Sergeevich, Belyanin Sergey Alexandrovich, Zhivoderov Sergey Petrovich, Vlasova Natalia Nikiforovna
    Abstract:

    30 IN INVESTIGATION OF African Swine Fever (ASF) Kazakova Anna Sergeevna postgraduate student Varentsova Alisa Alexeevna postgraduate student Pershin Andrey Sergeevich postgraduate student Belyanin Sergey Alexandrovich postgraduate student Yuzhuk Tatyana Emmanuillovna Cand.Biol.Sci. Lyska Valentina Markelovna Cand.Biol.Sci. Zhivoderov Sergey Petrovich Cand.Vet.Sci. Vlasova Natalia Nikiforovna Dr.Sci.Biol. State Research Institution National Research Institute for Veterinary Virology and Microbiology of Russian Academy for Agricultural Sciences, Pokrov, Russia This article describes performance analysis of using hiperimmunity monospeciphic rabbit serum to recombinant protein p30 of African Swine Fever virus (ASFV) for investigation of the virus in vivo and in vitro Keywords: African Swine Fever, RECOMBINANT PROTEINS,

  • MONOSPECIPHIC RABBIT SERUM TO RECOMBINANT PROTEIN P30 IN INVESTIGATION OF African Swine Fever (ASF)
    2011
    Co-Authors: Kazakova Anna Sergeevna, Lyska Valentina Markelovna, Varentsova Alisa Alexeevna, Pershin Andrey Sergeevich, Belyanin Sergey Alexandrovich, Zhivoderov Sergey Petrovich, Vlasova Natalia Nikiforovna
    Abstract:

    30 IN INVESTIGATION OF African Swine Fever (ASF) Kazakova Anna Sergeevna postgraduate student Varentsova Alisa Alexeevna postgraduate student Pershin Andrey Sergeevich postgraduate student Belyanin Sergey Alexandrovich postgraduate student Yuzhuk Tatyana Emmanuillovna Cand.Biol.Sci. Lyska Valentina Markelovna Cand.Biol.Sci. Zhivoderov Sergey Petrovich Cand.Vet.Sci. Vlasova Natalia Nikiforovna Dr.Sci.Biol. State Research Institution National Research Institute for Veterinary Virology and Microbiology of Russian Academy for Agricultural Sciences, Pokrov, Russia This article describes performance analysis of using hiperimmunity monospeciphic rabbit serum to recombinant protein p30 of African Swine Fever virus (ASFV) for investigation of the virus in vivo and in vitro Keywords: African Swine Fever, RECOMBINANT PROTEINS,

Lina Mur - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • introduction of African Swine Fever into the european union through illegal importation of pork and pork products
    PLOS ONE, 2013
    Co-Authors: S Costard, Lina Mur, J M Sanchezvizcaino, Beatriz Martinezlopez, Bryony A Jones, Ana De La Torre, Marta Martinez, Fernando Sanchezvizcaino, Dirk U. Pfeiffer
    Abstract:

    Transboundary animal diseases can have very severe socio-economic impacts when introduced into new regions. The history of disease incursions into the European Union suggests that initial outbreaks were often initiated by illegal importation of meat and derived products. The European Union would benefit from decision-support tools to evaluate the risk of disease introduction caused by illegal imports in order to inform its surveillance strategy. However, due to the difficulty in quantifying illegal movements of animal products, very few studies of this type have been conducted. Using African Swine Fever as an example, this work presents a novel risk assessment framework for disease introduction into the European Union through illegal importation of meat and products. It uses a semi-quantitative approach based on factors that likely influence the likelihood of release of contaminated smuggled meat and products, and subsequent exposure of the susceptible population. The results suggest that the European Union is at non-negligible risk of African Swine Fever introduction through illegal importation of pork and products. On a relative risk scale with six categories from negligible to very high, five European Union countries were estimated at high (France, Germany, Italy and United Kingdom) or moderate (Spain) risk of African Swine Fever release, five countries were at high risk of exposure if African Swine Fever were released (France, Italy, Poland, Romania and Spain) and ten countries had a moderate exposure risk (Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Sweden and United Kingdom). The approach presented here and results obtained for African Swine Fever provide a basis for the enhancement of risk-based surveillance systems and disease prevention programmes in the European Union.

  • Epidemiology of African Swine Fever virus
    Virus Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Solenne Costard, Lina Mur, Juan Lubroth, José Manuel Sánchez-vizcaíno, Dirk U. Pfeiffer
    Abstract:

    African Swine Fever virus used to occur primarily in Africa. There had been occasional incursions into Europe or America which apart from the endemic situation on the island of Sardinia always had been successfully controlled. But following an introduction of the virus in 2007, it now has expanded its geographical distribution into Caucasus and Eastern Europe where it has not been controlled, to date. African Swine Fever affects domestic and wild pig species, and can involve tick vectors. The ability of the virus to survive within a particular ecosystem is defined by the ecology of its wild host populations and the characteristics of livestock production systems, which influence host and vector species densities and interrelationships. African Swine Fever has high morbidity in naive pig populations and can result in very high mortality. There is no vaccine or treatment available. Apart from stamping out and movement control, there are no control measures, thereby potentially resulting in extreme losses for producers. Prevention and control of the infection requires good understanding of its epidemiology, so that targeted measures can be instigated.

  • African Swine Fever an epidemiological update
    Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2012
    Co-Authors: J M Sanchezvizcaino, Lina Mur, Beatriz Martinezlopez
    Abstract:

    African Swine Fever (ASF) is one of the most important Swine diseases, mainly because of its significant sanitary and socioeconomic consequences. This review gives an update on the epidemiology of the disease and reviews key issues and strategies to improve control of the disease and promote its eradication. Several characteristics of ASF virus (ASFV) make its control and eradication difficult, including the absence of available vaccines, marked virus resistance in infected material and contaminated animal products, and a complex epidemiology and transmission involving tick reservoir virus interactions. The incidence of ASF has not only increased on the African continent over the last 15 years, so that it now affects West African countries, Mauritius and Madagascar, but it has also reached new areas, such as the Caucasus region in 2007. In fact, the rapid spread of the disease on the European continent and the uncontrolled situation in the Russian Federation places all countries at great risk as a result of intense global trade. The proximity of some affected areas to the European Union (EU) borders (<150 km) has increased concerns about the potential economic consequences of an ASF incursion into the EU pig sector. Establishing effective surveillance, control and eradication programmes that implicate all actors (veterinarians, farmers, and policy makers) is essential for controlling ASF. African Swine Fever -free countries should be aware of the potential risk of ASF incursion and implement risk reduction measures such as trade controls and other sanitary measures. This review will discuss lessons learnt so far about ASF control, current challenges to its control and future studies needed to support global efforts at prevention and control.

Beatriz Martinezlopez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • introduction of African Swine Fever into the european union through illegal importation of pork and pork products
    PLOS ONE, 2013
    Co-Authors: S Costard, Lina Mur, J M Sanchezvizcaino, Beatriz Martinezlopez, Bryony A Jones, Ana De La Torre, Marta Martinez, Fernando Sanchezvizcaino, Dirk U. Pfeiffer
    Abstract:

    Transboundary animal diseases can have very severe socio-economic impacts when introduced into new regions. The history of disease incursions into the European Union suggests that initial outbreaks were often initiated by illegal importation of meat and derived products. The European Union would benefit from decision-support tools to evaluate the risk of disease introduction caused by illegal imports in order to inform its surveillance strategy. However, due to the difficulty in quantifying illegal movements of animal products, very few studies of this type have been conducted. Using African Swine Fever as an example, this work presents a novel risk assessment framework for disease introduction into the European Union through illegal importation of meat and products. It uses a semi-quantitative approach based on factors that likely influence the likelihood of release of contaminated smuggled meat and products, and subsequent exposure of the susceptible population. The results suggest that the European Union is at non-negligible risk of African Swine Fever introduction through illegal importation of pork and products. On a relative risk scale with six categories from negligible to very high, five European Union countries were estimated at high (France, Germany, Italy and United Kingdom) or moderate (Spain) risk of African Swine Fever release, five countries were at high risk of exposure if African Swine Fever were released (France, Italy, Poland, Romania and Spain) and ten countries had a moderate exposure risk (Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Sweden and United Kingdom). The approach presented here and results obtained for African Swine Fever provide a basis for the enhancement of risk-based surveillance systems and disease prevention programmes in the European Union.

  • African Swine Fever an epidemiological update
    Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2012
    Co-Authors: J M Sanchezvizcaino, Lina Mur, Beatriz Martinezlopez
    Abstract:

    African Swine Fever (ASF) is one of the most important Swine diseases, mainly because of its significant sanitary and socioeconomic consequences. This review gives an update on the epidemiology of the disease and reviews key issues and strategies to improve control of the disease and promote its eradication. Several characteristics of ASF virus (ASFV) make its control and eradication difficult, including the absence of available vaccines, marked virus resistance in infected material and contaminated animal products, and a complex epidemiology and transmission involving tick reservoir virus interactions. The incidence of ASF has not only increased on the African continent over the last 15 years, so that it now affects West African countries, Mauritius and Madagascar, but it has also reached new areas, such as the Caucasus region in 2007. In fact, the rapid spread of the disease on the European continent and the uncontrolled situation in the Russian Federation places all countries at great risk as a result of intense global trade. The proximity of some affected areas to the European Union (EU) borders (<150 km) has increased concerns about the potential economic consequences of an ASF incursion into the EU pig sector. Establishing effective surveillance, control and eradication programmes that implicate all actors (veterinarians, farmers, and policy makers) is essential for controlling ASF. African Swine Fever -free countries should be aware of the potential risk of ASF incursion and implement risk reduction measures such as trade controls and other sanitary measures. This review will discuss lessons learnt so far about ASF control, current challenges to its control and future studies needed to support global efforts at prevention and control.