The Experts below are selected from a list of 414 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jennifer J Freyd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Psychological Outcomes of Within-Group Sexual Violence: Evidence of Cultural Betrayal
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 2018Co-Authors: Jennifer M. Gómez, Jennifer J FreydAbstract:Cultural Betrayal Trauma theory is a new framework for understanding Trauma-related mental health outcomes in immigrant and minority populations. The purpose of the current study is to empirically test cultural Betrayal Trauma theory. We hypothesized that the association between within-group sexual violence and mental health outcomes would be stronger for minorities. Participants ( N = 368) were minority and majority college students, who completed online measures of sexual violence victimization and mental health outcomes. A MANOVA revealed that the link between within-group sexual violence and total Trauma symptoms, depression, sexual abuse sequelae, sleep disturbance, and sexual problems was stronger for minorities. This study provides evidence for cultural Betrayal Trauma theory, as the findings suggest that outcomes from the same experience—within-group sexual violence—is affected by minority status. This work has implications for how mental health is understood, investigated, and treated in immigrant and minority populations.
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the relationship of acculturation to historical loss awareness institutional Betrayal and the intergenerational transmission of Trauma in the american indian experience
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2018Co-Authors: Lisa Demarni Cromer, Mary E Gray, Ludivina Vasquez, Jennifer J FreydAbstract:The terms historical Trauma and intergenerational transmission of Trauma have been used interchangeably in the literature, yet may be theoretically distinct. The confusion in nomenclature may mask different underlying mechanisms for understanding Trauma. The current study applies institutional Betrayal Trauma theory as a means for understanding awareness of historical losses and examines the intergenerational transmission of Trauma through family systems. In a diverse sample (N = 59) of American Indians, we find support for the idea that institutional Betrayal may be at the heart of historical loss awareness. The more participants in the current study were acculturated, or identified with White culture, the less they were aware of historical losses. For the entire sample, regardless of acculturation, we found that family history of boarding school experiences, having parents and grandparents who lived in boarding schools, predicted interpersonal childhood Trauma but not noninterpersonal childhood Trauma.
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Overwhelmed by emotion: pathways from revictimization to mothers' negative emotional responsivity
Family Process, 2017Co-Authors: Christina Gamache Martin, Jennifer J FreydAbstract:Maternal history of childhood abuse has consistently been linked to increased risk for poor emotional adjustment and parenting as an adult. The aim of this study was to examine a model that may explain the link between maternal history of childhood abuse and mothers' tendencies to respond negatively to their adolescent children's negative emotions. A community sample of 66 mothers with adolescent children participated. Path analysis supported associations between mothers with a history of high Betrayal Trauma revictimization (i.e., Trauma perpetrated by someone close to the mother during childhood and again as a young adult) and increased difficulty regulating their emotions. In turn, mothers who struggled to regulate their own emotions were also more likely to respond negatively to their adolescent's negative emotions. Findings highlight effects of childhood Trauma may be particularly problematic for mothers who are revictimized as young adults. These results provide the foundation for future research evaluating clinical interventions targeted at increasing maternal emotion regulation skills.
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Insult, then Injury: Interpersonal and Institutional Betrayal Linked to Health and Dissociation
Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma, 2017Co-Authors: Carly P. Smith, Jennifer J FreydAbstract:ABSTRACTPsychological Trauma, particularly Trauma involving Betrayal, has been linked to health problems. Betrayal Trauma is also characterized by dissociation and difficulty remembering as victims face conflicting demands presented by a harmful but important relationship. Institutional Betrayal is related to, but distinct from, interpersonal Betrayal and in need of research on its unique effects. The current study has two related goals. First, the association between institutional Betrayal and health problems is examined. Second, the previously documented association between institutional Betrayal and dissociative symptoms is re-examined, while controlling for Betrayal Trauma. This study utilizes a sample of 302 college students (70% female, 63% Caucasian) who reported their Trauma history (Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey), institutional Betrayal history (Institutional Betrayal Questionnaire), distress related to health problems (Patient Health Questionnaire), and dissociative symptoms (Wessex Dissociation ...
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High Betrayal child sexual abuse and hallucinations: a test of an indirect effect of dissociation
Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2017Co-Authors: Jennifer M. Gómez, Jennifer J FreydAbstract:ABSTRACTThough hallucinations traditionally have been conceptualized as a central feature of psychosis, some hallucinations may be dissociative, with dissociation potentially contributing to hallucinations. Childhood Trauma has been linked with dissociation and hallucinations. Betrayal Trauma theory distinguishes abusive experiences based on closeness to the perpetrator. In the current study, we examined the indirect effect of dissociation on the relationship between high Betrayal child sexual abuse (perpetrated by a close other) and hallucinations. Participants (N = 192) from a northwestern university in the United States completed self-report measures online assessing history of high Betrayal child sexual abuse and current dissociation and hallucinations. Bootstrapping analyses indicated a significant indirect effect of high Betrayal child sexual abuse on hallucinations through dissociation, 95% Confidence Interval (.16, .66). Through Betrayal Trauma theory, this study provides a non-pathologizing frame...
Anne P Deprince - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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victim perpetrator dynamics through the lens of Betrayal Trauma theory
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2017Co-Authors: Kerry L Gagnon, Anne P DeprinceAbstract:ABSTRACTInterpersonal Trauma exposure is linked with a host of seemingly disparate outcomes for victims, such as psychological distress, post-Trauma appraisals (e.g., alienation, shame), poor cognitive functioning, expectations of harm in relationships, and revictimization risk. The presence of interpersonal Trauma alone may not fully explain this range of outcomes. The current paper applies Betrayal Trauma Theory (BTT), which was originally articulated two decades ago as a framework for understanding memory disruptions following interpersonal Trauma, as a framework to understand the diverse outcomes that can occur when interpersonal Trauma is perpetrated by a close other. Implications for clinical work and future research are considered.
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Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma-Related Distress: Maternal Betrayal Trauma, Parenting Attitudes, and Behaviors
Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma, 2016Co-Authors: Rebecca L. Babcock Fenerci, Anne P DeprinceAbstract:ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to elucidate mechanisms involved in the intergenerational transmission of Trauma-related distress. This study investigated whether Betrayal Trauma (BT; abuse by a person close to the victim) and specific parenting attitudes and behaviors among mothers with child abuse histories predicted internalizing and externalizing symptoms in their children. Mothers and children (ages 7–11) were recruited for a project on parenting and stress (N = 72). Maternal Betrayal Trauma predicted both internalizing (β = 0.33, p
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intergenerational transmission of Trauma related distress maternal Betrayal Trauma parenting attitudes and behaviors
Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma, 2016Co-Authors: Rebecca L. Babcock Fenerci, Anne P DeprinceAbstract:ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to elucidate mechanisms involved in the intergenerational transmission of Trauma-related distress. This study investigated whether Betrayal Trauma (BT; abuse by a person close to the victim) and specific parenting attitudes and behaviors among mothers with child abuse histories predicted internalizing and externalizing symptoms in their children. Mothers and children (ages 7–11) were recruited for a project on parenting and stress (N = 72). Maternal Betrayal Trauma predicted both internalizing (β = 0.33, p < .01) and externalizing symptoms (β = 0.25, p < .05) even when controlling for mothers’ Trauma-related symptoms. Negative attitudes toward limit setting predicted externalizing symptoms (β = −0.33, p < .05). Poorer communication (β = −0.39, p < .05) but higher parenting satisfaction (β = 0.38, p < .01) predicted internalizing symptoms. These findings demonstrate the importance of assessing maternal Trauma and parenting characteristics as part of interventions with ...
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Betrayal Trauma and child symptoms the role of emotion
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2016Co-Authors: Kerry L Gagnon, Anne P Deprince, Mckayla Gorman, Megan M SaylorAbstract:ABSTRACTBoth mothers’ and children’s exposures to interpersonal violence—including Betrayal Traumas—are linked with heightened risk for children developing internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Despite this association, little research has examined additional factors that may explain this risk, such as emotion skills. The current study examined the relationship between mother–child emotion understanding abilities and use of emotion language on a behavioral facial affect perception task and Betrayal Trauma exposure in relation to child internalizing/externalizing symptoms. The sample included 47 ethnically diverse female guardians (ages 25–51 years old; M age = 37.7) and their children (ages 7–11 years old; M age = 9.1). Results indicated that maternal provision of a spontaneous, unprompted reason for emotions during the facial affect perception task was significantly associated with lower child internalizing/externalizing symptoms when both mothers’ and children’s Betrayal Trauma histories were contro...
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factors contributing to ongoing intimate partner abuse childhood Betrayal Trauma and dependence on one s perpetrator
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2013Co-Authors: Rebecca L Babcock, Anne P DeprinceAbstract:Identifying the factors that contribute to ongoing intimate partner abuse (IPA) among survivors of childhood abuse is essential to developing appropriate interventions. The current study assessed prospectively whether childhood Betrayal Trauma (BT) history and women’s potential dependence on their perpetrators (unemployment, number of children below 13) increased women’s risk of ongoing victimization, while controlling for Trauma-related symptoms (PTSD, depression, dissociation). Women survivors of IPA (N = 190) from an urban U.S. city were recruited based on an IPA incident reported to the police. At the initial interview, women reported on childhood Betrayal Trauma experiences, their employment status, number of children, and current Trauma-related symptoms. Women returned 6 months later and reported on ongoing events of victimization (physical, sexual, psychological aggression, and injury) in their relationships with the initial IPA perpetrator. Results showed that higher levels of childhood BT were as...
Laura A Kaehler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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are hallucinations related to Betrayal Trauma exposure a three study exploration
Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy, 2014Co-Authors: Jennifer M. Gómez, Laura A Kaehler, Jennifer J FreydAbstract:Betraya lt rauma theor yp ropose st hat on er esponse t ob etraya lm a yb e t ok ee pk nowledge of the Trauma out o fc onscious awareness. Although this Betrayal blindness ma yb e beneficial for survival while the abuse is ongoing because it help sm aintain crucial relationships, this distortion o fr eality can lead to subsequent psychological and behavioral problems. Th ec urrent article presents three exploratory studies that examine th ea ssociations among exposure t ob etraya lt rauma ,d issociation, and hallucinations. The first study (N 397 )e xamined th ea ssociations between exposure to medium and high betraya lt rauma and dissociation. The second study (N 199 )e xamined th ea ssociations between exposure to low, medium, and high betraya lt raum aa nd hallucinations. The third study (N 566 )e xamined the associations between medium and high Betrayal child and adolescent/adult sexual abus ea nd hallucinations. Ou rr esults suggest that exposure t ob etraya lt rauma increase st he likelihood of bot hd issociation and hallucinations. Thes ef indings provid ef urther evidence tha tt he toxic nature of betraya li n Traumas ha sl asting effects on both cognitiv ea nd perceptual processes—dissociation and hallucinations—having implications for therapeutic treatment for individuals who hav ee xperience db etraya lt raumas and related outcomes.
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Betrayal Trauma and borderline personality characteristics gender differences
Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy, 2012Co-Authors: Laura A Kaehler, Jennifer J FreydAbstract:Borderline Personality Disorder has been linked to both Trauma and insecure attachment styles. Betrayal Trauma Theory proposes those who have experienced interpersonal Trauma may remain unaware of Betrayal in order to maintain a necessary attachment. This study attempts to replicate the association between self-reported Betrayal Trauma experiences and borderline personality characteristics found by Kaehler and Freyd (2009); however, this project includes participants from a community, rather than a college, sample. Using multiple regression, all three levels of Betrayal (high, medium, and low) and gender were significant predictors of borderline personality characteristics. Separate regression analyses were conducted for both genders to explore the associations of Betrayal Trauma on these traits. For men, all three levels of Betrayal Trauma were significant predictors; for women, only high and medium Betrayal Traumas were significant. These findings suggest Trauma may be a key factor of borderline personality disorder, with differential effects for Betrayal and gender.
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relational health as a mediator between Betrayal Trauma and borderline personality disorder
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2012Co-Authors: Brent Belford, Laura A Kaehler, Pamela J BirrellAbstract:A frequently studied hypothesized cause of borderline personality disorder (BPD) is experiencing interpersonal Trauma. A recent study by L. A. Kaehler and J. J. Freyd (2009) found a connection between Betrayal Trauma and BPD characteristics, with higher Betrayal Traumas associated with greater BPD characteristics. The present study seeks to expand upon that study by investigating relational health as a potential mediator for the association between Betrayal Trauma and BPD. A sample of 165 college students completed measures of Betrayal Trauma life events, relational health, and BPD traits. Mediation analyses showed significant partial mediation for total relational health (bootstrap coefficient = .0168) and its community subscale (bootstrap coefficient = .0204); however, significant mediating effects for the mentor and friend subscales were not found. Given the significant finding for only the community subscale, which may be driving the total relational health effect seen, the results suggest that connec...
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Trauma, Attachment, and Intimate Relationships
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2012Co-Authors: Eileen L. Zurbriggen, Robyn L Gobin, Laura A KaehlerAbstract:Intimate relationships can both affect and be affected by Trauma and its sequelae. This special issue highlights research on Trauma, attachment, and intimate relationships. Several themes emerged. One theme is the exploration of the associations between a history of Trauma and relational variables, with an emphasis on models using these variables as mediators. Given the significance of secure attachment for healthy relationships, it is not surprising that attachment emerges as another theme of this issue. Moreover, a key component of relationships is trust, and so a further theme of this issue is Betrayal Trauma (J. J. Freyd, 1996). As the work included in this special issue makes clear, intimate relationships of all types are important for the psychological health of those exposed to Traumatic events. In order to best help Trauma survivors and those close to them, it is imperative that research exploring these issues be presented to research communities, clinical practitioners, and the public in general....
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Intergenerational Associations Between Trauma and Dissociation
Journal of Family Violence, 2011Co-Authors: Annmarie C. Hulette, Laura A Kaehler, Jennifer J FreydAbstract:The purpose of this study was to investigate intergenerational relationships between Trauma and dissociation. Short and long term consequences of Betrayal Trauma (i.e., Trauma perpetrated by someone with whom the victim is very close) on dissociation were examined in a sample of 67 mother–child dyads using group comparison and regression strategies. Experiences of high Betrayal Trauma were found to be related to higher levels of dissociation in both children and mothers. Furthermore, mothers who experienced high Betrayal Trauma in childhood and were subsequently interpersonally revictimized in adulthood were shown to have higher levels of dissociation than non-revictimized mothers. Maternal revictimization status was associated with child interpersonal Trauma history. These results suggest that dissociation from a history of childhood Betrayal Trauma may involve a persistent unawareness of future threats to both self and children.
Bridget Klest - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A model exploring the relationship between Betrayal Trauma and health: The roles of mental health, attachment, trust in healthcare systems, and nonadherence to treatment.
Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy, 2019Co-Authors: Bridget Klest, Andreea Tamaian, Emily BoughnerAbstract:Prior research suggests that there is a relationship between Traumatic experiences and poor health. When considered through the lens of Betrayal Trauma (i.e., the perpetrator and the victim have a close interpersonal relationship), Traumatic experiences predict greater postTraumatic difficulty and higher levels of depression. Betrayal Trauma has been associated with poorer interpersonal relationships and less trust in individuals and systems that may be important for a person's wellbeing, such as health care systems. In turn, Trauma survivors are less likely to adhere to medical treatment, which may ultimately affect their overall health. The current study examined the complex relationship between experiences of Betrayal Trauma and poor health, while accounting for demographics, mental health symptoms, trust in physicians and the medical system, attachment style, and nonadherence to medical treatment. A demographically representative sample of 312 Canadian participants was surveyed online. Participants completed measures that assessed symptoms of mental health (PTSD, depression), Trauma, attachment style, trust, and nonadherence to medical treatment. Hierarchical regression models were used to examine the relationship between Betrayal Trauma and health. Betrayal Trauma significantly predicted nonadherence to treatment, while trust in physicians was explained by Trauma, attachment style, and mental health symptoms. All of these factors significantly explained poor health status. Results suggest the importance of implementing Trauma-informed care in health care systems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Betrayal Trauma health care relationships and health in patients with a chronic neurovascular condition
Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma, 2017Co-Authors: Bridget Klest, Andreea Tamaian, Christina MutschlerAbstract:ABSTRACTIndividuals who have been exposed to Trauma are at a greater risk of developing a chronic physical health condition and use health services more frequently than individuals who have not experienced Trauma. The mechanism by which Trauma affects health is not fully understood, but relationships with health care providers could be important in understanding this association. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among Betrayal Trauma, health care relationships, and physical and mental health in a chronic medical population. Participants (N = 272) diagnosed with a chronic neurovascular condition (cavernous malformation) completed an online survey. Questionnaires assessed self-rated health, instances of Betrayal Trauma, postTraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms, income, and other demographic factors, and health care relationships. Level of income and the experience of Betrayal Trauma predicted mental health symptoms (depression, PTSD, or both) and also predicted ...
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childhood personality Betrayal Trauma and leukocyte telomere length in adulthood a lifespan perspective on conscientiousness and Betrayal Traumas as predictors of a biomarker of cellular ageing
European Journal of Personality, 2016Co-Authors: Grant W Edmonds, Sarah E Hampson, Helene C F Cote, Patrick L Hill, Bridget KlestAbstract:Conscientiousness is associated with longevity. As such, identifying the biological pathways linking personality to mortality is important. This study employs longitudinal data spanning >40 years to test prospective associations with leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a potential marker of cellular ageing. Because telomeres shorten over time, and are sensitive to oxidative stress, shorter LTL may reflect cumulative damage associated with negative health behaviours and past stressful events. We investigated childhood conscientiousness as a protective factor, expecting an association with longer LTL in adulthood, possibly reflecting slower LTL shortening. Potential lifespan pathways involving childhood Trauma, smoking behaviours, and body mass index (BMI) were explored. Childhood conscientiousness showed a small raw association with LTL (r = .08, p = .04), although this effect did not persist when controlling for age and sex. Despite this lack of a direct effect on LTL, we detected an indirect effect operating jointly through BMI and smoking. Higher rates of childhood Betrayal Trauma were associated with shorter LTL. Contrary to our hypothesis that conscientiousness would buffer this effect, we found evidence for an interaction with childhood Betrayal Traumas where the association between childhood Betrayal Traumas and LTL was larger for those higher on conscientiousness in childhood. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Patient dissatisfaction and institutional Betrayal in the Canadian medical system: A qualitative study
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2016Co-Authors: Andreea Tamaian, Bridget Klest, Christina MutschlerAbstract:ABSTRACTIndividuals who struggle with chronic medical conditions frequently use medical services and may depend on the medical system to ensure their overall well-being. As a result, they may be at a greater risk of feeling betrayed by the medical system when their needs are not being met. The current study aimed to qualitatively assess patients’ negative experiences with the medical system that may lead to feelings of institutional Betrayal. A total of 14 Canadian adults struggling with various chronic conditions completed an online open-ended questionnaire. Results indicated that institutional Betrayal is composed of doctor-level Betrayal (inadequate medical care and lack of psychological support) as well as system-level Betrayal. The findings are discussed in the context of Betrayal Trauma theory; specifically, patients’ appraisals of their negative health care experiences may play a vital role when one is considering the impact of institutional Betrayal on an individual’s overall well-being.
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Lifetime Trauma, personality traits, and health: A pathway to midlife health status.
Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy, 2016Co-Authors: Sarah E Hampson, Bridget Klest, Grant W Edmonds, Lewis R. Goldberg, Maureen Barckley, Joan P. Dubanoski, Teresa A. HillierAbstract:OBJECTIVE:This study investigated whether lifetime experience of Trauma is related to personality through instrumental and reactive trait processes, and whether lifetime Trauma is a mechanism underlying the association between childhood conscientiousness and objectively assessed adult physical health. METHOD:Participants (N = 831) were 442 women and 389 men from the Hawaii longitudinal study of personality and health. Teacher assessments of personality were obtained when the participants were in elementary school. Self-reported adult personality assessments, lifetime histories of Trauma experience, and objectively assessed physiological dysregulation were obtained between ages 45-55. RESULTS:Women tended to report more high-Betrayal Trauma than men, whereas men reported more low-Betrayal Trauma than women. Women who were judged by their teachers to be less agreeable and less conscientious in childhood reported more lifetime Trauma, suggesting instrumental trait processes. For both genders, neuroticism and openness/intellect/imagination in adulthood, but not in childhood, were associated with lifetime Trauma, suggesting reactive trait processes. For both genders, Trauma experience was correlated with dysregulation and with Body Mass Index (BMI). The indirect paths from childhood conscientiousness to adult dysregulation and BMI through total teen and adult Trauma were significant for women, but not for men (indirect effect for women's dysregulation = -.025, p = .040, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -.048, -.001; indirect effect for women's BMI = -.037, p = .009, 95% CI = -.067, -.008). CONCLUSION:Teen and adult Trauma experience appears to be a hitherto unidentified mechanism in women underlying the association between conscientiousness and health. (PsycINFO Database Record
Jennifer M. Gómez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Black Women and Girls & #MeToo: Rape, Cultural Betrayal, & Healing
Sex Roles, 2020Co-Authors: Jennifer M. Gómez, Robyn L GobinAbstract:Created by U.S. Black female activist, Tarana Burke, the #MeToo movement gained popularity in 2017, shedding light on the pervasive sexual harassment and assault of women. Since long before Anita Hill and @RapedAtSpelman, racial Trauma has complicated the post-sexual violence landscape for U.S. Black women and girls, which may inhibit their ability to say “me too.” It is within this context of racial Trauma that cultural Betrayal Trauma theory (CBTT) was developed: a new framework for understanding how outcomes of interpersonal Trauma, like rape, are impacted by both victim and perpetrator(s) being subjected to inequality. In the present article, racial Trauma and its effects on Black Americans is discussed. Then, the collective sense of being in U.S. Black culture, along with the burden placed on Black females, is delineated. Next, CBTT is defined and its empirical support and implications are detailed. Finally, mechanisms to address the interwoven harm of racial Trauma and cultural Betrayal Trauma within institutions (e.g., mental health care) and the community (e.g., in collaboration with the Black church) is elucidated to facilitate healing through #MeToo and beyond.
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what s in a Betrayal Trauma dissociation and hallucinations among high functioning ethnic minority emerging adults
Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma, 2019Co-Authors: Jennifer M. GómezAbstract:ABSTRACTObjective. Interpersonal Trauma is linked with mental health outcomes, including dissociation and hallucinations (Gomez & Freyd, 2017a). Betrayal Trauma theory (BTT) identifies the closenes...
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isn t it all about victimization intra cultural pressure and cutural Betrayal Trauma in ethnic minority college women
Violence Against Women, 2019Co-Authors: Jennifer M. GómezAbstract:Cultural Betrayal Trauma theory proposes that intraracial Trauma in ethnic minority populations includes a cultural Betrayal that contributes to outcomes, such as symptoms of PTSD (postTraumatic st...
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Psychological Outcomes of Within-Group Sexual Violence: Evidence of Cultural Betrayal
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 2018Co-Authors: Jennifer M. Gómez, Jennifer J FreydAbstract:Cultural Betrayal Trauma theory is a new framework for understanding Trauma-related mental health outcomes in immigrant and minority populations. The purpose of the current study is to empirically test cultural Betrayal Trauma theory. We hypothesized that the association between within-group sexual violence and mental health outcomes would be stronger for minorities. Participants ( N = 368) were minority and majority college students, who completed online measures of sexual violence victimization and mental health outcomes. A MANOVA revealed that the link between within-group sexual violence and total Trauma symptoms, depression, sexual abuse sequelae, sleep disturbance, and sexual problems was stronger for minorities. This study provides evidence for cultural Betrayal Trauma theory, as the findings suggest that outcomes from the same experience—within-group sexual violence—is affected by minority status. This work has implications for how mental health is understood, investigated, and treated in immigrant and minority populations.
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What’s the harm? Internalized prejudice and cultural Betrayal Trauma in ethnic minorities.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2018Co-Authors: Jennifer M. GómezAbstract:The differential contexts that ethnic minorities face as a result of lower societal status impact outcomes of Trauma. Cultural Betrayal Trauma theory (CBTT) is a contextualized framework that was created to examine Trauma in minority populations. According to CBTT, due to societal inequality, within-group Trauma in minority populations is a cultural Betrayal that contributes to outcomes. In addition to looking at typically studied abuse outcomes (e.g., postTraumatic stress disorder), CBTT also predicts cultural outcomes, such as internalized prejudice, changes in ethnic identity, and (intra)cultural pressure (e.g., silencing victims of intraracial Trauma to protect the minority ingroup from discriminatory individuals and systems of the dominant culture). No prior studies have examined cultural outcomes in CBTT. It was hypothesized that intraracial Trauma (aka, cultural Betrayal Trauma) would be associated with cultural outcomes in a sample of ethnic minority college students. Participants (N = 296; 60.5% female; age: M = 20.12, SD = 2.81) were ethnic minority college students (35.0% Asian, 24.7% Hispanic-Latino American, 14.2% Other, 13.2% Black-African American, 5.7% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 3.4% American Indian-Alaska Native, and 3.4% Middle Eastern) attending a predominantly White university. Participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing Trauma and outcomes online. Separate hierarchical linear regression analyses suggested that when controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, and interracial Trauma, intraracial Trauma predicted internalized prejudice, (intra)cultural pressure, and changes in identification with ethnic identity. These findings have implications for cultural competency in clinical interventions for minority victims of Trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
