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Mariana Peimbert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Exploring the Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) fecal microbiome, bacterial inhabitants of a worldwide pet
PeerJ, 2016Co-Authors: Luis David Alcaraz, Apolinar M. Hernández, Mariana PeimbertAbstract:Background Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) were originally endemic to Australia; now they are popular pets with a global distribution. It is now possible to conduct detailed molecular studies on cultivable and uncultivable bacteria that are part of the intestinal microbiome of healthy animals. These studies show that bacteria are an essential part of the metabolic capacity of animals. There are few studies on bird microbiomes and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the Cockatiel microbiome. Methods In this paper, we analyzed the gut microbiome from fecal samples of three healthy adult Cockatiels by massive sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Additionally, we compared the Cockatiel fecal microbiomes with those of other bird species, including poultry and wild birds. Results The vast majority of the bacteria found in Cockatiels were Firmicutes, while Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were poorly represented. A total of 19,280 different OTUs were detected, of which 8,072 belonged to the Erysipelotrichaceae family. Discussion It is relevant to study Cockatiel the microbiomes of Cockatiels owing to their wide geographic distribution and close human contact. This study serves as a reference for Cockatiel bacterial diversity. Despite the large OTU numbers, the diversity is not even and is dominated by Firmicutes of the Erysipelotrichaceae family. Cockatiels and other wild birds are almost depleted of Bacteroidetes, which happen to be abundant in poultry-related birds, and this is probably associated with the intensive human manipulation of poultry bird diets. Some probable pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium and Serratia, appeared to be frequent inhabitants of the fecal microbiome of Cockatiels, whereas other potential pathogens were not detected.
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Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) gut microbiomes, bacterial inhabitants of a worldwide distributed pet
2016Co-Authors: Luis David Alcaraz, Apolinar M. Hernández, Mariana PeimbertAbstract:Background. Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) were originally endemic to Australia, but they are nowadays popular worldwide pet birds. It is now possible to make detailed molecular studies on cultivable and uncultivable bacteria that are part of the intestinal microbiome of healthy animals, these studies showed that bacteria are an essential part of the capacity and metabolic status of animals. There are few studies of bird microbiomes and to date this is the first reported Cockatiel microbiome work. Methods. In this paper we analyzed the gut microbiome of 3 healthy adult Cockatiel birds by massive sequencing of 16S ribosomal gene. Additionally, we show a comparison with other poultry, and wild birds microbiomes and their taxa profiles Results. The vast majority of the Cockatiel’s bacteria found were Firmicutes, while Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes are poorly represented. 19,280 different OTUs were detected, of which 8,072 belong to the Erysipelotrichaceae family. Discussion. Cockatiels wide geographic distribution, and close human contact makes relevant to study their microbiomes, this study gives a baseline for their bacterial diversity. Cockatiels microbiomes diversity are dominated by Firmicutes of the Erysipelotrichaceae family. Cockatiels, and other wild birds are almost depleted of Bacteroidetes which happen to be abundant in poultry birds and this is probably related with the intensive human manipulation of poultry bird diets. Some pathogenic bacteria like Clostridium colinum, and Serratia marcescens are inhabitants of the Cockatiel’s microbiome while other pathogens are not elements of healthy Cockatiel’s microbiota, although the specimens collected were perfectly healthy at the time.
Niichiro Abe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ascaridia nymphii n sp nematoda ascaridida from the alimentary tract of a severely emaciated dead Cockatiel nymphicus hollandicus
Parasitology Research, 2015Co-Authors: Niichiro Abe, Kayoko Matsuo, Ikuko MakinoAbstract:This report describes Ascaridia nymphii n. sp., a new species isolated from the alimentary tract of Cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus in Japan. More than 63 nematodes were found in the formalin-fixed small intestine, ventriculus, proventriculus and crop of a 48-day-old young Cockatiel that died after exhibiting severe emaciation. No nematode eggs were observed in the faecal examination performed while the Cockatiel was alive, but Cryptosporidium oocysts were found. The intestinal mucosa was damaged considerably. Male worms had two alate spicules, well-developed precloacal sucker and a tail with ventrolateral caudal alae and mainly 11 pairs of papillae. Nuclear partial (813 bp) 18S ribosomal RNA gene (18S rDNA) sequences obtained from two female samples were mutually identical. They respectively showed 99.1 and 98.6% identities to those from Ascaridia numidae and Ascaridia galli. Phylogenetic analysis using this locus indicated the present nematode as Ascaridia species. The mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene (nad2) sequences obtained for four samples were mutually identical. They respectively showed 98.7, 85.7 and 82.2% identities with those from Ascaridia columbae, Ascaridia sp. and A. galli. Combining the morphological and sequencing data from two loci, the present nematode was identified as A. nymphii n. sp., which is closely related with A. columbae. This report is the first of a study examining the distribution of Ascaridia species in captive parrots in Japan. This study also identified the trachea and cloaca, like Cryptosporidium baileyi, as the possible location of Cryptosporidium avian genotype V in avian hosts.
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Multilocus genotypic analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from Cockatiels, Japan
Parasitology research, 2010Co-Authors: Niichiro Abe, Ikuko MakinoAbstract:Cryptosporidium is a significant pathogen in humans and animals. Cases of infection by Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, and Cryptosporidium baileyi with zoonotic potential have also been reported in domestic birds, and recent studies indicate the presence of new host-adapted species or genotypes in birds. It is generally difficult to discriminate accurately among Cryptosporidium species and genotypes by light microscopy because of the morphological similarity of their oocysts. Although C. parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the primary Cryptosporidium species associated with infection in humans, recent studies have shown C. meleagridis to be a significant cause of cryptosporidiosis in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, genetic variation among C. meleagridis isolates from humans and birds has been reported. Therefore, accurate identification of Cryptosporidium parasites using molecular methodologies is important to assess genetic diversity and to elucidate the transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium parasites. In Japan, the Cockatiel is a popular companion sold in many pet shops, but to the best of our knowledge only 11 Cryptosporidium isolates from Cockatiels have been identified molecularly. In the present study, we identified five isolates from Cockatiels by multilocus (18S ribosomal RNA, actin, Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein, 70-kDa heat shock protein, and 60-kDa glycoprotein precursor) sequence and phylogenetic analyses. Analyses identified three new genotypes in C. meleagridis, avian genotype III, and a new avian genotype V.
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Identification of Cryptosporidium isolates from Cockatiels by direct sequencing of the PCR-amplified small subunit ribosomal RNA gene
Parasitology research, 2004Co-Authors: Niichiro Abe, Motohiro IsekiAbstract:Cryptosporidium is a significant pathogen in humans and animals. Cases of infection by C. meleagridis or C. baileyi with zoonotic potential have also been reported in domestic birds; and recent studies indicate the presence of new host-adapted species or genotype in birds. Therefore, accurately identifying isolates is important for understanding the epizootiology of Cryptosporidium infection in birds and for the control of human cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium has been detected in Cockatiels, but the species or genotype of isolates remains unclear because identification was performed using conventional microscopy. We report herein the species or genotype of isolates from two Cockatiels distinguished by a PCR-based diagnostic method. The isolates were found to be C. meleagridis and C. baileyi, respectively. This study documents the first discovery of C. meleagridis and C. baileyi in Cockatiels and suggests that pet birds may play an important role in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis.
Linda S. Rubin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The National Cockatiel Society, Inc. - A 23-Year Success Story
AFA Watchbird, 2006Co-Authors: Linda S. RubinAbstract:Introduction Enthusiasm, growth, endurance, a commitment to established ideals lfhese traits serve as the benchmark that detne the National Cockatiel Society (NCS) as a success among Cockatiel societies worldwide, with its proven record of growing a prosperous membership base for more than two decades. Founded in November 1983, it shortly achieved non prott status as a 501 (c)(3) tax-exempt, educational organization. NCS membership has included thousands of breeders and enthusiasts from all geographic regions of the United States, with international members as close as Canada and the nearby islands of the Caribbean no as far away as distant Japan - down to the very southern hemisphere of Australia itself, the endogenous birthplace of the Cockatiel, Nymphicus hollandicus. NCS continues to serve the membership as an all-encompassing vehicle addressing every aspect of Cockatiel culture and the needs of hobby breeders, pet owners, show exhibitors and seasoned aviculturists alike. Mission According to the NCS by-laws and NCS Articles of Organization, the mission of the National Cockatiel Society is to: educate its members on the proper care, handling, maintenance and breeding of Cockatiels; to provide educational and informative articles through its bimonthly journal; to support avian research related to Cockatiel nutrition, reproduction and the study of disease; to encourage the breeding of color mutations through the study of genetics; to encourage selective breeding, closed banding and record keeping; to establish a standard of excellence for judging the ideal Cockatiel; to establish an NCS Judges Panel of qualired judges to maintain a uniform quality in judging governed by the standard; to hold an annual National Cockatiel Society show each year; to encourage ethical, thoughtful and constructive interactions among its members and fellow aviculturists; and any other provisions of these Articles, the purposes for which the National Cockatiel Society is organized are exclusively within the meaning of Section 501 (c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code or the corresponding provision of any future United States Internal Revenue law.D History The rrst meeting of the National Cockatiel Society took place at the 1983 National Cage Bird Show, which allowed for slanding room only. DThis initial meeting acted as the catalyst that Died over 100 charter memberships and prompted the election of oft.cers in January 1984, with a membership numbering more than 200. The 1984 charteryearsawthe election of the rrst board of directors, the formation of the NCS judges' panel of grandfathered judges plus testing materials for new judges, and the initial showclassitcations and point system. It also produced the 52-page, educational NCS Journal, the approved and ratlted set of NCS by-laws, and the authoring of the state coordinator guidelines, the written NCS Show Standard of Excellence and the visual standard that are still in use today. The rrst NCS annual show, held in November 1984 at the National Cage Bird Show, brought in a record-breaking number of 233 Cockatiels in the newly approved NCS division. AFA National Specialty Organization The National Cockatiel Society joined AFA upon its founding, even before NCS elected its rrst slate of oft.cers. Fully understanding the value of AFAafDiation, several members covered afDiation cost for the charter year. Once the NCS by-laws were approved by the board of directors and ratlted by the membership, annual afDiation became part of the constitution so thatAFA renewal was required at the beginning of each year. NCS has been an AFA national specialty organization for nearly quarter of a century. Over the years, NCS members have attended AFA conventions, participated in the specialty meetings and held their bi-annual meeting of the NCS membership atAFA. At one of AF A's largest conventions, the 10th annual convention in 1984 (which was attended by over 900 people from the U.S., South Africa, Trinidad, Sweden, Canada and Spain), NCS entered the club booth contest in the commercial exhibit hall and won Second Best Educational Booth for its display of live Cockatiel mutations. IThe display included the newlwhiteface mutation among them. NCS continues to run a booth each year in the exhibit hall, publishes AFA in Brief in its journal, run legislative updates in both the NCS Journal and on its website, and supports AFA by occasionally sponsoring a Cockatiel convention speaker from time to time.
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GENETICS FOR AVICULTURISTS: Recent Mutations in Cockatiels
AFA Watchbird, 1997Co-Authors: Linda S. RubinAbstract:Introduction A dramatic increase in Cockatiel olor mutations over the last ecade has spiraled forth a plethora of myriad color combinations. It is no longer a simple task to outline or discuss individual Cockatiel mutations, as the number of colors and patterns continues to grow, challenging Cockatiel breeders and enthusiasts to keep pace. One paper cannot begin to cover each individual new mutation, and its now multitudinous combinations, to the depth and degree which would do each one justice. Instead, this paper will limit its scope to discussing each new major mutation by category, and attempt to provide a basis for which the mutation can best be understood, and applied to the growing number of cross, triple and multiple color combinations. Mutation Modes Spontaneous Mutations Mutations commonly arise in aviaries under one of two conditions. In the majority of mutations, the affected trait usually occurs as a sudden variation of an inherited characteristic. Such color mutations are usually a welcome surprise to the breeder and are so different or obviously deviant, that anyone slightly familiar with the basic colors will recognize its unnatural and anomalous appearance almost immediately. Selective Breeding The second less commonly seen mutation which must be considered is the gradual appearance of an unusual trait which, through painstaking work and diligence, arrives at its final form only after many years of work. This gradual and timely process which the aviculturist controls by deliberate pairing of affected individuals, is better known as selective breeding. For example, the deliberate pairing of very yellow Pied stock, correctly linebred, will usually yield a predominant strain of heavy yellow "golden" Pieds. Inheritance The majority of Cockatiel mutations, until very recently, dealt only with autosomal recessive inheritance (ie. Pied, Fallow, Recessive Silver, Whiteface, etc.) or sex-linked recessive inheritance (e.g. Lutino, Cinnamon, Pearl, etc.). More recently, with the advent of the U.K.'s new Dominant Silver mutation, a new mode of inheritance in Cockatiels was introduced known as the dominant mode of reproduction. What makes dominant inheritance even more interesting is the appearance of both single factor and double factor birds which, like any other mode, is predictable by Mendel's laws of inheritance. More specifically, Mendel's law of dominance states that one factor in a pair of traits dominates the other in inheritance, unless both factors in the pair are recessive. This works as well for any mutation or trait recessive to the Normal Gray (i.e. including both recessive autosomes and recessive sexlinked traits), but takes on new meaning for dominant, codominant and partially dominant mutations. Although the dominant mode of inheritance is new to Cockatiels, dominant inheritance is routinely worked within other species in aviculture, including Budgerigars, lovebirds, Indian Ringnecked Parakeets and others. Color Pigmentation For the purpose of this discussion, we will divide Cockatiel color pigments into two major groups. The first group, melanins, is comprised of the darker or shaded pigments· as found in the ground colors of standard mutations e.g. gray, cinnamon, silver, fallow, etc. The second group, carotenoids, is composed of the red-yellow-orange pigments occasionally referred to as lipochromes. The third listing is simply headed as white which, for the sake of this discussion, is the absence of pigment and is therefore simply, the absence of all color. • Melanins: any of the group of darker or shaded pigments, e.g. gray, cinnamon, silver, fallow, etc. Melanins may vary in shade and intensity which breeders commonly refer to as the lack, or presence, of dark factors. • Carotenoids: any of the group of red and yellow pigments, often referred to as lipochromes, when discussing orange and yellow coloration. • White is the lack of pigment or absence of all color.
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The Cockatiel Connection Establishing a Cockatiel Aviary II
AFA Watchbird, 1994Co-Authors: Linda S. RubinAbstract:The Cockatiel has long been a favor- 1 i;e pet, exhibition, and aviary bird, frequently reproducing when other psittacines will not. Generally hardy in aviary life, Cockatiels come in an ever-growing number of both subtle and eye-catching color mutations, and handfed young can make ideal pets. Generally sweet and docile, Cockatiels should never be housed with larger, or more aggressive birds, since they seldom adequately defend themselves. Even smaller, more quarrelsome species such as budgies, some varieties oflovebirds and certain finches, especially in mated pairs or flocks, should be maintained separately from Cockatiels. Such species, and other larger birds, could effectively monopolize feed and water dishes, preventing the less assertive Cockatiel from obtaining adequate nutrition. Should the Cockatiel find itself forced further down the established pecking order by other species, and increasingly denied adequate food and water, such continuous abuse could lead to malnutrition, dehydration, and a lessening of resistance to disease. Additionally, the constant stress from fighting over territory within a pen or aviary could impose further stress-related disease, in addition to the more obvious risk of injury, and even death. Although the major factor in such situations is usually the height, and especially the length of the flight, providing enough space for Cockatiels to escape bothersome individuals, even the most spacious of aviaries may not be adequate to deter known, or suspected, aggressors. Housing Small Collections Generally, most fanciers precede their larger collections with the acquisition of either a few pets, or pairs of Cockatiels, kept in cages. This may be sufficient for a period of time until the numbers begin to grow, which is not difficult to achieve if one is captivated by the variety of color mutations, or should one begin to successfully raise a few clutches of young. Standard Cockatiel cages are quite suitable for one or two pet birds who are routinely allowed out of cages for daily exercise to enhance their chances of living a full life span. Of prime importance is to secure cages equipped with Cockatiel bar-spacing, which will prevent a Cockatiel from forcing its head between the vertical bars to become trapped, often with devastating consequences ranging from injury to death. The slightly closer bar-spacing on specially designed Cockatiel cages prevents such tragedies. Additionally, an increased number of horizontal bars positioned along the vertical bars will allow a Cockatiel to climb and effectively gain a secure foothold, again preventing fatal accidents. The removal of the bottom grid, positioned just above the tray, will also eliminate worry over whether an inquisitive Cockatiel may lodge its head between the grid spacing, as it retrieves items from the cage bottom, or even catch an open leg band on the grid, both of which have been known to happen. In general, brass, chrome, or similar materials which allow for adequate disinfecting practices should be sought out. Some plastics might be difficult to sterilize in hot temperatures, while older, painted cages could contain toxic lead paint, which can prove fatal if swallowed. Utmost consideration should be given to cages with more length, and not just height, since Cockatiels fly back and forth, not up and down; and with enough space to allow each bird to comfortably stretch its wings and move around. Aviaries Once population starts to increase, large caging will become necessary. There are now a number of excellent manufacturers who offer modern, easy to assemble enclosures, requiring simple maintenance and upkeep. Many are on casters and can be wheeled effortlessly to any location, and may be dismantled and reassembled should the need arise. Such pens may be stackable, or come in double or triple supporting frames, for fanciers with evergrowing collections. Custom cut doors, or self-cut side openings for nest boxes, may be easily accomplished with attention to blunting any jagged edges to the newly cut wire. Another option is to build your own aviaries using clean, welded wire, or other safe materials. It is not unusual for breeders who have been raising birds for many years to go through a metamorphosis when designing their aviaries. The author evolved through many changes beginning with large, 11' long, walk-in flights, composed of l/2"x1/2" welded wire mounted on wooden frames. Eventually, 6' long aviaries were installed, suspended off the floor by sturdy twelve gauge wire legs, with custom cut doors created for ease in servicing flights. In recent years, walk-in flights by Corners Limited were installed, which were also chosen for their ease in maintenance, servicing, and disinfecting, since all materials are nonporous. As the Cockatiel is a swift, strong flyer, it must be given adequate room to exercise and maintain general good health and condition. Therefore, as much space as possible should be afforded to pairs, especially to promote a lengthy, reproductive life. Due to their flying ability, emphasis should be placed on both the length, and height, of flights. While the depth of a flight need only be a minimum of 8', it is recommended to raise flights to at least 6' to 8' to help build chest muscle when birds fly upward, and perhaps 10' to 20' in length, if space is available. Although the author has kept Cockatiels in pens only 6' long for the last several years, it has not appeared to be a deterrent to reproductive life, however, the birds would no doubt be happier in larger accommodations. Materials should be selected carefully, with good disinfecting tactics kept in mind. For example, the author's original wood-framed, wire aviaries were eventu ally torn out in favor of all-wire and aluminum construction, as wood, being porous, could potentially harbor harmful bacterias, etc. Additionally, white pine chips used over the years were abandoned in favor of thoroughly dried, uncolored newspaper, merely for easy of use and increased frequency in cleaning measures. Certainly other materials such as cedar chips, the newer crushed walnut shells, or corn cob bedding can be used to line aviaries, however, the latter material must remain dry and free from moisture.
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The Cockatiel Connection: Understanding Color Mutations
AFA Watchbird, 1994Co-Authors: Linda S. RubinAbstract:A Introduction growing host of new and exquisite Cockatiel color mutations and their myriad combinations are impacting Cockatiel circles both on and off the show-bench at a challenging rate. With such "rares" of yesterday now increasingly spotted at bird fairs, formally inscribed within show class ific a ti ons, and currently rooted throughout classified advertisements, the contemporary list of new mutations continues to grow. No longer are breeders confined to a world of a few simple sex-linked or autosomal recessive mutations. Now, the art of producing and combining such color combinations requires as much forethought as the painter's use of the palette. While some mutations may continue to mystify both the newcomer and veteran breeder, a few simple principles may provide insight and a clearer understanding of how such colors and patterns routinely operate. Whenever instructing Cockatiel genetic workshops, I frequently recommend fanciers approach the subject by considering the big picture. Such an overview of genetic modes of inheritance, classifying mutations into subsets, or categories, often provides a rudimentary grasp, or "feel," for working with these mutations, understanding their basic strengths and weaknesses, and the manner in which they may be inherited. This article series will focus on the standard varieities and current rares as set forth in the nomenclature commonly employed by U.S. breeders in both the American and National Cockatiel societies. While additional Cockatiel organizations are currently forming around the globe, with many adopting their own show standards and nomenclature, the U.S. organizations have been in existence for nearly two decades, with classifications stretching as far back as the late-seventies and early eighties. Dominant Mode of Inheritance In Cockatiels, we have at present two distinct, dominant colors to consider. The first and more familiar is the nominate race, or wild Cockatiel of Australia, commonly referred to as the Normal Gray. In recent years however, the Dominant Dilute, more popularly known as the Dominant Silver, was bred in the United Kingdom. The Dominant Silver has the distinction of being the first dominant mutation ever to occur in Cockatiels. Until very recently it was an accepted fact that all Cockatiel mutations were recessive to the Normal Gray. With the exception of the new Dominant Silver mutation, this rule remains true even today and no other color may dominate all resulting offspring produced whenever a Normal Gray is utilized, regardless of parental gender. However, whether Dominant Silvers are currently available here in the U.S., or become available to breeders in the near future to produce the mutation in enough quantity for prices to drop, only time will reveal. I do believe, however, there is a strong likelihood we shall see other dominant mutations in the future, which should lend an even greater variety to the delightful color combinations we are already beginning to see in representative numbers at shows, exhibitions and fairs. Normal Grays As the nominate wild type Cockatiel, the Normal Gray may be described as a solid gray bird, with white wing-bars, and carotenoid orange and yellow pigments coloring ear convert feathers, head and undermarkings. Males carry the full yellow face mask upon maturity, often with a deeper intensity to the orange ear covert feathers, which are more commonly referred to as the orange "cheek patch." Although lacking the full yellow face mask, hens and unflighted young do carry some degree of yellow on the face, typically marking areas around the forehead, lores and beneath the lower mandible. Yellow spotting on the undersides of flight feathers, and yellow barring under the tail, are carried by both hen and young, while solid gray tail and flight feathers distinguish the adult males. While some Normal Grays do vary in their intensity of dark factors, demonstrating shades of light, medium and very dark gray, it is not at all unusual to find variations of color depth within the same individual. Such variations within the same bird, however, are discouraged by National Cockatiel Society show standards, rewarding instead an even tone throughout the bird regardless of the presence or absence of dark factors. Therefore, such an individual, be it either a solid light gray, a medium gray or a dark gray would be equally desirable, as long as the shade of gray remained consistent throughout. In contrast, during recent years the American Cockatiel Society revised its show standards, specifying all Normal Gray should be colored dark gray, while ideally carrying a uniformity of color throughout. Dominant Silvers During the early 1980s, the Dominant Silver made its appearance in the United Kingdom, originating in the aviaries of Mr. Terry Cole. As presented above, the Dominant Silver has the distinction of being the first, and only, dominant mutation in Cockatiels, and the first Cockatiel mutation to be produced by the United Kingdom. By 1988, Cole bred the Dominant Silvers into many of the color varieties including the Whiteface, which he has termed the combined form as Platinums. This could cause some confusion in international circles as there are already some U.S. breeders who refer to the Fallow-Recessive Silver, a double-recessive cross mutation, by the same name. Interestingly, the Dominant Silver comes in two forms, the single-factor (SF) mutation, and the double-factor (DF) or dilute form. Single factor Dominant Silvers appear as a pastel-silver shade of gray, with a deeper shade coloring the area of the head and neck, creating the unique appearance of a "skullcap." In addition, true Dominant Silvers carry black eyes and dark gray legs, which easily distinguish them from the Recessive Silver mutation, which has dark plum to red eyes, lighter feet and a color range of steel or silvery gray, to fawnish brown. Although indistinguishable upon hatching, Dominant Silvers can soon be identified from Normal Gray siblings once they start to feather, by their light gray, brownish-brick body color. In addition, the darker skullcap, dark gray pigmented legs and black eyes will already be evident. Interestingly, after the first juvenile molt, cock birds acquire the more silvery gray plumage, while hens maintain their original color, although perhaps a bit brighter, and grayer. Over the years, Cole has succeeded in selectively breeding hens which are much lighter and therefore more similar to cock birds. Currently, however, Dominant Silvers in the U.K. vary quite a bit in their dilution of gray melanin, especially in single-factor birds. The similar goal of breeding for a consistent shade or depth of color, is recommended. Double factor Dominant Silvers are a dilute form of the single-factor variety. Such birds appear almost as light as a Lutino, with the addition of a subtle light gray wash throughout. Once again, double-factor Dominant Silvers carry the darker skullcap, dark legs and black eyes. of their single-factor counterparts.
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EX LIBRIS: The Complete Guide to Cockatiel Color Mutations
AFA Watchbird, 1992Co-Authors: Linda S. RubinAbstract:For Cockatiel enthusiasts, whether beginners, seasoned breeders or owners of pet Cockatiels, Linda Rubin's Cockatiel Color Mutations is an excellent reference on this subject. Written with clear, understandable language, this guide gives a comprehensive study on the color pigmentations found in Cockatiels. The first 11 chapters are based on a series of articles by Linda Rubin entitled ''Color Pigmentations in Cockatiels" originally published in American Cage Bird Magazine. Linda wrote a column in ACBM called ''Talk from Tango wood:' These chapters explain the mutations that have appeared in Cockatiels. These mutations are explained in terms of color pigmentation. This in-depth study gives a thorough understanding of why mutations appear the way they are seen visually.
Luis David Alcaraz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Exploring the Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) fecal microbiome, bacterial inhabitants of a worldwide pet
PeerJ, 2016Co-Authors: Luis David Alcaraz, Apolinar M. Hernández, Mariana PeimbertAbstract:Background Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) were originally endemic to Australia; now they are popular pets with a global distribution. It is now possible to conduct detailed molecular studies on cultivable and uncultivable bacteria that are part of the intestinal microbiome of healthy animals. These studies show that bacteria are an essential part of the metabolic capacity of animals. There are few studies on bird microbiomes and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the Cockatiel microbiome. Methods In this paper, we analyzed the gut microbiome from fecal samples of three healthy adult Cockatiels by massive sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Additionally, we compared the Cockatiel fecal microbiomes with those of other bird species, including poultry and wild birds. Results The vast majority of the bacteria found in Cockatiels were Firmicutes, while Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were poorly represented. A total of 19,280 different OTUs were detected, of which 8,072 belonged to the Erysipelotrichaceae family. Discussion It is relevant to study Cockatiel the microbiomes of Cockatiels owing to their wide geographic distribution and close human contact. This study serves as a reference for Cockatiel bacterial diversity. Despite the large OTU numbers, the diversity is not even and is dominated by Firmicutes of the Erysipelotrichaceae family. Cockatiels and other wild birds are almost depleted of Bacteroidetes, which happen to be abundant in poultry-related birds, and this is probably associated with the intensive human manipulation of poultry bird diets. Some probable pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium and Serratia, appeared to be frequent inhabitants of the fecal microbiome of Cockatiels, whereas other potential pathogens were not detected.
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Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) gut microbiomes, bacterial inhabitants of a worldwide distributed pet
2016Co-Authors: Luis David Alcaraz, Apolinar M. Hernández, Mariana PeimbertAbstract:Background. Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) were originally endemic to Australia, but they are nowadays popular worldwide pet birds. It is now possible to make detailed molecular studies on cultivable and uncultivable bacteria that are part of the intestinal microbiome of healthy animals, these studies showed that bacteria are an essential part of the capacity and metabolic status of animals. There are few studies of bird microbiomes and to date this is the first reported Cockatiel microbiome work. Methods. In this paper we analyzed the gut microbiome of 3 healthy adult Cockatiel birds by massive sequencing of 16S ribosomal gene. Additionally, we show a comparison with other poultry, and wild birds microbiomes and their taxa profiles Results. The vast majority of the Cockatiel’s bacteria found were Firmicutes, while Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes are poorly represented. 19,280 different OTUs were detected, of which 8,072 belong to the Erysipelotrichaceae family. Discussion. Cockatiels wide geographic distribution, and close human contact makes relevant to study their microbiomes, this study gives a baseline for their bacterial diversity. Cockatiels microbiomes diversity are dominated by Firmicutes of the Erysipelotrichaceae family. Cockatiels, and other wild birds are almost depleted of Bacteroidetes which happen to be abundant in poultry birds and this is probably related with the intensive human manipulation of poultry bird diets. Some pathogenic bacteria like Clostridium colinum, and Serratia marcescens are inhabitants of the Cockatiel’s microbiome while other pathogens are not elements of healthy Cockatiel’s microbiota, although the specimens collected were perfectly healthy at the time.
Viktor Tukač - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Unusual fatal avian polyomavirus infection in nestling Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) detected by nested polymerase chain reaction
Veterinarni Medicina, 2018Co-Authors: Oldřich Tomášek, O. Kubicek, Viktor TukačAbstract:High mortality of nestling Cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus) was observed in one breeding flock in Slovakia. The nestling mortality affected 50% of all breeding pairs. In general, all the nestlings in affected nests died. Death occurred suddenly in 4- to 6-day-old birds, most of which had full crops. No feather disorders were diagnosed in this flock. Two dead nestlings were tested by nested PCR for the presence of avian polyomavirus (APV) and Chlamydophila psittaci and by single-round PCR for the presence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). After the breeding season ended, a breeding pair of Cockatiels together with their young one and a fledg- ling budgerigar (undulatus) were examined. No clinical alterations were observed in these birds. Haemorrhages in the proventriculus and irregular foci of yellow liver discoloration were found during necropsy in the young Cockatiel and the fledgling budgerigar. Microscopy revealed liver necroses and acute haemolysis in the young Cockatiel and confluent liver necroses and heart and kidney haemorrhages in the budgerigar. Two dead Cockatiel nestlings, the young Cockatiel and the fledgling budgerigar were tested positive for APV, while the Cockatiel adults were negative. The presence of BFDV or Chlamydophila psittaci DNA was detected in none of the birds. The specificity of PCR was confirmed by the sequencing of PCR products amplified from the samples from the young Cockatiel and the fledgling budgerigar. The sequences showed 99.6-100% homology with the previously reported sequences. To our knowledge, this is the first report of APV infection which caused a fatal disease in parent-raised Cockatiel nestlings and merely subclinical infection in budgerigar nestlings.
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Unusual fatal avian polyomavirus infection in nestling Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) detected by nested polymerase chain reaction
Veterinární Medicína, 2008Co-Authors: Oldřich Tomášek, O. Kubicek, Viktor TukačAbstract:High mortality of nestling Cockatiels (<i>Nymphicus hollandicus</i>) was observed in one breeding flock in Slovakia. The nestling mortality affected 50% of all breeding pairs. In general, all the nestlings in affected nests died. Death occurred suddenly in 4- to 6-day-old birds, most of which had full crops. No feather disorders were diagnosed in this flock. Two dead nestlings were tested by nested PCR for the presence of avian polyomavirus (APV) and <i>Chlamydophila psittaci</i> and by single-round PCR for the presence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). After the breeding season ended, a breeding pair of Cockatiels together with their young one and a fledgling budgerigar (<i>Melopsittacus undulatus</i>) were examined. No clinical alterations were observed in these birds. Haemorrhages in the proventriculus and irregular foci of yellow liver discoloration were found during necropsy in the young Cockatiel and the fledgling budgerigar. Microscopy revealed liver necroses and acute haemolysis in the young Cockatiel and confluent liver necroses and heart and kidney haemorrhages in the budgerigar. Two dead Cockatiel nestlings, the young Cockatiel and the fledgling budgerigar were tested positive for APV, while the Cockatiel adults were negative. The presence of BFDV or <i>Chlamydophila psittaci</i> DNA was detected in none of the birds. The specificity of PCR was confirmed by the sequencing of PCR products amplified from the samples from the young Cockatiel and the fledgling budgerigar. The sequences showed 99.6−100% homology with the previously reported sequences. To our knowledge, this is the first report of APV infection which caused a fatal disease in parent-raised Cockatiel nestlings and merely subclinical infection in budgerigar nestlings.