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James J. Gross - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Cognitive Reappraisal Intervention for Suicide Prevention (CRISP) for Middle-Aged and Older Adults Hospitalized for Suicidality.
    The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 2017
    Co-Authors: Dimitris N. Kiosses, Greg Hajcak, George S. Alexopoulos, William J. Apfeldorf, Paul R. Duberstein, David Putrino, James J. Gross
    Abstract:

    Middle-aged and older adults constitute a high suicide-risk group. Among adults aged 50 years old and older, suicide rates increased and suicide deaths almost doubled during the period from 2000 to 2015. Suicide rates are elevated for patients hospitalized for suicidality (i.e., active suicidal ideation or suicide attempt) and the 3 months post-hospitalization is the time of the highest suicide risk. Psychosocial interventions for middle-aged and older adults hospitalized for suicidality are sparse. In this article, we present the main aspects, stages, techniques and a clinical case study of Cognitive Reappraisal Intervention for Suicide Prevention (CRISP), a psychosocial intervention targeting Cognitive Reappraisal to reduce suicide risk in middle-aged and older adults who have been recently hospitalized for suicidal ideation or a suicide attempt. CRISP is based on the theory that hospitalization for suicidality is preceded by an emotional crisis ("perfect storm"); this emotional crisis is related to personalized (patient- and situation-specific) triggers; and identifying these personalized triggers and the associated negative emotions and providing strategies for an adaptive response to these triggers and negative emotions will reduce suicidal ideation and improve suicide prevention. CRISP therapists identify these triggers of negative emotions and use Cognitive Reappraisal techniques to reduce these negative emotions. The Cognitive Reappraisal techniques have been selected from different psychosocial interventions and the affective neuroscience literature and have been simplified for use with middle-aged and older adults. CRISP may fill a treatment need for the post-discharge high-risk period for middle-aged and older adults hospitalized for suicidality.

  • impact of Cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder on the neural dynamics of Cognitive Reappraisal of negative self beliefs randomized clinical trial
    JAMA Psychiatry, 2013
    Co-Authors: Philippe R. Goldin, Richard G. Heimberg, Michal Ziv, Hooria Jazaieri, Kevin S Hahn, James J. Gross
    Abstract:

    Importance Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD) is thought to enhance Cognitive Reappraisal in patients with SAD. Such improvements should be evident in Cognitive Reappraisal–related prefrontal cortex responses. Objective To determine whether CBT for SAD modifies Cognitive Reappraisal–related prefrontal cortex neural signal magnitude and timing when implementing Cognitive Reappraisal with negative self-beliefs. Design Randomized clinical trial of CBT for SAD vs wait-list control group during a study that enrolled patients from 2007 to 2010. Setting University psychology department. Participants Seventy-five patients with generalized SAD randomly assigned to CBT or wait list. Intervention Sixteen sessions of individual CBT for SAD. Main Outcome Measures Negative emotion ratings and functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen–level dependent signal when reacting to and Cognitively reappraising negative self-beliefs embedded in autobiographical social anxiety situations. Results During reactivity trials, compared with wait list, CBT produced (1) greater reduction in negative emotion ratings and (2) greater blood oxygen–level dependent signal magnitude in the medial prefrontal cortex. During Cognitive Reappraisal trials, compared with wait list, CBT produced (3) greater reduction in negative emotion ratings, (4) greater blood oxygen level–dependent signal magnitude in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, (5) earlier temporal onset of dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activity, and (6) greater dorsomedial prefrontal cortex–amygdala inverse functional connectivity. Conclusions and Relevance Modulation of Cognitive Reappraisal–related brain responses, timing, and functional connectivity may be important brain changes that contribute to the effectiveness of CBT for social anxiety. This study demonstrates that clinically applied neuroscience investigations can elucidate neurobiological mechanisms of change in psychiatric conditions. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00380731.

  • the interactive effects of emotional clarity and Cognitive Reappraisal on problematic cannabis use among medical cannabis users
    Addictive Behaviors, 2013
    Co-Authors: Matthew Tyler Boden, James J. Gross, Kimberly A Babson, Marcel O Bonnmiller
    Abstract:

    Abstract This study examined whether emotional clarity (i.e., the extent to which one can identify and understand the type and source of emotions one experiences) and Cognitive Reappraisal (i.e., altering how potentially emotion-eliciting situations are construed to change their emotional impact) would individually or jointly be associated with problematic cannabis use among individuals receiving cannabis for medical reasons (n = 153). Findings indicated that problematic cannabis use was predicted by the interaction between emotional clarity and Cognitive Reappraisal. In particular, low levels of emotional clarity combined with high levels of Cognitive Reappraisal predicted problematic cannabis use. The current study is the first to demonstrate the interactive effects of emotional clarity and the use of Cognitive Reappraisal in predicting substance use disorder outcomes. Such findings are important given the lack of empirical data demonstrating for whom and for which conditions cannabis is either beneficial or detrimental.

  • The interactive effects of emotional clarity and Cognitive Reappraisal in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
    Journal of anxiety disorders, 2011
    Co-Authors: Matthew Tyler Boden, Marcel O. Bonn-miller, Todd B. Kashdan, Jennifer Alvarez, James J. Gross
    Abstract:

    a b s t r a c t The goal of this investigation was to examine how emotional clarity and a specific emotion regulation strategy, Cognitive Reappraisal, interact to predict Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and positive affect among treatment seeking military Veterans (N = 75, 93% male) diagnosed with PTSD. PTSD is a highly relevant context because PTSD features include heightened stress reactivity, diminished ability to differentiate and understand emotions, and reliance on maladaptive forms of emotion regu- lation. We found that the combination of high levels of emotional clarity and frequent use of Cognitive Reappraisal were associated with (a) lesser total PTSD severity after accounting for shared variance with positive affect and the extent to which emotions are attended to (attention to emotions), and (b) greater positive affect after accounting for shared variance with total PTSD severity and attention to emotions. This is the first study to demonstrate interactive effects of emotional clarity and Cognitive Reappraisal. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  • Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive Reappraisal of Negative Self-Beliefs in Social Anxiety Disorder
    Biological psychiatry, 2009
    Co-Authors: Philippe R. Goldin, Tali Manber-ball, Kelly Werner, Richard G. Heimberg, James J. Gross
    Abstract:

    Background Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by distorted negative self-beliefs (NSBs), which are thought to enhance emotional reactivity, interfere with emotion regulation, and undermine social functioning. Cognitive Reappraisal is a type of emotion regulation used to alter NSBs, with the goal of modulating emotional reactivity. Despite its relevance, little is known about the neural bases and temporal features of Cognitive Reappraisal in patients with SAD. Methods Twenty-seven patients with SAD and 27 healthy control subjects (HCs) were trained to react and to implement Cognitive Reappraisal to downregulate negative emotional reactivity to NSBs, while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging and providing ratings of negative emotion experience. Results Behaviorally, compared with HCs, patients with SAD reported greater negative emotion both while reacting to and reappraising NSBs. However, when cued, participants in both groups were able to use Cognitive Reappraisal to decrease negative emotion. Neurally, reacting to NSBs resulted in early amygdala response in both groups. Reappraising NSBs resulted in greater early Cognitive control, language, and visual processing in HCs but greater late Cognitive control, visceral, and visual processing in patients with SAD. Functional connectivity analysis during Reappraisal identified more regulatory regions inversely related to left amygdala in HCs than in patients with SAD. Reappraisal-related brain regions that differentiated patients and control subjects were associated with negative emotion ratings and Cognitive Reappraisal self-efficacy. Conclusions Findings regarding Cognitive Reappraisal suggest neural timing, connectivity, and brain-behavioral associations specific to patients with SAD and elucidate neural mechanisms that might serve as biomarkers of interventions for SAD.

Iris B Mauss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a person by situation approach to emotion regulation Cognitive Reappraisal can either help or hurt depending on the context
    Psychological Science, 2013
    Co-Authors: Allison S Troy, Amanda J Shallcross, Iris B Mauss
    Abstract:

    Emotion regulation is central to psychological health. For instance, Cognitive Reappraisal (reframing an emotional situation) is generally an adaptive emotion-regulation strategy (i.e., it is associated with increased psychological health). However, a person-by-situation approach suggests that the adaptiveness of different emotion-regulation strategies depends on the context in which they are used. Specifically, Reappraisal may be adaptive when stressors are uncontrollable (when the person can regulate only the self) but maladaptive when stressors can be controlled (when the person can change the situation). To test this prediction, we measured Cognitive-Reappraisal ability, the severity of recent life stressors, stressor controllability, and level of depression in 170 participants. For participants with uncontrollable stress, higher Cognitive-Reappraisal ability was associated with lower levels of depression. In contrast, for participants with controllable stress, higher Cognitive-Reappraisal ability was...

  • A Person-by-Situation Approach to Emotion Regulation Cognitive Reappraisal Can Either Help or Hurt, Depending on the Context
    Psychological science, 2013
    Co-Authors: Allison S Troy, Amanda J Shallcross, Iris B Mauss
    Abstract:

    Emotion regulation is central to psychological health. For instance, Cognitive Reappraisal (reframing an emotional situation) is generally an adaptive emotion-regulation strategy (i.e., it is associated with increased psychological health). However, a person-by-situation approach suggests that the adaptiveness of different emotion-regulation strategies depends on the context in which they are used. Specifically, Reappraisal may be adaptive when stressors are uncontrollable (when the person can regulate only the self) but maladaptive when stressors can be controlled (when the person can change the situation). To test this prediction, we measured Cognitive-Reappraisal ability, the severity of recent life stressors, stressor controllability, and level of depression in 170 participants. For participants with uncontrollable stress, higher Cognitive-Reappraisal ability was associated with lower levels of depression. In contrast, for participants with controllable stress, higher Cognitive-Reappraisal ability was associated with greater levels of depression. These findings support a theoretical model in which particular emotion-regulation strategies are not adaptive or maladaptive per se; rather, their adaptiveness depends on the context.

Elizabeth A. Kensinger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Effects of Valence and Divided Attention on Cognitive Reappraisal Processes
    Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 2014
    Co-Authors: John A. Morris, Christina M. Leclerc, Elizabeth A. Kensinger
    Abstract:

    Numerous studies have investigated the neural substrates supporting Cognitive Reappraisal, identifying the importance of Cognitive control processes implemented by prefrontal cortex (PFC). This study examined how valence and attention affect the processes used for Cognitive Reappraisal by asking participants to passively view or to Cognitively reappraise positive and negative images with full or divided attention. When participants simply viewed these images, results revealed few effects of valence or attention. However, when participants engaged in Reappraisal, there was a robust effect of valence, with the Reappraisal of negative relative to positive images associated with more widespread activation, including within regions of medial and lateral PFC. There also was an effect of attention, with more lateral PFC recruitment when regulating with full attention and more medial PFC recruitment when regulating with divided attention. Within two regions of medial PFC and one region of ventrolateral PFC, there was an interaction between valence and attention: in these regions, divided attention reduced activity during Reappraisal of positive but not negative images. Critically, participants continued to report Reappraisal success even during the Divided Attention condition. These results suggest multiple routes to successful Cognitive Reappraisal, depending upon image valence and the availability of attentional resources.

  • The effect of Cognitive Reappraisal on the emotional memory trade-off
    Cognition & emotion, 2011
    Co-Authors: Allie Steinberger, Jessica D. Payne, Elizabeth A. Kensinger
    Abstract:

    Emotional information is often remembered better than neutral information, but this enhancement can come at the cost of memory for non-emotional stimuli presented alongside emotionally salient items. Two encoding-related factors have been proposed to influence the magnitude of this trade-off: The intensity of the affective response to the scenes (which increases the trade-off) and the Cognitive control exerted to process the scenes (which decreases the trade-off). The present study examined the relative importance of these two factors by assessing the effect of Cognitive Reappraisal on the magnitude of the trade-off effect. Cognitive Reappraisal refers to the implementation of Cognitive strategies to assist a person in changing the intensity of their response to an experience. Thus, Reappraisal provides a way to assess both of the factors that are important for the elicitation of the trade-off. The results revealed that when participants were asked to view the scenes, without Cognitive Reappraisal, a robu...

  • BRIEF REPORT The effect of Cognitive Reappraisal on the emotional memory trade-off
    2011
    Co-Authors: Allie Steinberger, Jessica D. Payne, Elizabeth A. Kensinger
    Abstract:

    Emotional information is often remembered better than neutral information, but this enhancement can come at the cost of memory for non-emotional stimuli presented alongside emotionally salient items. Two encoding-related factors have been proposed to influence the magnitude of this trade-off: The intensity of the affective response to the scenes (which increases the trade-off) and the Cognitive control exerted to process the scenes (which decreases the trade-off). The present study examined the relative importance of these two factors by assessing the effect of Cognitive Reappraisal on the magnitude of the trade-off effect. Cognitive Reappraisal refers to the implementation of Cognitive strategies to assist a person in changing the intensity of their response to an experience. Thus, Reappraisal provides a way to assess both of the factors that are important for the elicitation of the trade-off. The results revealed that when participants were asked to view the scenes, without Cognitive Reappraisal, a robust memory trade-off occurred. But, when participants were asked to either heighten or decrease their emotional reactions via Reappraisal, there was a reduction in the magnitude of the trade-off. These results suggest that the Cognitive process of reappraising the scenes is sufficient to reduce the trade-off effect, even when such processing leads to an intensified affective response.

Philippe R. Goldin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • impact of Cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder on the neural dynamics of Cognitive Reappraisal of negative self beliefs randomized clinical trial
    JAMA Psychiatry, 2013
    Co-Authors: Philippe R. Goldin, Richard G. Heimberg, Michal Ziv, Hooria Jazaieri, Kevin S Hahn, James J. Gross
    Abstract:

    Importance Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD) is thought to enhance Cognitive Reappraisal in patients with SAD. Such improvements should be evident in Cognitive Reappraisal–related prefrontal cortex responses. Objective To determine whether CBT for SAD modifies Cognitive Reappraisal–related prefrontal cortex neural signal magnitude and timing when implementing Cognitive Reappraisal with negative self-beliefs. Design Randomized clinical trial of CBT for SAD vs wait-list control group during a study that enrolled patients from 2007 to 2010. Setting University psychology department. Participants Seventy-five patients with generalized SAD randomly assigned to CBT or wait list. Intervention Sixteen sessions of individual CBT for SAD. Main Outcome Measures Negative emotion ratings and functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen–level dependent signal when reacting to and Cognitively reappraising negative self-beliefs embedded in autobiographical social anxiety situations. Results During reactivity trials, compared with wait list, CBT produced (1) greater reduction in negative emotion ratings and (2) greater blood oxygen–level dependent signal magnitude in the medial prefrontal cortex. During Cognitive Reappraisal trials, compared with wait list, CBT produced (3) greater reduction in negative emotion ratings, (4) greater blood oxygen level–dependent signal magnitude in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, (5) earlier temporal onset of dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activity, and (6) greater dorsomedial prefrontal cortex–amygdala inverse functional connectivity. Conclusions and Relevance Modulation of Cognitive Reappraisal–related brain responses, timing, and functional connectivity may be important brain changes that contribute to the effectiveness of CBT for social anxiety. This study demonstrates that clinically applied neuroscience investigations can elucidate neurobiological mechanisms of change in psychiatric conditions. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00380731.

  • Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive Reappraisal of Negative Self-Beliefs in Social Anxiety Disorder
    Biological psychiatry, 2009
    Co-Authors: Philippe R. Goldin, Tali Manber-ball, Kelly Werner, Richard G. Heimberg, James J. Gross
    Abstract:

    Background Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by distorted negative self-beliefs (NSBs), which are thought to enhance emotional reactivity, interfere with emotion regulation, and undermine social functioning. Cognitive Reappraisal is a type of emotion regulation used to alter NSBs, with the goal of modulating emotional reactivity. Despite its relevance, little is known about the neural bases and temporal features of Cognitive Reappraisal in patients with SAD. Methods Twenty-seven patients with SAD and 27 healthy control subjects (HCs) were trained to react and to implement Cognitive Reappraisal to downregulate negative emotional reactivity to NSBs, while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging and providing ratings of negative emotion experience. Results Behaviorally, compared with HCs, patients with SAD reported greater negative emotion both while reacting to and reappraising NSBs. However, when cued, participants in both groups were able to use Cognitive Reappraisal to decrease negative emotion. Neurally, reacting to NSBs resulted in early amygdala response in both groups. Reappraising NSBs resulted in greater early Cognitive control, language, and visual processing in HCs but greater late Cognitive control, visceral, and visual processing in patients with SAD. Functional connectivity analysis during Reappraisal identified more regulatory regions inversely related to left amygdala in HCs than in patients with SAD. Reappraisal-related brain regions that differentiated patients and control subjects were associated with negative emotion ratings and Cognitive Reappraisal self-efficacy. Conclusions Findings regarding Cognitive Reappraisal suggest neural timing, connectivity, and brain-behavioral associations specific to patients with SAD and elucidate neural mechanisms that might serve as biomarkers of interventions for SAD.

Renlai Zhou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Role of Cognitive Control in Older Adult Cognitive Reappraisal: Detached and Positive Reappraisal.
    Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 2017
    Co-Authors: Ying Liang, Meng Huo, Robert F. Kennison, Renlai Zhou
    Abstract:

    Older adults are more likely to regulate their emotions by engaging in Cognitive Reappraisal. However, depending on the type of Cognitive Reappraisal used, efforts to regulate emotions are sometimes met with success and other times with failure. It has been suggested the well-known age-related decline in Cognitive control might be the culprit behind the poor use of detached Reappraisal by older adults. However, this possibility has not been thoroughly investigated. In addition, studies have not examined what aspects of Cognitive control– shifting, updating or inhibition–might be relevant to Cognitive Reappraisal. In the present study, 41 older participants were tested on Cognitive control and abilities to use detached and positive Reappraisal. Results showed detached Reappraisal compared to positive relied more heavily on Cognitive control, specifically mental set shifting. Results of this study have important implications for development of Cognitive training interventions for older adults.

  • Functional Connectivity Analysis of Cognitive Reappraisal Using Sparse Spectral Clustering Method
    Advances in Cognitive Neurodynamics (V), 2016
    Co-Authors: Ling Zou, Jiang Zhongyi, Zhuqing Jiao, Changjie Pan, Renlai Zhou
    Abstract:

    Currently, human subjects performed a Cognitive Reappraisal of emotion task while being scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Both sparse spectral clustering and independent component analysis (ICA) were applied to characterize the interactions between brain areas involved in Cognitive Reappraisal of emotion. The results revealed that the sparse spectral clustering method can get a higher sensitivity of polymerization compared with ICA. Furthermore, Voxel-based aggregation index (VBAI) has been presented to confirm that sparse spectral clustering is more excellent in identifying correlation patterns with weaker connectivity, such as temporal network. Thus, the study concluded that sparse spectral clustering provides a more practical and accurate way for researching brain functional connectivity in the process of emotional stimuli.

  • Cognitive Reappraisal in Preschoolers: Neuropsychological Evidence of Emotion Regulation From an ERP Study
    Developmental neuropsychology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Mizhi Hua, Zhuo Rachel Han, Renlai Zhou
    Abstract:

    Late positive potential (LPP) is associated with the magnitude and intensity of emotional reactivity. Studies have linked the adoption of Cognitive Reappraisal to the reduction of LPP amplitude in adults and school-age children but not in preschoolers. It may be due to preschoolers’ difficulty in understanding and remembering given interpretations. We examined changes in LPP amplitudes following simplified interpretations of unpleasant pictures in 20 preschoolers (48–71 months). Results demonstrated that LPP amplitudes, following neutral interpretations, were lower as compared to negative interpretations, suggesting that preschoolers as young as four have developed the ability to use Cognitive Reappraisal strategies following instructions.

  • Cognitive Reappraisal of facial expressions: electrophysiological evidence of social anxiety.
    Neuroscience letters, 2014
    Co-Authors: Lin Yuan, Renlai Zhou
    Abstract:

    The present study investigates the effect of Cognitive Reappraisal on emotion regulation in socially anxious individuals. Twenty-eight female subjects were divided into high-socially anxious (HSA) and low-socially anxious (LSA) groups. All subjects viewed threatening faces under Cognitive Reappraisal and passive viewing conditions, with subjective emotion ratings and event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded. Although the HSA and LSA groups reported similar amounts of reduction in emotion ratings while reappraising threatening faces, ERP data showed the LSA group generated a significantly larger stimuli-preceding negativity (SPN) than the HSA group when viewing the Reappraisal cue word. Additionally, the LSA group, but not the HSA group, exhibited reduced P2-N2 peak-to-peak values for the Reappraisal condition relative to the passive viewing condition. These results suggest that the LSA subjects paid more attention to and prepared better for the upcoming emotion-regulating task than the HSA subjects. Unlike subjects in the HSA group, subjects in the LSA group could modulate face processing by Reappraisal. In conclusion, Cognitive Reappraisal can be an effective emotion regulation strategy for socially anxious people, and a different neural mechanism may be involved for people who are not socially anxious.

  • Research of the late positive potential of emotional Cognitive Reappraisal electroencephalogram signal based on OVR-CSP
    Sheng wu yi xue gong cheng xue za zhi = Journal of biomedical engineering = Shengwu yixue gongchengxue zazhi, 2014
    Co-Authors: Yi Zhang, Saihu Pan, Ling Zou, Renlai Zhou
    Abstract:

    As an important component of the event related potential (ERP), late positive potential (LPP) is an ideal component for studying emotion regulation. This study was focused on processing and analysing the LPP component of the emotional Cognitive Reappraisal electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. Firstly, we used independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm to remove electrooculogram, electromyogram and some other artifacts based on 16 subjects' EEG data by using EGI 64-channal EEG acquisition system. Secondly, we processed feature extraction of the EEG signal at Pz electrode by using one versus the rest common spatial patterns (OVR-CSP) algorithm. Finally, the extracted LPP component was analysed both in time domain and spatial domain. The results indicated that (1) From the perspective of amplitude comparison, the LPP amplitude, which was induced by Cognitive Reappraisal, was much higher than the amplitude under the condition of watching neural stimuli, but lower than the amplitude under condition of watching negative stimuli; (2) from the perspective of time process, the difference between Cognitive Reappraisal and watching after processing with OVR-CSP algorithm was in the process of range between 0.3 s and 1.5 s; but the difference between Cognitive Reappraisal and watching after processing with averaging method was during the process between 0.3 s and 1.25 s. The results suggested that OVR-CSP algorithm could not only accurately extract the LPP component with fewer trials compared with averaging method so that it provided a better method for the follow-up study of Cognitive Reappraisal strategy, but also provide neurophysiological basis for Cognitive Reappraisal in emotional regulation.