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Karen F. Parker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Concentrated Disadvantage traditional male role models and african american juvenile violence
Criminology, 2008Co-Authors: Karen F. Parker, Amy ReckdenwaldAbstract:In a stagnating urban economy, Elijah Anderson's (1999) Code of the Street depicts a Disadvantaged environment where residents face high levels of joblessness, poverty, racial residential isolation, and family disruption. Anderson argues that the loss of job opportunities for African-American men deprived younger generations of traditional male role models. That is, in a Disadvantaged urban setting with a lack of male role models participating in legitimate labor market activity, many young people may turn to violence. Drawing on insights from Anderson's ethnographic work, we assess the generality of Anderson's claims more broadly and explore the potential connection between his work and the macrolevel research on urban violence. Specifically, we explore the influence of male role models (older, employed black males) and the concentration of urban Disadvantage on black juvenile arrests for violence across multiple cities in 2000. Overall, we find empirical support for Anderson's concerns over the removal of traditional male role models from urban areas as a result of Concentrated Disadvantage. Specifically, we find that the presence of traditional male role models reduces the rates of African-American youth violence. Additionally, our measure of traditional male role models mediates the relationship between structural Disadvantage and juvenile violence. We discuss the contributions of Anderson's work to the macrolevel study of urban violence.
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Concentrated Disadvantage, TRADITIONAL MALE ROLE MODELS, AND AFRICAN‐AMERICAN JUVENILE VIOLENCE*
Criminology, 2008Co-Authors: Karen F. Parker, Amy ReckdenwaldAbstract:In a stagnating urban economy, Elijah Anderson's (1999) Code of the Street depicts a Disadvantaged environment where residents face high levels of joblessness, poverty, racial residential isolation, and family disruption. Anderson argues that the loss of job opportunities for African-American men deprived younger generations of traditional male role models. That is, in a Disadvantaged urban setting with a lack of male role models participating in legitimate labor market activity, many young people may turn to violence. Drawing on insights from Anderson's ethnographic work, we assess the generality of Anderson's claims more broadly and explore the potential connection between his work and the macrolevel research on urban violence. Specifically, we explore the influence of male role models (older, employed black males) and the concentration of urban Disadvantage on black juvenile arrests for violence across multiple cities in 2000. Overall, we find empirical support for Anderson's concerns over the removal of traditional male role models from urban areas as a result of Concentrated Disadvantage. Specifically, we find that the presence of traditional male role models reduces the rates of African-American youth violence. Additionally, our measure of traditional male role models mediates the relationship between structural Disadvantage and juvenile violence. We discuss the contributions of Anderson's work to the macrolevel study of urban violence.
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racial threat Concentrated Disadvantage and social control considering the macro level sources of variation in arrests
Criminology, 2005Co-Authors: Karen F. Parker, Brian J. Stults, Stephen K. RiceAbstract:Several studies have examined the relationship between racial threat (measured by the size of black population) and social control imposed on blacks, but evidence of this hypothesis has been mixed. Although dependency on percent black as the main indicator of racial threat in many studies has contributed to the inconsistency in findings, we argue that this literature has also neglected to consider other important conceptual and methodological issues. Using 2000 census and arrest data, we estimate the impact of multiple measures of racial economic threat, such as the size of the black population, racial inequality and black immigration patterns on black arrest rates. Furthermore, by integrating racial competition and race-relations arguments, we examine how the concentration of black Disadvantage may temper the extent to which blacks pose a threat to white interests. Our findings reveal important and conceptually distinct relationships between racial threat, Concentrated Disadvantage and the use of social control against blacks, particularly when compared to white arrests.
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RACIAL THREAT, Concentrated Disadvantage AND SOCIAL CONTROL: CONSIDERING THE MACRO‐LEVEL SOURCES OF VARIATION IN ARRESTS*
Criminology, 2005Co-Authors: Karen F. Parker, Brian J. Stults, Stephen K. RiceAbstract:Several studies have examined the relationship between racial threat (measured by the size of black population) and social control imposed on blacks, but evidence of this hypothesis has been mixed. Although dependency on percent black as the main indicator of racial threat in many studies has contributed to the inconsistency in findings, we argue that this literature has also neglected to consider other important conceptual and methodological issues. Using 2000 census and arrest data, we estimate the impact of multiple measures of racial economic threat, such as the size of the black population, racial inequality and black immigration patterns on black arrest rates. Furthermore, by integrating racial competition and race-relations arguments, we examine how the concentration of black Disadvantage may temper the extent to which blacks pose a threat to white interests. Our findings reveal important and conceptually distinct relationships between racial threat, Concentrated Disadvantage and the use of social control against blacks, particularly when compared to white arrests.
Amy Reckdenwald - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Concentrated Disadvantage traditional male role models and african american juvenile violence
Criminology, 2008Co-Authors: Karen F. Parker, Amy ReckdenwaldAbstract:In a stagnating urban economy, Elijah Anderson's (1999) Code of the Street depicts a Disadvantaged environment where residents face high levels of joblessness, poverty, racial residential isolation, and family disruption. Anderson argues that the loss of job opportunities for African-American men deprived younger generations of traditional male role models. That is, in a Disadvantaged urban setting with a lack of male role models participating in legitimate labor market activity, many young people may turn to violence. Drawing on insights from Anderson's ethnographic work, we assess the generality of Anderson's claims more broadly and explore the potential connection between his work and the macrolevel research on urban violence. Specifically, we explore the influence of male role models (older, employed black males) and the concentration of urban Disadvantage on black juvenile arrests for violence across multiple cities in 2000. Overall, we find empirical support for Anderson's concerns over the removal of traditional male role models from urban areas as a result of Concentrated Disadvantage. Specifically, we find that the presence of traditional male role models reduces the rates of African-American youth violence. Additionally, our measure of traditional male role models mediates the relationship between structural Disadvantage and juvenile violence. We discuss the contributions of Anderson's work to the macrolevel study of urban violence.
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Concentrated Disadvantage, TRADITIONAL MALE ROLE MODELS, AND AFRICAN‐AMERICAN JUVENILE VIOLENCE*
Criminology, 2008Co-Authors: Karen F. Parker, Amy ReckdenwaldAbstract:In a stagnating urban economy, Elijah Anderson's (1999) Code of the Street depicts a Disadvantaged environment where residents face high levels of joblessness, poverty, racial residential isolation, and family disruption. Anderson argues that the loss of job opportunities for African-American men deprived younger generations of traditional male role models. That is, in a Disadvantaged urban setting with a lack of male role models participating in legitimate labor market activity, many young people may turn to violence. Drawing on insights from Anderson's ethnographic work, we assess the generality of Anderson's claims more broadly and explore the potential connection between his work and the macrolevel research on urban violence. Specifically, we explore the influence of male role models (older, employed black males) and the concentration of urban Disadvantage on black juvenile arrests for violence across multiple cities in 2000. Overall, we find empirical support for Anderson's concerns over the removal of traditional male role models from urban areas as a result of Concentrated Disadvantage. Specifically, we find that the presence of traditional male role models reduces the rates of African-American youth violence. Additionally, our measure of traditional male role models mediates the relationship between structural Disadvantage and juvenile violence. We discuss the contributions of Anderson's work to the macrolevel study of urban violence.
Felton Earls - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Neighborhood Residence and Mental Health Problems of 5- to 11-Year-Olds
Archives of general psychiatry, 2005Co-Authors: Yange Xue, Jeanne Brooks-gunn, Tama Leventhal, Felton EarlsAbstract:Context Little research has investigated possible effects of neighborhood residence on mental health problems in children such as depression, anxiety, and withdrawal. Objective To examine whether children’s mental health is associated with neighborhood structural characteristics (Concentrated Disadvantage, immigrant concentration, and residential stability) and whether neighborhood social processes (collective efficacy and organizational participation) underlie such effects. Design and Setting The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods is a multilevel, longitudinal study of a representative sample of children aged 5 to 11 years in the late 1990s recruited from 80 neighborhoods. A community survey assessing neighborhood social processes was conducted with an independent sample of adult residents in these 80 neighborhoods and is used in conjunction with US census data to assess neighborhood conditions. Participants A total of 2805 children (18.1% European American, 33.8% African American, and 48.1% Latino) and their primary caregivers were seen twice. Main Outcome Measures Child Behavior Checklist total raw and clinical cutoff scores for internalizing behavior problems (depression, anxiety, withdrawal, and somatic problems). Results The percentages of children above the clinical threshold were 21.5%, 18.3%, and 11.5% in neighborhoods of low, medium, and high socioeconomic status, respectively. A substantial proportion of variance in children’s total internalizing scores (intraclass correlation, 11.1%) was attributable to between-neighborhood differences. Concentrated Disadvantage was associated with more mental health problems and a higher number of children in the clinical range, after accounting for family demographic characteristics, maternal depression, and earlier child mental health scores. Neighborhood collective efficacy and organizational participation were associated with better mental health, after accounting for neighborhood Concentrated Disadvantage. Collective efficacy mediated the effect of Concentrated Disadvantage. Conclusions A large number of children in poor neighborhoods have mental health problems. The mechanism through which neighborhood economic effects operated was community social control and cohesion, which may be amenable to intervention.
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links between pubertal timing and neighborhood contexts implications for girls violent behavior
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2004Co-Authors: Dawn Obeidallah, Robert T Brennan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Felton EarlsAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To investigate links between girls' violent behavior, pubertal timing, and neighborhood characteristics. METHOD: A total of 501 Hispanic, black, and white adolescent girls and their parents were interviewed twice over a 3-year period (1995-1998). Violent behavior was assessed using the Self-Report of Offending Scale and pubertal timing was measured via menarche. This probability sample was drawn from Chicago. To characterize neighborhoods, neighborhood clusters were created. U.S. Census data were mapped onto each neighborhood cluster to represent levels of Concentrated Disadvantage, immigrant concentration, and residential mobility. The response rate was approximately 70%. RESULTS: More than 25% of girls engaged in violent behavior at the second interview. Controlling for demographic indicators, previous violence, and other psychological factors, no differences were found in violent behavior as a function of menarcheal timing or neighborhood characteristics. Instead, results revealed that early maturers engaged in violent behavior only if they lived in neighborhoods characterized by high Concentrated Disadvantage. Early maturers in neighborhoods characterized by high Concentrated Disadvantaged engaged in three times the number of violent acts as early maturers in less Disadvantaged neighborhoods. Depressive symptoms and previous violent behavior were also associated with girls' subsequent violent behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that girls who experience a double vulnerability--early maturation and neighborhoods of Disadvantage--are susceptible to engaging in violent behavior. This suggests the need for clinical evaluation to examine the implications of pubertal timing and the context of girls' behavior.
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links between pubertal timing and neighborhood contexts implications for girls violent behavior
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2004Co-Authors: Dawn Obeidallah, Robert T Brennan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Felton EarlsAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To investigate links between girls' violent behavior, pubertal timing, and neighborhood characteristics. METHOD: A total of 501 Hispanic, black, and white adolescent girls and their parents were interviewed twice over a 3-year period (1995-1998). Violent behavior was assessed using the Self-Report of Offending Scale and pubertal timing was measured via menarche. This probability sample was drawn from Chicago. To characterize neighborhoods, neighborhood clusters were created. U.S. Census data were mapped onto each neighborhood cluster to represent levels of Concentrated Disadvantage, immigrant concentration, and residential mobility. The response rate was approximately 70%. RESULTS: More than 25% of girls engaged in violent behavior at the second interview. Controlling for demographic indicators, previous violence, and other psychological factors, no differences were found in violent behavior as a function of menarcheal timing or neighborhood characteristics. Instead, results revealed that early maturers engaged in violent behavior only if they lived in neighborhoods characterized by high Concentrated Disadvantage. Early maturers in neighborhoods characterized by high Concentrated Disadvantaged engaged in three times the number of violent acts as early maturers in less Disadvantaged neighborhoods. Depressive symptoms and previous violent behavior were also associated with girls' subsequent violent behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that girls who experience a double vulnerability--early maturation and neighborhoods of Disadvantage--are susceptible to engaging in violent behavior. This suggests the need for clinical evaluation to examine the implications of pubertal timing and the context of girls' behavior.
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Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy
Science (New York N.Y.), 1997Co-Authors: Robert J Sampson, Stephen W Raudenbush, Felton EarlsAbstract:It is hypothesized that collective efficacy, defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good, is linked to reduced violence. This hypothesis was tested on a 1995 survey of 8782 residents of 343 neighborhoods in Chicago, Illinois. Multilevel analyses showed that a measure of collective efficacy yields a high between-neighborhood reliability and is negatively associated with variations in violence, when individual-level characteristics, measurement error, and prior violence are controlled. Associations of Concentrated Disadvantage and residential instability with violence are largely mediated by collective efficacy.
Stephen K. Rice - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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racial threat Concentrated Disadvantage and social control considering the macro level sources of variation in arrests
Criminology, 2005Co-Authors: Karen F. Parker, Brian J. Stults, Stephen K. RiceAbstract:Several studies have examined the relationship between racial threat (measured by the size of black population) and social control imposed on blacks, but evidence of this hypothesis has been mixed. Although dependency on percent black as the main indicator of racial threat in many studies has contributed to the inconsistency in findings, we argue that this literature has also neglected to consider other important conceptual and methodological issues. Using 2000 census and arrest data, we estimate the impact of multiple measures of racial economic threat, such as the size of the black population, racial inequality and black immigration patterns on black arrest rates. Furthermore, by integrating racial competition and race-relations arguments, we examine how the concentration of black Disadvantage may temper the extent to which blacks pose a threat to white interests. Our findings reveal important and conceptually distinct relationships between racial threat, Concentrated Disadvantage and the use of social control against blacks, particularly when compared to white arrests.
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RACIAL THREAT, Concentrated Disadvantage AND SOCIAL CONTROL: CONSIDERING THE MACRO‐LEVEL SOURCES OF VARIATION IN ARRESTS*
Criminology, 2005Co-Authors: Karen F. Parker, Brian J. Stults, Stephen K. RiceAbstract:Several studies have examined the relationship between racial threat (measured by the size of black population) and social control imposed on blacks, but evidence of this hypothesis has been mixed. Although dependency on percent black as the main indicator of racial threat in many studies has contributed to the inconsistency in findings, we argue that this literature has also neglected to consider other important conceptual and methodological issues. Using 2000 census and arrest data, we estimate the impact of multiple measures of racial economic threat, such as the size of the black population, racial inequality and black immigration patterns on black arrest rates. Furthermore, by integrating racial competition and race-relations arguments, we examine how the concentration of black Disadvantage may temper the extent to which blacks pose a threat to white interests. Our findings reveal important and conceptually distinct relationships between racial threat, Concentrated Disadvantage and the use of social control against blacks, particularly when compared to white arrests.
John R Hipp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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It's all relative: Concentrated Disadvantage within and across neighborhoods and communities, and the consequences for neighborhood crime
Journal of Criminal Justice, 2015Co-Authors: Alyssa W. Chamberlain, John R HippAbstract:Prior studies have largely been unable to account for how variations in inequality across larger areas might impact crime rates in neighborhoods. We examine this broader context both in terms of the spatial area surrounding neighborhoods as well as the larger, city-level context. Although social disorganization, opportunity and relative deprivation theories are typically used to explain variations in neighborhood crime, these theories make differing predictions about crime when the broader areas that neighborhoods are embedded in are taken into account.
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parolee recidivism in california the effect of neighborhood context and social service agency characteristics
Criminology, 2010Co-Authors: John R Hipp, Joan Petersilia, Susan TurnerAbstract:We studied a sample of reentering parolees in California in 2005–2006 to examine whether the social structural context of the census tract, as well as nearby tracts, along with the relative physical closeness of social service providers affects serious recidivism resulting in imprisonment. We found that a 1 standard deviation increase in the presence of nearby social service providers (within 2 miles) decreases the likelihood of recidivating 41 percent and that this protective effect was particularly strong for African American parolees. This protective effect was diminished by overtaxed services (as proxied by potential demand). We found that higher Concentrated Disadvantage and social disorder (as measured by bar and liquor store capacity) in the tract increases recidivism and that higher levels of Disadvantage and disorder in nearby tracts increase recidivism. A 1 standard deviation increase in the Concentrated Disadvantage of the focal neighborhood and the surrounding neighborhoods increases the likelihood of recidivating by 26 percent. The findings suggest that the social context to which parolees return (both in their own neighborhood and in nearby neighborhoods), as well as the geographic accessibility of social service agencies, play important roles in their successful reintegration.
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a dynamic view of neighborhoods the reciprocal relationship between crime and neighborhood structural characteristics
Social Problems, 2010Co-Authors: John R HippAbstract:Prior research frequently observes a positive cross-sectional relationship between various neighborhood structural characteristics and crime rates, and attributes the causal explanation entirely to these structural characteristics. We question this assumption theoretically, proposing a household-level model showing that neighborhood crime might also change these structural characteristics. We test these hypotheses using data on census tracts in 13 cities over a ten-year period, and our cross-lagged models generally find that, if anything, crime is the stronger causal force in these possible relationships. Neighborhoods with more crime tend to experience increasing levels of residential instability, more Concentrated Disadvantage, a diminishing retail environment, and more African Americans ten years later. Although we find that neighborhoods with more Concentrated Disadvantage experience increases in violent and property crime, there is no evidence that residential instability or the presence of African Americans increases crime rates ten years later.