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Michael W. Pariza - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • mechanisms of body fat modulation by Conjugated Linoleic Acid cla
    Food Research International, 2007
    Co-Authors: Yeonhwa Park, Michael W. Pariza
    Abstract:

    Since its discovery as an anticancer principal from ground beef extract in the 1980s, Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) has drawn much attention due to its variety of biological activities. One of the most interesting aspects of CLA is its ability to reduce body fat while enhancing lean body mass. One explanation for the variety of biological activities of CLA is that CLA is a mixture of geometric and positional isomers, although the primary research focus is on the two main isomers, cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12. The involvement of eicosanoid metabolism has been suggested as one mechanism for CLAs wide range of biological activities. Incorporation of CLA in the sn-2 position of phospholipid fractions, and the negative correlation between tissue levels of CLA and arachidonic Acid support this. Other possible mechanisms of CLA with regard to body fat reduction will be discussed, as well as differences between human and animal studies. Safety concerns regarding the use of CLA in humans are not conclusive and need further investigation.

  • Conjugated Linoleic Acid preserves gastrocnemius muscle mass in mice bearing the colon 26 adenocarcinoma
    Research in Nursing & Health, 2005
    Co-Authors: Erin Graves, Michael W. Pariza, Mark E Cook, Andrew Hitt, Donna O Mccarthy
    Abstract:

    Cancer cachexia is a syndrome of weight loss, muscle wasting, fatigue, and anorexia that occurs in patients with advanced or recurrent solid tumor disease. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been implicated in the biology of cachexia and serve as possible targets for treatment of this condition. Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) is a polyunsaturated fatty Acid that alters the synthesis of PGE2 and reduces the negative effects of TNF on body weight of healthy mice. We hypothesized that a diet supplemented with .5% CLA might reduce muscle wasting in mice bearing the colon-26 adenocarcinoma, an animal model of cancer cachexia. CLA preserved gastrocnemius muscle mass and reduced TNF receptors in muscle of tumor-bearing mice. These data suggest that CLA may preserve muscle mass by reducing the catabolic effects of TNF on skeletal muscle. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 28:48–55, 2005

  • perspective on the safety and effectiveness of Conjugated Linoleic Acid
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004
    Co-Authors: Michael W. Pariza
    Abstract:

    The amount of scientific literature on Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) is growing at a phenomenal rate. Animal studies and clinical trials indicate the possibility that CLA could be useful in improving human health in a number of areas, eg, controlling body fat gain and enhancing immunity while also reducing inflammation and other adverse effects typically associated with immune enhancement. The background of this growing research field and mechanistic insights from animal and cell culture experiments are briefly reviewed. Experimental and clinical data relating to the safety and effectiveness of CLA in humans are presented and discussed.

  • the biologically active isomers of Conjugated Linoleic Acid
    Progress in Lipid Research, 2001
    Co-Authors: Michael W. Pariza, Yeonhwa Park, Mark E Cook
    Abstract:

    Numerous physiological effects are attributed to Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA). The purpose of this presentation is to consider these effects with respect to the cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers. We review previously published data and present new findings that relate to underlying biochemical mechanisms of action. Both isomers are natural products. The cis-9,trans-11 isomer is the principal dietary form of CLA, but the concentrations of this isomer and the trans-10,cis-12 isomer in dairy products or beef vary depending on the diet fed to cows or steers, respectively. The trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer exerts specific effects on adipocytes, in particular reducing the uptake of lipid by inhibiting the activities of lipoprotein lipase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. The trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer also affects lipid metabolism in cultured Hep-G2 human liver cells, whereas both the cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers appear to be active in inhibiting carcinogenesis in animal models. We present new findings indicating that the cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer enhances growth and probably feed efficiency in young rodents. Accordingly, the effects of CLA on body composition (induced by trans-10,cis-12 CLA) and growth/feed efficiency (induced by cis-9,trans-11 CLA) appear to be due to separate biochemical mechanisms. We also show that a 19-carbon CLA cognate (Conjugated nonadecadienoic Acid, CNA) inhibits lipoprotein lipase activity as effectively as CLA in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Presumably, CNA is metabolized differently than the 18-carbon CLA isomers, so this finding indicates direct activity of the administered compound as opposed to acting via a metabolite.

  • regulation of stearoyl coa desaturase activity by the trans 10 cis 12 isomer of Conjugated Linoleic Acid in hepg2 cells
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2001
    Co-Authors: Youngjin Choi, Yeonhwa Park, Michael W. Pariza, James M Ntambi
    Abstract:

    Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the cellular synthesis of monounsaturated fatty Acids mainly oleate (C18:1) and palmitoleate (C16:1) which are the major monounsaturated fatty Acids of membrane phospholipids, cholesterol esters, waxes, and triglycerides. Several SCD isoforms exist in the mouse whereas the human has one well-characterized SCD gene. The trans-10,cis-12 isomer of Conjugated Linoleic Acid has been previously shown to repress the expression of the mouse SCD1 gene isomer by decreasing SCD gene expression as well as by direct inhibition of SCD enzyme activity. We studied the regulation of human stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) expression by Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) in cultured human hepatoblastoma cell line, HepG2. Treatment of the cells with the trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer did not cause changes in the SCD gene transcription, mRNA and protein levels. However, this isomer decreased both the SCD activity as well as the levels of monounsaturated fatty Acids. The other major CLA isomer, cis-9,trans-11 CLA, had no effect on SCD gene expression and activity. These results suggest that in HepG2 cells the trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer regulates human SCD activity mainly by a posttranslational mechanism.

Yeonhwa Park - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Conjugated Linoleic Acid potential health benefits as a functional food ingredient
    Annual Review of Food Science and Technology - (new in 2010), 2016
    Co-Authors: Jun Ho Kim, Yoo Kim, Young Jun Kim, Yeonhwa Park
    Abstract:

    Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) has drawn significant attention since the 1980s for its various biological activities. CLA consists mainly of two isomers, cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12, and the mixture of these two (CLA mix or 50:50) has been approved for food as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) in the United States since 2008. Along with its original discovery as an anticancer component, CLA has been shown to prevent the development of atherosclerosis, reduce body fat while improving lean body mass, and modulate immune and/or inflammatory responses. This review summarizes the clinical trials involving CLA since 2012; additional uses of CLA for age-associated health issues are discussed; and CLA's potential health concerns, including glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, hepatic steatosis, and milk-fat depression, are examined. With ongoing applications to food products, CLA consumption is expected to rise and close monitoring of not only its efficacy but also its known and unknown consequences ar...

  • implication of Conjugated Linoleic Acid cla in human health
    Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2012
    Co-Authors: Allison Dilzer, Yeonhwa Park
    Abstract:

    Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) has drawn significant attention in the last two decades for its variety of biologically beneficial effects. CLA reduces body fat, cardiovascular diseases and cancer, and modulates immune and inflammatory responses as well as improves bone mass. It has been suggested that the overall effects of CLA are the results of interactions between two major isomers, cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12. This review will primarily focus on current CLA publications involving humans, which are also summarized in the tables. Along with a number of beneficial effects of CLA, there are safety considerations for CLA supplementation in humans, which include effects on liver functions, milk fat depression, glucose metabolism, and oxidative stresses.

  • Conjugated Linoleic Acid cla good or bad trans fat
    Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2009
    Co-Authors: Yeonhwa Park
    Abstract:

    Even though trans fatty Acids (TFAs) are present in natural sources such as foods from ruminant origins, the development of partially hydrogenated vegetable oil contributed to a significant increase in total TFAs consumption in humans. Currently, TFA consumption is considered to be a risk factor for coronary heart diseases. Researchers are now starting to discover that not all TFAs behave in a similar manner, that is, isomer specificity may be found. Among non-Conjugated TFAs, plant originated TFAs (mainly elaidic and linolelaidic Acids) are particularly linked to increased risk for coronary heart diseases, while animal originated TFAs (mainly vaccenic Acid) are not. Among Conjugated TFAs, two major isomers of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12, show distinctive biological activities. A number of clinical trials of CLA with effects on body composition have been reported, but effects on coronary heart disease risk factors have been inconsistent. Meanwhile, safety concerns regarding CLA, in particular isomer specificity, have also been raised. Thus, it is critical to identify isomer specific effects of TFAs on particular risk factors, to determine their health impact.

  • mechanisms of body fat modulation by Conjugated Linoleic Acid cla
    Food Research International, 2007
    Co-Authors: Yeonhwa Park, Michael W. Pariza
    Abstract:

    Since its discovery as an anticancer principal from ground beef extract in the 1980s, Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) has drawn much attention due to its variety of biological activities. One of the most interesting aspects of CLA is its ability to reduce body fat while enhancing lean body mass. One explanation for the variety of biological activities of CLA is that CLA is a mixture of geometric and positional isomers, although the primary research focus is on the two main isomers, cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12. The involvement of eicosanoid metabolism has been suggested as one mechanism for CLAs wide range of biological activities. Incorporation of CLA in the sn-2 position of phospholipid fractions, and the negative correlation between tissue levels of CLA and arachidonic Acid support this. Other possible mechanisms of CLA with regard to body fat reduction will be discussed, as well as differences between human and animal studies. Safety concerns regarding the use of CLA in humans are not conclusive and need further investigation.

  • the biologically active isomers of Conjugated Linoleic Acid
    Progress in Lipid Research, 2001
    Co-Authors: Michael W. Pariza, Yeonhwa Park, Mark E Cook
    Abstract:

    Numerous physiological effects are attributed to Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA). The purpose of this presentation is to consider these effects with respect to the cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers. We review previously published data and present new findings that relate to underlying biochemical mechanisms of action. Both isomers are natural products. The cis-9,trans-11 isomer is the principal dietary form of CLA, but the concentrations of this isomer and the trans-10,cis-12 isomer in dairy products or beef vary depending on the diet fed to cows or steers, respectively. The trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer exerts specific effects on adipocytes, in particular reducing the uptake of lipid by inhibiting the activities of lipoprotein lipase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. The trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer also affects lipid metabolism in cultured Hep-G2 human liver cells, whereas both the cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers appear to be active in inhibiting carcinogenesis in animal models. We present new findings indicating that the cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer enhances growth and probably feed efficiency in young rodents. Accordingly, the effects of CLA on body composition (induced by trans-10,cis-12 CLA) and growth/feed efficiency (induced by cis-9,trans-11 CLA) appear to be due to separate biochemical mechanisms. We also show that a 19-carbon CLA cognate (Conjugated nonadecadienoic Acid, CNA) inhibits lipoprotein lipase activity as effectively as CLA in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Presumably, CNA is metabolized differently than the 18-carbon CLA isomers, so this finding indicates direct activity of the administered compound as opposed to acting via a metabolite.

Jae Hak Park - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • antiobesity effect of trans 10 cis 12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid producing lactobacillus plantarum pl62 on diet induced obese mice
    Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2007
    Co-Authors: K Lee, K Paek, Huiyoung Lee, Jae Hak Park, Yeonhee Lee
    Abstract:

    Aims:  To observe the antiobesity activity of trans-10,cis-12-Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)-producing lactobacillus in mice. Methods and Results: Lactobacillus plantarum PL62, which can grow in the presence of Linoleic Acid, was selected and studied. The culture supernatant of Lact. plantarum PL62 contained trans-10,cis-12-Conjugated Linoleic Acid (6·4 μg ml−1), and the crude enzyme prepared from washed cells produced trans-10,cis-12 CLA (1395 μg mg−1 protein). Lact. plantarum PL62 reduced the weights of epididymal, inguinal, mesenteric, and perirenal white adipose tissues and significantly reduced the blood levels of total glucose and body weights of mice (P < 0·01). Conclusions: trans-10,cis-12-CLA-producing Lact. plantarum PL62 can exert the same antiobesity activity as trans-10,cis-12-CLA in mice. Significance and impact of the study: trans-10,cis-12-CLA-producing Lactobacillus can be a replacement for CLA for obesity treatment via the continuous production of trans-10,cis-12-CLA. The results provide a novel opportunity to develop foods with antiobesity activity.

  • human originated bacteria lactobacillus rhamnosus pl60 produce Conjugated Linoleic Acid and show anti obesity effects in diet induced obese mice
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2006
    Co-Authors: Jonghwan Park, Jae Hak Park, Seung Hyeok Seok, Minwon Baek, Kyungsoo Paek
    Abstract:

    Many previous studies have reported that Conjugated Linoleic Acid could be produced by starter culture bacteria, but the effects of the bacteria were not investigated. Moreover, there was no evidence of the Conjugated Linoleic Acid-producing bacteria having potential health or nutritional effects related to Conjugated Linoleic Acid, including reducing body fat. Here, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL60, a human originated bacterium that produces t10, c12-Conjugated Linoleic Acid, on diet-induced obese mice. After 8 weeks of feeding, L. rhamnosus PL60 reduced body weight without reducing energy intake, and caused a significant, specific reduction of white adipose tissue (epididymal and perirenal). Although the size of epididymal adipocytes was not reduced by L. rhamnosus PL60, apoptotic signals and UCP-2 mRNA levels increased in adipose tissue. Liver steatosis, a well known side effect of CLA, was not observed by L. rhamnosus PL60 treatment; on the contrary it seemed to be normalized. Results showed that the amount of Conjugated Linoleic Acid produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL60 was enough to produce an anti-obesity effect.

Mark E Cook - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Conjugated Linoleic Acid preserves gastrocnemius muscle mass in mice bearing the colon 26 adenocarcinoma
    Research in Nursing & Health, 2005
    Co-Authors: Erin Graves, Michael W. Pariza, Mark E Cook, Andrew Hitt, Donna O Mccarthy
    Abstract:

    Cancer cachexia is a syndrome of weight loss, muscle wasting, fatigue, and anorexia that occurs in patients with advanced or recurrent solid tumor disease. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been implicated in the biology of cachexia and serve as possible targets for treatment of this condition. Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) is a polyunsaturated fatty Acid that alters the synthesis of PGE2 and reduces the negative effects of TNF on body weight of healthy mice. We hypothesized that a diet supplemented with .5% CLA might reduce muscle wasting in mice bearing the colon-26 adenocarcinoma, an animal model of cancer cachexia. CLA preserved gastrocnemius muscle mass and reduced TNF receptors in muscle of tumor-bearing mice. These data suggest that CLA may preserve muscle mass by reducing the catabolic effects of TNF on skeletal muscle. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 28:48–55, 2005

  • dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid decreased cachexia macrophage tumor necrosis factor α production and modifies splenocyte cytokines production1
    Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2003
    Co-Authors: Mingder Yang, Mark E Cook
    Abstract:

    The effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) on macrophage functions were studied in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. In RAW macrophage cell line, CLA (mixed isomers) was shown to inhibit lipopolysacch...

  • the biologically active isomers of Conjugated Linoleic Acid
    Progress in Lipid Research, 2001
    Co-Authors: Michael W. Pariza, Yeonhwa Park, Mark E Cook
    Abstract:

    Numerous physiological effects are attributed to Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA). The purpose of this presentation is to consider these effects with respect to the cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers. We review previously published data and present new findings that relate to underlying biochemical mechanisms of action. Both isomers are natural products. The cis-9,trans-11 isomer is the principal dietary form of CLA, but the concentrations of this isomer and the trans-10,cis-12 isomer in dairy products or beef vary depending on the diet fed to cows or steers, respectively. The trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer exerts specific effects on adipocytes, in particular reducing the uptake of lipid by inhibiting the activities of lipoprotein lipase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. The trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer also affects lipid metabolism in cultured Hep-G2 human liver cells, whereas both the cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers appear to be active in inhibiting carcinogenesis in animal models. We present new findings indicating that the cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer enhances growth and probably feed efficiency in young rodents. Accordingly, the effects of CLA on body composition (induced by trans-10,cis-12 CLA) and growth/feed efficiency (induced by cis-9,trans-11 CLA) appear to be due to separate biochemical mechanisms. We also show that a 19-carbon CLA cognate (Conjugated nonadecadienoic Acid, CNA) inhibits lipoprotein lipase activity as effectively as CLA in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Presumably, CNA is metabolized differently than the 18-carbon CLA isomers, so this finding indicates direct activity of the administered compound as opposed to acting via a metabolite.

  • Conjugated Linoleic Acid implications for human health
    Pharmacological Research, 2000
    Co-Authors: Leah D Whigham, Mark E Cook, Richard L Atkinson
    Abstract:

    Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) is being sold as a panacea that has the capability of reducing or eliminating cancer, preventing heart disease, improving immune function, and altering body composition to treat obesity or build lean body mass. Unfortunately, there has been very little published human research on CLA. This review will examine the literature on CLA and discuss the animal research on which the above claims are made. The limited human studies will be presented with an evaluation of the potential uses of CLA for human health and disease.

  • mechanisms of action of Conjugated Linoleic Acid evidence and speculation
    Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2000
    Co-Authors: Michael W. Pariza, Yeonhwa Park, Mark E Cook
    Abstract:

    Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) has been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis and atherosclerosis, enhance immunologic function while protecting against the catabolic effects of immune stimulation, affect body composition change (reducing body fat gain while enhancing lean body mass gain), and stimulate the growth of young rats. We discuss possible biochemical mechanisms that underlie these physiological effects. We emphasize the Importance of considering the effects, both individually and combined, of the two CLA isomers (cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-10, cis-12 CLA) that have been shown to exhibit biological activity and which appear to exert their effects via different biochemical mechanisms.

D E Bauman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • milk lipids Conjugated Linoleic Acid
    Reference Module in Food Science#R##N#Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (Second Edition), 2011
    Co-Authors: D E Bauman, Cynthia Tyburczy, A M Odonnell, A L Lock
    Abstract:

    There is growing consumer recognition that in addition to providing essential nutrients, foods also contain components that may benefit health maintenance and aid in the prevention of chronic diseases. One of these functional food components is rumenic Acid (RA), the cis-9, trans-11 isomer of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA). Dairy products are the major source of CLA in human diets and its presence relates to rumen biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty Acids found naturally in grains and forages. Through modification of the diets of dairy cows and selection of cows with the highest milk RA content, it is possible to produce milk that is substantially enriched with RA. Vaccenic Acid (trans-11 18:1) is also present in milk fat and its contribution as a functional food component of milk must also be considered because it is the precursor for the endogenous synthesis of RA in both cows and humans. When consumed as a natural food component, RA has anticarcinogenic and antiatherogenic effects in biomedical studies with animal models; however, extending results to investigations of the prevention of chronic diseases in humans is difficult. Nevertheless, dairy products enriched with RA represent functional foods that offer potential to benefit human health and prevent chronic diseases.

  • a Conjugated Linoleic Acid supplement containing trans 10 cis 12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating goats
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2008
    Co-Authors: Adam L. Lock, Maristela Rovai, Terry A. Gipson, Michael J. Veth, D E Bauman
    Abstract:

    The effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) supplements containing trans-10, cis-12 for reducing milk fat synthesis has been well described in dairy cows and sheep. Studies on lactating goats, however, remain inconclusive. Therefore, the current study investigated the efficacy of a lipid-encapsulated trans-10, cis-12 CLA supplement (LE-CLA) on milk production and milk fatty Acid profile in dairy goats. Thirty multiparous Alpine lactating goats in late lactation were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square design (14-d treatment periods separated by 14-d intervals). Does were fed a total mixed ration of Bermuda grass hay, dehydrated alfalfa pellets, and concentrate. Does were randomly allocated to 3 treatments: A) unsupplemented (control), B) supplemented with 30 g/d of LE-CLA (low dose; CLA-1), and C) supplemented with 60 g/d of LE-CLA (high dose; CLA-2). Milk yield, dry matter intake, and milk protein content and yield were unaffected by treatment. Compared with the control, milk fat yield was reduced 8% by the CLA-1 treatment and 21% by the CLA-2 treatment, with milk fat content reduced 5 and 18% by the CLA-1 and CLA-2 treatments, respectively. The reduction in milk fat yield was due to decreases in both de novo fatty Acid synthesis and uptake of preformed fatty Acids. Milk fat content of trans-10, cis-12 CLA was 0.03, 0.09, and 0.19 g/100 g of fatty Acids for the control, CLA-1, and CLA-2 treatments, respectively. The transfer efficiency of trans-10, cis-12 CLA from the 2 levels of CLA supplement into milk fat was not different between treatments and averaged 1.85%. In conclusion, trans-10, cis-12 CLA reduced milk fat synthesis in lactating dairy goats in a manner similar to that observed for lactating dairy cows and dairy sheep. Dose-response comparisons, however, suggest that the degree of reduction in milk fat synthesis is less in dairy goats compared with dairy cows and dairy sheep.

  • human breast milk enrichment in Conjugated Linoleic Acid after consumption of a Conjugated Linoleic Acid rich food product a pilot study
    Nutrition Research, 2008
    Co-Authors: Athena A Moutsioulis, D E Bauman, A L Lock, D C Rule, C M Murrieta, D M Barbano, Gale B Carey
    Abstract:

    Human breast milk is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds. Some compounds, such as Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), come partly from the mother's diet and are produced by the mother's body and secreted into the milk. Although several studies have examined the effect of chronic CLA supplementation on breast milk CLA appearance, little is known about the transfer of food CLA to breast milk over the short term. The objective of this study was to conduct a preliminary analysis of the kinetics of CLA appearance in breast milk over the short term. Seven women expressed breast milk at 4- to 6-hour intervals for 2 days after eating either CLA-enriched (1912 mg CLA) or control (231 mg CLA) cookies. Milk samples were freeze-dried, fatty Acid methyl esters were prepared using methanolic-potassium hydroxide (KOH), and CLA isomers were quantified by gas chromatography. Analysis revealed the following: (1) CLA enrichment of total fatty Acids in the breast milk for 48 hours post ingestion of the CLA-enriched cookies was 2.9-fold above control; (2) total breast milk CLA content for 48 hours post CLA-enriched cookies ingestion was 46% greater than post CLA-moderate cookies ingestion; (3) after ingestion of the CLA-enriched cookies, breast milk CLA enrichment plateaued between 8 to 28 hours. This preliminary study suggests that breast milk fatty Acids are enriched in CLA compared to control within 28 hours after the ingestion of a CLA-rich food product and invites further research on the extent and timing with which breast milk composition reflects dietary CLA content.

  • biosynthesis of Conjugated Linoleic Acid in ruminants and humans
    Advances in food and nutrition research, 2005
    Co-Authors: D L Palmquist, A L Lock, Kevin J Shingfield, D E Bauman
    Abstract:

    Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biosynthesis of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) in ruminants and humans. Conjugated Linoleic Acid is a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of Linoleic Acid with a Conjugated double-bond system. Because of its potential to improve human health, there is great interest to increase the amount of CLA in the human food supply. This has caused great effort to be expended toward increasing the concentration of CLA, and more specifically rumenic Acid (RA), in the milk and tissues of ruminant foods because these are the predominant source of CLA in human diets. RA is the predominant CLA isomer present in ruminant products, and the major source of its occurrence is endogenous synthesis via desaturation of vaccenic Acid (VA) by ∆-9-desaturase. The chapter focuses on improving the understanding of biohydrogenation in the rumen and examining milk and tissue CLA responses to a range of diets. The diversity of various BH intermediates in digesta, milk, and tissues indicates the complexity of the BH processes as a whole and the population dynamics of the ruminal bacteria involved. Predicting the outcome of changes in the diet is complicated by the interactions of the ruminal environment, substrate supply and forms of dietary lipids, all of which influence the BH process simultaneously.

  • effects of abomasal infusion of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on milk fat concentration and yield from pasture fed dairy cows
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2003
    Co-Authors: T R Mackle, M J Auldist, A K H Mcgibbon, B A Philpott, L H Baumgard, D E Bauman
    Abstract:

    Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid supplementation on the synthesis of milk fat in pasture-fed Friesian cows. In four cows, a commercial mixture containing 62.3% (wt/vol) Conjugated Linoleic Acid was infused intraabomasally to avoid rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation. The design was a 4×4 Latin square in which each cow received infusions of 0, 20, 40, and 80 g/d of Conjugated Linoleic Acid mixture for 4 d. Cows were fed freshly cut ryegrass/white clover pasture ad libitum. Milk fat concentration was decreased by 36, 43, and 62% and milk fat yield was decreased by 32, 36, and 60% by the 20, 40, and 80g of Conjugated Linoleic Acid/d treatments. Dry matter intake, milk protein concentration, and protein yield were unaffected by treatments; however, milk yield was increased by 11% during the 40-g Conjugated Linoleic Acid/d treatment. The effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid infusion were most pronounced in reducing de novo fatty Acid synthesis and desaturation. Results show that the inhibitory effect of this Conjugated Linoleic Acid mixture on milk fat synthesis occurs in pasture-fed cows, and demonstrate the potential to dramatically alter gross milk composition. This technology could offer a management tool to manipulate milk composition and energy demands of pasture-fed cows.