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Frank Forcella - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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salinity tolerance of germinating alternative oilseeds
Industrial Crops and Products, 2018Co-Authors: Heather L Matthees, Russ W. Gesch, Matthew D Thom, Frank ForcellaAbstract:Abstract Integrating oilseed crops into rotations can improve soil health benefits, nutrient retention, and pollinator provisions. Field margins represent areas where incorporation of oilseeds is feasible. However in the northern Great Plains, field margins can oftentimes be areas of saline soil, which can impact seed germination and seedling establishment. Therefore, a replicated growth chamber experiment was used to determine winter camelina (Camelina sativa), winter pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.), echium (Echium plantogineum), Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima X Cuphea lanceolata), and calendula (Calendula officinalis) tolerance to germinating under saline conditions. A total of 50 seeds, replicated 3 times were germinated in petri dishes saturated with NaCl, CaCl, and Na2SO4 solution at 0, 0.2, 2, 4, 8, and 16 dS m−1 in an incubator at constant 20 °C. Fully germinated seeds were counted and removed daily for 7 days, followed by every other day for a total of 21 days. Final germination percent, corrected germination rate index, and germination velocity were calculated. Germination percent, corrected germination rate index and germination velocity were negatively affected by increases in salinity for camelina, pennycress, Cuphea, and calendula. Echium germination was not impacted by salt or salinity level. Sodium based salts were more detrimental for camelina, pennycress, and calendula. Camelina and Cuphea germination was tolerant to salinity, with average salinity thresholds of 8.0 and 3.1 dS m−1 and a 25% germination decline at 35.3 and 11.0 dS m−1, respectively. Pennycress and calendula germination was moderately tolerant to salinity with average salinity thresholds of 5.9 and 2.7 dS m−1 and a 25% germination decline at 9.4 and 7.7 dS m−1, respectively. These oilseeds show potential for adoption in saline soils.
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specialty oilseed crops provide an abundant source of pollen for pollinators and beneficial insects
Journal of Applied Entomology, 2018Co-Authors: Matthew D Thom, Russ W. Gesch, Frank Forcella, Carrie A Eberle, Sharon L WeyersAbstract:The continuing pollinator crisis is due, in part, to the lack of year-round floral resources. In intensive farming regions, such as the Upper Midwest (UMW) of the USA, natural and pastoral vegetation largely has been replaced by annual crops such as maize (Zea mays L.), soyabean (Glycine max L.) and wheat (Triticum spp.). Neither the energy (nectar) nor protein (pollen) needs of pollinating and other beneficial insects are being met sufficiently by the new, high-intensity, agricultural landscape. Several potentially useful oilseed crops can be grown in the UMW, and many of these oilseeds are highly attractive to beneficial insects. Prior research showed that some of these oilseeds produced abundant nectar, but their corresponding values for pollen production are unknown. Accordingly, the aim of our research was to document pollen (and protein) production per unit area of twelve oilseed crops grown in Minnesota and associate these values with levels of beneficial insect visitation during anthesis. Our results show that oilseed crops such as camelina (Camelina sativa L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) produce relatively little pollen (≤40 kg/ha); borage (Borago officinalis L.), calendula (Calendula officinalis L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), crambe (Crambe abyssianica Hochst) and Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × Cuphea lanceolata W. T. Aiton) produce bountiful pollen resources (50–150 kg/ha); and oilseed echium (Echium plantagineum L.) generates massive amounts of pollen (>400 kg/ha), about 50% of which is protein. Our study is unique in presenting a season-long perspective of pollen production in alternative oilseed crops, a resource valuable to pollen-feeding insects such as managed and wild bees. Diversification of UMW landscapes that includes alternative oilseed crops such as oilseed echium and Cuphea can potentially provide a ready source of pollen and protein to help combat pollinator decline.
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Swathing and Windrowing as Harvest Aids for Cuphea
2015Co-Authors: Frank Forcella, Terry A. Isbell, Russ W. Gesch, Kurt A Spokas, David W ArcherAbstract:Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq.3 C. lanceolataW.T. Aiton) is a potential new oilseed crop for temperate regions. Harvesting prob-lems occur because current varieties are nondeterminate and shatter seeds. Because swathing may help overcome some of these problems, Cuphea was swathed and allowed to dry in windrows for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk before combining. Measured variables at the time of combining were windrow weight, seed water content, seed yield, seed oil content, and post-swathing evaporation (Eps). Windrow weights decreased from about 40 to 14Mg ha21 as combining was delayed until 3 wk after swathing. Weights decreased over time due to dehydration and leaf abscission, and they were associated hyperbolically with Eps. Similarly, seed water content decreased from about 670 g kg21 at swathing to about 250 g kg21 at 30 mm Eps. Seed shattering apparently was low as high yields were maintained each year until after at least 30 mm Eps
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influence of seeding rate and row spacing on Cuphea seed yield in the northern corn belt
Industrial Crops and Products, 2010Co-Authors: Russ W. Gesch, Kiin Kim, Frank ForcellaAbstract:Abstract Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. X C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton; PSR23) is a new oilseed crop adapted to temperate climates that provides a rich source of medium-chain triglycerides. Although prior research indicated Cuphea seed yield is not greatly affected by row spacing due to its indeterminate growth, little is known about optimum seeding rate. The present study was designed to test effects of varying seeding rate with row spacing on seed yield. Seed was sown at rates of 4.5, 9.0, and 13.4 kg ha−1 in 380, 560, and 740 mm spaced rows in west central Minnesota during 2002 and 2003. Seeding rate did have a significant effect on seed yield and harvest index in 2002, but not in 2003. In 2002, yield under the 9.0 kg ha−1 rate was 47 and 19% greater than the highest and lowest seeding rates, respectively. The interaction of row spacing and seeding rate was generally not significant. Cuphea does have good yield plasticity over a range of row spacing and seeding rates. However, results generally indicated that a seeding rate of around 9.0 kg ha−1 is near optimum for PSR23 Cuphea production and that row spacing less than 740 mm tended to favor greater seed and biomass yields.
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Cuphea seed yield response to harvest methods applied on different dates
Agronomy Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Marisol T Berti, Russ W. Gesch, Burton L Johnson, Frank ForcellaAbstract:Cuphea, Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. x C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton, is a new crop that produces seed containing oil rich in medium-chain fatty acids. Because Cuphea has an indeterminate growth habit, timing of harvest is difficult to determine. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum harvest time and technique for maximizing seed yield. This research was conducted at Prosper, ND, in 2005 and 2006; Carrington, ND, in 2005; and Morris, MN, in 2005 and 2006. The experimental factors were four harvest treatments, direct-nondesiccated (DND), direct-desiccated (DD), swathed (SW), and desiccated-swathed (DSW) applied on three different dates (D1, D2, and D3). Maximum seed moisture was 544 g kg -1 , but seed moisture decreased 181 g kg -1 as the harvest date was delayed for the DND-harvest treatment. Seed moisture reduction for the SW-harvest treatment compared with the DND-harvest treatment was 216 g kg -1 for Dl. Swathing would be a better method than direct harvest or desiccation to reduce seed moisture at harvest. The harvested seed yields were not significantly different (P ≤0.05) among the DND-, DD-, and SW-harvest treatments. Harvested seed yield reduction was observed only for the DSW-harvest treatment. Swathing is also acceptable since no significant seed yield reduction was observed. Based on the returns after harvest treatments, the DND-harvest treatment may be the most cost effective method to harvest Cuphea seeds; however, it is not the most practical due to clogging of harvesting equipment, which slows down harvest.
Terry A. Isbell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Swathing and Windrowing as Harvest Aids for Cuphea
2015Co-Authors: Frank Forcella, Terry A. Isbell, Russ W. Gesch, Kurt A Spokas, David W ArcherAbstract:Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq.3 C. lanceolataW.T. Aiton) is a potential new oilseed crop for temperate regions. Harvesting prob-lems occur because current varieties are nondeterminate and shatter seeds. Because swathing may help overcome some of these problems, Cuphea was swathed and allowed to dry in windrows for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk before combining. Measured variables at the time of combining were windrow weight, seed water content, seed yield, seed oil content, and post-swathing evaporation (Eps). Windrow weights decreased from about 40 to 14Mg ha21 as combining was delayed until 3 wk after swathing. Weights decreased over time due to dehydration and leaf abscission, and they were associated hyperbolically with Eps. Similarly, seed water content decreased from about 670 g kg21 at swathing to about 250 g kg21 at 30 mm Eps. Seed shattering apparently was low as high yields were maintained each year until after at least 30 mm Eps
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dehulling of Cuphea psr23 seeds to reduce color of the extracted oil
Industrial Crops and Products, 2010Co-Authors: Roque L. Evangelista, Steven C. Cermak, Terry A. IsbellAbstract:Abstract Oil extracted by screw pressing seeds of Cuphea PSR23 contained 200–360 ppm of chlorophyll. A high amount of bleaching clay was needed during refining to remove the chlorophyll in the oil. In this paper, we investigated the dehulling of the seed as a method of reducing the chlorophyll content in oil extracted from Cuphea seeds. The effects of seed moisture content, huller's impeller speed, and feed rate to the huller on dehulling of the seeds were determined. The hulls were separated from the cotyledons by screening and using a vacuum gravity separator. The oils extracted from the cotyledon-rich fraction were analyzed for chlorophyll content and color. The hulls accounted for 44.6% (w/w) of the whole Cuphea seed. When seeds were dried to 3.5% moisture content (MC) before dehulling, 37% of the dehulled seed (containing 8.8% oil) can be removed by screening. This discard fraction has similar oil content to those of press cakes. The remaining cotyledon-rich fraction contained 39.2% oil, which is 38% greater than that of whole Cuphea seeds. Hexane-extracted oil from the cotyledon-rich fraction contained 70% less chlorophyll content compared with similarly extracted whole seed oil. The minimum chlorophyll content achievable was 15 ppm from almost pure cotyledons and extracted by hydraulic pressing. Dehulling Cuphea seed before oil extraction effectively reduced chlorophyll content in the oil, which can greatly decrease the amount of bleaching clay in oil refining and the cost associated with its handling and disposal.
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US effort in the development of new crops (Lesquerella, Pennycress Coriander and Cuphea)
Oléagineux Corps gras Lipides, 2009Co-Authors: Terry A. IsbellAbstract:The US effort for the development of new crops is directed toward the advancement of crops that can be grown in rotation with traditional commodity crops, off-season production and utilization of acreage not currently under cultivation. This effort is intended to have no or minimal impact on crop rotations that are sources for food production. The high oil content and the fatty acid profiles of mustard crops make them suitable for utilization as both fuels and base stocks for functionalized industrial chemicals. Pennycress (thlaspi arvense) and lesquerella (lesquerella fendleri) are representatives of this family and have received much attention due to their potential to grow over winter in rotation with soybean production throughout the Midwest (pennycress) or as a winter annual in the desert southwest (lesquerella). Pennycress is an oilseed crop that produces 36% oil with a wide distribution of fatty acids (principal fatty acid is erucic acid 37%) that make it suitable for production of biodiesel. The key aspect of pennycress is that its lifecycle is complete such that a full season soybean can follow its production in the same growing season. Lesquerella is an oilseed crop containing 30% oil that is composed of 60% hydroxy fatty acids. Hydroxy fatty acids are used in a wide range of industrial and cosmetic applications. Two other New Crops currently under investigation are Cuphea and coriander. Cuphea is an oilseed crop that contains 35% oil that is composed of medium chain saturated fatty acids. The current Cuphea variety under investigation is high in capric fatty acid (76%) with other Cuphea species producing high levels of lauric acid. Cuphea can be grown throughout the Midwest but suffers from several agronomic traits that are currently limiting is potential adaptation. Coriander is also an oilseed crop with 25% oil where the main fatty acid is petroselinic acid (76%). Coriander can be grown under a short season production and has potential to rotate as a second crop following winter wheat. Petroselinic acid can be ozonolytically cleaved into adipic and lauric acids both high volume industrial chemicals
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examining Cuphea as a potential host for western corn rootworm coleoptera chrysomelidae larval development
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2008Co-Authors: Robert W Behle, Steven C. Cermak, Bruce E Hibbard, Terry A. IsbellAbstract:Abstract In previous crop rotation research, adult emergence traps placed in plots planted to Cuphea PSR-23 (a selected cross of Cuphea viscosissma Jacq. and Cuphea lanceolata Ait.) caught high numbers of adult western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), suggesting that larvae may have completed development on this broadleaf plant. Because of this observation, a series of greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that Cuphea could serve as a host for larval development. Greenhouse-grown plants infested with neonates of a colonized nondiapausing strain of the beetle showed no survival of larvae on Cuphea, although larvae did survive on the positive control (corn, Zea mays L.) and negative control [sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] plants. Soil samples collected 20 June, 7 July, and 29 July 2005 from field plots planted to Cuphea did not contain rootworm larvae compared with means of 1.28, 0.22, and 0.00 rootworms kg−1 soil, re...
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swathing and windrowing as harvest aids for Cuphea
Agronomy Journal, 2007Co-Authors: Terry A. Isbell, Russ W. Gesch, Frank Forcella, Kurt A Spokas, David W ArcherAbstract:Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. 3 C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton) is a potential new oilseed crop for temperate regions. Harvesting problems occur because current varieties are nondeterminate and shatter seeds. Because swathing may help overcome some of these problems, Cuphea was swathed and allowed to dry in windrows for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk before combining. Measured variables at the time of combining were windrow weight, seed water content, seed yield, seed oil content, and post-swathing evaporation (Eps). Windrow weights decreased from about 40 to 14 Mg ha 21 as combining was delayed until 3 wk after swathing. Weights decreased over time due to dehydration and leaf abscission, and they were associated hyperbolically with Eps. Similarly, seed water content decreased from about 670 g kg 21 at swathing to about 250 g kg 21 at 30 mm Eps. Seed shattering apparently was low as high yields were maintained each year until after at least 30 mm Eps. Seed oil content was affected only slightly by delayed combining dates. Thus, swathing and windrowing Cuphea and delaying combining until 30 mm Eps substantially decreased the weight of material processed by the combine, reduced seed water content, but maintained high seed yields and seed oil contents. F OR many recently domesticated seed crops, nondeterminate growth habit and propensity for seed shattering reduce harvesting efficiency and harvestable seed yields. At time of harvest, nondeterminate crops may support green leaves and stems, and their seeds can be at a wide range of maturities and moisture levels, all of which decrease efficient processing in modern harvesting equipment. Long-term solutions to these problems involve breeding varieties whose growth habits are determinate, mature plants dry rapidly, and ripened fruits retain seeds. With these traits crops can be left in the field to mature and dry naturally. Unfortunately,breedingnewvarietiesiscostlyandtime consuming and, therefore, near-term solutions also are needed during the domestication of new crops. One nearterm solution involves application of desiccants. When followed by direct combining, desiccants can reduce high plantmoisturecontentatharvestandarresttheshattering process in ripening fruits. Another near-term solution involves swathing and windrowing followed by drying of windrows and then combining. Such harvesting alternatives are common for many partially or recently domesticated crops (e.g., Simpson, 1993; Thomas et al., 1991). Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. 3 C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton) is a newly domesticated crop suffering from the aforementioned harvesting problems. Cuphea is of
Steven C. Cermak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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medium chain alkyl esters of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol antioxidants by Cuphea oil transesterification
European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Joseph A Laszlo, Steven C. Cermak, Roque L. Evangelista, Kervin O Evans, David L Compton, Mark A BerhowAbstract:Effective lipophilic antioxidants were prepared by non-aqueous enzymatic transesterification of plant phenols with Cuphea oil. Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, abundantly available phenols from olive oil processing byproduct, were found to be predominately acylated with capric acid derived from the triglyceride fraction of the Cuphea germplasm line PSR 23 (Cuphea Viscosissima × C. lanceolata). The reaction was complete within 2 h, with a >97% conversion of either phenol using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B. The reaction products were good solvents for tyrosol or hydroxytyrosol, suggesting a facile manufacturing route not dependent on use of organic solvents. Phenolic derivatives were assessed for their ability to serve as antioxidants for preventing the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acyl groups. The antioxidant capacities of the Cuphea-derived fatty acyl derivatives of tyrosol or hydroxytyrosol were the same as their respective derivatives prepared from decanoic acid. These biobased antioxidants may improve the oxidative stability of sensitive fatty acids in food applications. Practical applications: A new biobased antioxidant was created for the food industry. Foods can contain fats and oils that are susceptible to deterioration during storage, which can limit product quality and shelf-life. Synthetic antioxidants can slow the spoilage process, although there are limitations to how much can be added to foods. The food industry is interested in using natural ingredients to solve storage stability problems. We found that the oil from the plant Cuphea, cultivated in the upper Midwest region of the US, is very useful for modifying olive oil waste molecules to create antioxidants for use in foods. The developed process would be suitable for commercial production. This research creates a new commercial use for a specialty oil seed crop, expands the market for Cuphea oil, and has developed two novel antioxidants to help the food industry improve food quality.
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cross ketonization of Cuphea sp oil with acetic acid over a composite oxide of fe ce and al
Applied Catalysis A-general, 2012Co-Authors: Michael A Jackson, Steven C. CermakAbstract:Abstract The objective of this work was to demonstrate the viability of the cross ketonization reaction with the triacylglycerol from Cuphea sp. and acetic acid in a fixed-bed plug-flow reactor. The seed oil from Cuphea sp. contains up to 71% decanoic acid and the reaction of this fatty acid residue with acetic acid yields the fragrance compound and insect repellent 2-undecanone. To this end, we screened several ketonization catalysts taken from the literature including CeO2, CeO2/Al2O3, CeO2/ZrO2, MnOx/Al2O3. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, H2-TPH, CO2-TPD, and XRD. Each of these catalysts affected the conversion but the highest yield was found with a new coprecipitated mixed metal oxide of empirical formula Fe0.5Ce0.2Al0.3Ox. In a flow reactor, Fe0.5Ce0.2Al0.3Ox gave 2-undecanone at 91% theoretical yield with reaction conditions of 400 °C, weight hourly space velocity of 2, molar ratio of acetic acid to Cuphea oil of 23, and N2 carrier gas flow of 125 ml/min at 2.4 bar. This high yield is attributed to the low rate of coke formation on the mixed metal catalyst. In the absence of acetic acid, coupling of the decanoic acid residues gives 10-ketononadecane.
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potential uses for Cuphea oil processing byproducts and processed oils
Industrial Crops and Products, 2012Co-Authors: Brent Tisserat, Steven C. Cermak, Roque L. Evangelista, Rogers Harry Okuru, Kenneth M DollAbstract:Abstract Cuphea spp. have seeds that contain high levels of medium chain fatty acids and have the potential to be commercially cultivated. In the course of processing and refining Cuphea oil a number of byproducts are generated. Developing commercial uses for these byproducts would improve the economics of growing Cuphea. Oil fractions and byproducts were obtained from processed seeds of Cuphea germplasm line PSR 23 (Cuphea viscosissima × Cuphea lanceolata). We investigated the employment of oil byproducts as growth regulators and solid residues as organic soil amendments on Calabrese broccoli (Brassica oleracea L, family Brassicaceae) seedling growth. Seed processing solid residue fractions, included presscake, bin trash, stem trash and seed trash. These fractions were ground and mixed into soil to obtain concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 3, and 10% (w/w). Ground presscake and bin trash could be employed as an organic soil amendment up to 1% without detrimental effects on broccoli. Ground seed meal (seed trash) was detrimental to seedling growth at all concentrations tested. Stem trash employed at 1% caused fresh and dry weights to increase 26.8 and 29.8%, respectively, compared to untreated broccoli seedlings. Stem trash could be employed up to 10% without a detrimental effect on broccoli seedlings. Solvent extraction to remove residual oils from residue fractions was also conducted to generate improved soil amendments. Generally, solvent extraction of seed-processing residue fractions improved the broccoli seedling growth responses. Administration of processed oils and their byproduct fractions as foliar sprays on broccoli seedlings was conducted at rates of 0, 10, 30, and 50 g L−1. Plants were evaluated 72 h after spraying. Refined and crude oils had no effect on broccoli seedlings; gums and soapstock sprays had no effect at 10 or 30 g L−1 concentrations but at 50 g L−1 it killed seedlings. Distilled fatty acid fraction sprays killed broccoli seedlings at all tested concentrations. Certain oil byproduct fractions from Cuphea oil processing can be employed as “environmentally-friendly” herbicidal sprays. Calorific evaluation of Cuphea ag-wastes were conducted and found to compare well to other biomass energy sources.
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Cuphea growth yield and oil characteristics as influenced by climate and soil environments across the upper midwest usa
Industrial Crops and Products, 2011Co-Authors: Kiin Kim, Steven C. Cermak, Russ W. Gesch, Winthrop B Phippen, Marisol T Berti, Burton L Johnson, Laura F MarekAbstract:Abstract Cuphea is a potential new oilseed crop rich in medium-chain fatty acids (C8:0 to C14:0) that may serve as a renewable, biodegradable source of oil for lubricants, motor oil, and aircraft fuel. Impacts of climate and soil environment on Cuphea growth and development are not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of climate and soil on growth, seed yield, and seed oil characteristics of two semi-domesticated Cuphea genotypes [PSR23 and HC-10 ( Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton)] and three wild species [ Cuphea wrightii , Cuphea lutea , and C. viscosissima (VS-6-CPR-1)] that show potential for domestication. The study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 at field sites in North Dakota (ND), Minnesota (MN), Iowa (IA), and Illinois (IL). Cuphea PSR23 and HC-10 were direct seeded in the field, while the three wild species were transplanted. The two plantings were treated as separate experiments. Plant growth, seed yield and oil content for the two direct-seeded lines tended to be distinctly greater in MN and ND than IL and IA, which was related more to growth temperature than soil environment. The three wild species generally performed similarly across the four different environments. C. wrightii had the greatest oil content, ranging from 320 to 360 g kg −1 , which was comprised of 59–64% lauric acid. For each genotype, the content of its most prominent saturated medium-chain fatty acid (e.g., C10:0 or C12:0) increased with decreasing latitude of field site. Seed yields for C. w rightii and C. lutea were as high as 1116 kg ha −1 . Combined with relatively high seed oil contents (280–350 g kg −1 ) these species may be good candidates for domestication. Results indicate that PSR23 and HC-10 are more regionally adapted than the wild species studied, which tended to exhibit a greater range of adaptability to climate and soil conditions.
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dehulling of Cuphea psr23 seeds to reduce color of the extracted oil
Industrial Crops and Products, 2010Co-Authors: Roque L. Evangelista, Steven C. Cermak, Terry A. IsbellAbstract:Abstract Oil extracted by screw pressing seeds of Cuphea PSR23 contained 200–360 ppm of chlorophyll. A high amount of bleaching clay was needed during refining to remove the chlorophyll in the oil. In this paper, we investigated the dehulling of the seed as a method of reducing the chlorophyll content in oil extracted from Cuphea seeds. The effects of seed moisture content, huller's impeller speed, and feed rate to the huller on dehulling of the seeds were determined. The hulls were separated from the cotyledons by screening and using a vacuum gravity separator. The oils extracted from the cotyledon-rich fraction were analyzed for chlorophyll content and color. The hulls accounted for 44.6% (w/w) of the whole Cuphea seed. When seeds were dried to 3.5% moisture content (MC) before dehulling, 37% of the dehulled seed (containing 8.8% oil) can be removed by screening. This discard fraction has similar oil content to those of press cakes. The remaining cotyledon-rich fraction contained 39.2% oil, which is 38% greater than that of whole Cuphea seeds. Hexane-extracted oil from the cotyledon-rich fraction contained 70% less chlorophyll content compared with similarly extracted whole seed oil. The minimum chlorophyll content achievable was 15 ppm from almost pure cotyledons and extracted by hydraulic pressing. Dehulling Cuphea seed before oil extraction effectively reduced chlorophyll content in the oil, which can greatly decrease the amount of bleaching clay in oil refining and the cost associated with its handling and disposal.
Russ W. Gesch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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salinity tolerance of germinating alternative oilseeds
Industrial Crops and Products, 2018Co-Authors: Heather L Matthees, Russ W. Gesch, Matthew D Thom, Frank ForcellaAbstract:Abstract Integrating oilseed crops into rotations can improve soil health benefits, nutrient retention, and pollinator provisions. Field margins represent areas where incorporation of oilseeds is feasible. However in the northern Great Plains, field margins can oftentimes be areas of saline soil, which can impact seed germination and seedling establishment. Therefore, a replicated growth chamber experiment was used to determine winter camelina (Camelina sativa), winter pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.), echium (Echium plantogineum), Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima X Cuphea lanceolata), and calendula (Calendula officinalis) tolerance to germinating under saline conditions. A total of 50 seeds, replicated 3 times were germinated in petri dishes saturated with NaCl, CaCl, and Na2SO4 solution at 0, 0.2, 2, 4, 8, and 16 dS m−1 in an incubator at constant 20 °C. Fully germinated seeds were counted and removed daily for 7 days, followed by every other day for a total of 21 days. Final germination percent, corrected germination rate index, and germination velocity were calculated. Germination percent, corrected germination rate index and germination velocity were negatively affected by increases in salinity for camelina, pennycress, Cuphea, and calendula. Echium germination was not impacted by salt or salinity level. Sodium based salts were more detrimental for camelina, pennycress, and calendula. Camelina and Cuphea germination was tolerant to salinity, with average salinity thresholds of 8.0 and 3.1 dS m−1 and a 25% germination decline at 35.3 and 11.0 dS m−1, respectively. Pennycress and calendula germination was moderately tolerant to salinity with average salinity thresholds of 5.9 and 2.7 dS m−1 and a 25% germination decline at 9.4 and 7.7 dS m−1, respectively. These oilseeds show potential for adoption in saline soils.
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specialty oilseed crops provide an abundant source of pollen for pollinators and beneficial insects
Journal of Applied Entomology, 2018Co-Authors: Matthew D Thom, Russ W. Gesch, Frank Forcella, Carrie A Eberle, Sharon L WeyersAbstract:The continuing pollinator crisis is due, in part, to the lack of year-round floral resources. In intensive farming regions, such as the Upper Midwest (UMW) of the USA, natural and pastoral vegetation largely has been replaced by annual crops such as maize (Zea mays L.), soyabean (Glycine max L.) and wheat (Triticum spp.). Neither the energy (nectar) nor protein (pollen) needs of pollinating and other beneficial insects are being met sufficiently by the new, high-intensity, agricultural landscape. Several potentially useful oilseed crops can be grown in the UMW, and many of these oilseeds are highly attractive to beneficial insects. Prior research showed that some of these oilseeds produced abundant nectar, but their corresponding values for pollen production are unknown. Accordingly, the aim of our research was to document pollen (and protein) production per unit area of twelve oilseed crops grown in Minnesota and associate these values with levels of beneficial insect visitation during anthesis. Our results show that oilseed crops such as camelina (Camelina sativa L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) produce relatively little pollen (≤40 kg/ha); borage (Borago officinalis L.), calendula (Calendula officinalis L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), crambe (Crambe abyssianica Hochst) and Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × Cuphea lanceolata W. T. Aiton) produce bountiful pollen resources (50–150 kg/ha); and oilseed echium (Echium plantagineum L.) generates massive amounts of pollen (>400 kg/ha), about 50% of which is protein. Our study is unique in presenting a season-long perspective of pollen production in alternative oilseed crops, a resource valuable to pollen-feeding insects such as managed and wild bees. Diversification of UMW landscapes that includes alternative oilseed crops such as oilseed echium and Cuphea can potentially provide a ready source of pollen and protein to help combat pollinator decline.
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Swathing and Windrowing as Harvest Aids for Cuphea
2015Co-Authors: Frank Forcella, Terry A. Isbell, Russ W. Gesch, Kurt A Spokas, David W ArcherAbstract:Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq.3 C. lanceolataW.T. Aiton) is a potential new oilseed crop for temperate regions. Harvesting prob-lems occur because current varieties are nondeterminate and shatter seeds. Because swathing may help overcome some of these problems, Cuphea was swathed and allowed to dry in windrows for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk before combining. Measured variables at the time of combining were windrow weight, seed water content, seed yield, seed oil content, and post-swathing evaporation (Eps). Windrow weights decreased from about 40 to 14Mg ha21 as combining was delayed until 3 wk after swathing. Weights decreased over time due to dehydration and leaf abscission, and they were associated hyperbolically with Eps. Similarly, seed water content decreased from about 670 g kg21 at swathing to about 250 g kg21 at 30 mm Eps. Seed shattering apparently was low as high yields were maintained each year until after at least 30 mm Eps
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Cuphea production and management
2015Co-Authors: Marisol T Berti, Russ W. GeschAbstract:The genus Cuphea (Lythraceae) is quite unique in that most of its 265 different species synthesize and store primarily medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) in their seeds, and many flourish in temperate climates. Presently, the United States and other developed countries import millions of tons of tropical plant-related oils to provide MCFA for industrial chemical manufacturing. Cuphea can serve as an additional source for these fatty acids. Since about the early 1980s, a concerted effort in the United States has been made to domesticate Cuphea as a commercial, temperate climate crop source of MCFA for the manufacturing of a myriad of industrial chemicals. The biggest breakthrough came in the 1990s when more agronomically friendly genotypes were developed through the interspecific hybridization of C. viscosissima and C. lanceolata. Since that time, significant strides have been made in developing best agricultural management practices for the commercial production of Cuphea. Currently, small-scale seed production has taken place in the northern Corn Belt region of the United States for high-end value products such as those manufactured by the cosmetic industry. This review primarily focuses on advancements that have been made over the past decade in developing agricultural management for Cuphea production.
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Cuphea growth yield and oil characteristics as influenced by climate and soil environments across the upper midwest usa
Industrial Crops and Products, 2011Co-Authors: Kiin Kim, Steven C. Cermak, Russ W. Gesch, Winthrop B Phippen, Marisol T Berti, Burton L Johnson, Laura F MarekAbstract:Abstract Cuphea is a potential new oilseed crop rich in medium-chain fatty acids (C8:0 to C14:0) that may serve as a renewable, biodegradable source of oil for lubricants, motor oil, and aircraft fuel. Impacts of climate and soil environment on Cuphea growth and development are not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of climate and soil on growth, seed yield, and seed oil characteristics of two semi-domesticated Cuphea genotypes [PSR23 and HC-10 ( Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton)] and three wild species [ Cuphea wrightii , Cuphea lutea , and C. viscosissima (VS-6-CPR-1)] that show potential for domestication. The study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 at field sites in North Dakota (ND), Minnesota (MN), Iowa (IA), and Illinois (IL). Cuphea PSR23 and HC-10 were direct seeded in the field, while the three wild species were transplanted. The two plantings were treated as separate experiments. Plant growth, seed yield and oil content for the two direct-seeded lines tended to be distinctly greater in MN and ND than IL and IA, which was related more to growth temperature than soil environment. The three wild species generally performed similarly across the four different environments. C. wrightii had the greatest oil content, ranging from 320 to 360 g kg −1 , which was comprised of 59–64% lauric acid. For each genotype, the content of its most prominent saturated medium-chain fatty acid (e.g., C10:0 or C12:0) increased with decreasing latitude of field site. Seed yields for C. w rightii and C. lutea were as high as 1116 kg ha −1 . Combined with relatively high seed oil contents (280–350 g kg −1 ) these species may be good candidates for domestication. Results indicate that PSR23 and HC-10 are more regionally adapted than the wild species studied, which tended to exhibit a greater range of adaptability to climate and soil conditions.
Marisol T Berti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cuphea production and management
2015Co-Authors: Marisol T Berti, Russ W. GeschAbstract:The genus Cuphea (Lythraceae) is quite unique in that most of its 265 different species synthesize and store primarily medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) in their seeds, and many flourish in temperate climates. Presently, the United States and other developed countries import millions of tons of tropical plant-related oils to provide MCFA for industrial chemical manufacturing. Cuphea can serve as an additional source for these fatty acids. Since about the early 1980s, a concerted effort in the United States has been made to domesticate Cuphea as a commercial, temperate climate crop source of MCFA for the manufacturing of a myriad of industrial chemicals. The biggest breakthrough came in the 1990s when more agronomically friendly genotypes were developed through the interspecific hybridization of C. viscosissima and C. lanceolata. Since that time, significant strides have been made in developing best agricultural management practices for the commercial production of Cuphea. Currently, small-scale seed production has taken place in the northern Corn Belt region of the United States for high-end value products such as those manufactured by the cosmetic industry. This review primarily focuses on advancements that have been made over the past decade in developing agricultural management for Cuphea production.
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Cuphea growth yield and oil characteristics as influenced by climate and soil environments across the upper midwest usa
Industrial Crops and Products, 2011Co-Authors: Kiin Kim, Steven C. Cermak, Russ W. Gesch, Winthrop B Phippen, Marisol T Berti, Burton L Johnson, Laura F MarekAbstract:Abstract Cuphea is a potential new oilseed crop rich in medium-chain fatty acids (C8:0 to C14:0) that may serve as a renewable, biodegradable source of oil for lubricants, motor oil, and aircraft fuel. Impacts of climate and soil environment on Cuphea growth and development are not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of climate and soil on growth, seed yield, and seed oil characteristics of two semi-domesticated Cuphea genotypes [PSR23 and HC-10 ( Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton)] and three wild species [ Cuphea wrightii , Cuphea lutea , and C. viscosissima (VS-6-CPR-1)] that show potential for domestication. The study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 at field sites in North Dakota (ND), Minnesota (MN), Iowa (IA), and Illinois (IL). Cuphea PSR23 and HC-10 were direct seeded in the field, while the three wild species were transplanted. The two plantings were treated as separate experiments. Plant growth, seed yield and oil content for the two direct-seeded lines tended to be distinctly greater in MN and ND than IL and IA, which was related more to growth temperature than soil environment. The three wild species generally performed similarly across the four different environments. C. wrightii had the greatest oil content, ranging from 320 to 360 g kg −1 , which was comprised of 59–64% lauric acid. For each genotype, the content of its most prominent saturated medium-chain fatty acid (e.g., C10:0 or C12:0) increased with decreasing latitude of field site. Seed yields for C. w rightii and C. lutea were as high as 1116 kg ha −1 . Combined with relatively high seed oil contents (280–350 g kg −1 ) these species may be good candidates for domestication. Results indicate that PSR23 and HC-10 are more regionally adapted than the wild species studied, which tended to exhibit a greater range of adaptability to climate and soil conditions.
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emergence of Cuphea seeds treated with different fungicides
Industrial Crops and Products, 2008Co-Authors: Marisol T Berti, Burton L Johnson, Carl A BradleyAbstract:Abstract Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × C. lanceolata f. silenoides W.T. Aiton, Lythraceae) is an oilseed crop, with medium-chain fatty acids, being developed for the North Central United States for industrial applications in the manufacture of soaps and detergents. Seed germination and seedling emergence of Cuphea is often low when compared to the commercial crops. Identification of seed treatments to optimize seedling emergence and stand establishment for Cuphea are important for commercial production. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of several fungicide treatments on pure live seed emergence (PLSE) of Cuphea. Pure live seed emergence is defined as total seedling emergence adjusted by the germination of the seed planted. Field experiments were conducted at Prosper, ND and Glyndon, MN, in 2005 and 2006. Previous crop rotations were soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]/hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and soybean/hard red spring wheat/sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera L.) at Prosper and Glyndon, respectively, for both years. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with six treatments and four replicates. Treatments were: no fungicide applied (check treatment), captan, mefenoxam, fludioxonil + mefenoxam, azoxystrobin, and azoxystrobin + mefenoxam. Plant stand was counted and PLSE was calculated 10 to 15 d after seeding at all locations by counting emerged seedlings in the center two-plot-rows and adjusting PLSE for germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted with soil treatments (pasteurized and non-pasteurized) and the same fungicide seed treatments as the field experiment. Pure live seed emergence, vigor index, and percent of diseased seedlings were recorded. Plant stand and PLSE were significantly greater for the seed treatments that had mefenoxam at the Glyndon, MN, environments, in which the previous crop was sugarbeet. Soil treatment (pasteurization) increased PLSE and vigor index. All fungicide seed treatments improved PLSE and vigor index and reduced damping-off compared to the untreated check. Results suggest that seed treatments including mefenoxam would be beneficial for commercial Cuphea production.
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Cuphea seed yield response to harvest methods applied on different dates
Agronomy Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Marisol T Berti, Russ W. Gesch, Burton L Johnson, Frank ForcellaAbstract:Cuphea, Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. x C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton, is a new crop that produces seed containing oil rich in medium-chain fatty acids. Because Cuphea has an indeterminate growth habit, timing of harvest is difficult to determine. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum harvest time and technique for maximizing seed yield. This research was conducted at Prosper, ND, in 2005 and 2006; Carrington, ND, in 2005; and Morris, MN, in 2005 and 2006. The experimental factors were four harvest treatments, direct-nondesiccated (DND), direct-desiccated (DD), swathed (SW), and desiccated-swathed (DSW) applied on three different dates (D1, D2, and D3). Maximum seed moisture was 544 g kg -1 , but seed moisture decreased 181 g kg -1 as the harvest date was delayed for the DND-harvest treatment. Seed moisture reduction for the SW-harvest treatment compared with the DND-harvest treatment was 216 g kg -1 for Dl. Swathing would be a better method than direct harvest or desiccation to reduce seed moisture at harvest. The harvested seed yields were not significantly different (P ≤0.05) among the DND-, DD-, and SW-harvest treatments. Harvested seed yield reduction was observed only for the DSW-harvest treatment. Swathing is also acceptable since no significant seed yield reduction was observed. Based on the returns after harvest treatments, the DND-harvest treatment may be the most cost effective method to harvest Cuphea seeds; however, it is not the most practical due to clogging of harvesting equipment, which slows down harvest.
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growth and development of Cuphea
Industrial Crops and Products, 2008Co-Authors: Marisol T Berti, Burton L JohnsonAbstract:Abstract Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton, PSR23) is a new oilseed crop being developed for the north-central USA. Cuphea oil is high in medium-chain fatty acids that are suitable for detergent/cleaner applications and have potential for use in cosmetics. Commercialization of Cuphea will require a growth staging system to standardize pest and harvest management. A growth staging system is not currently available for Cuphea. The objective of this study was to create a simple and descriptive growth staging system useful for individuals involved in Cuphea production or research. Experiments were conducted at Prosper, ND, in 2005 and 2006; Morris, MN, in 2005; and Glyndon, MN, in 2006. Growth, development, and growing degree days (GDD) were recorded weekly from planting to harvest. Growth stages were classified as either vegetative or reproductive. A description of each stage was developed according to observations made to the crop regarding development of the main stem. Cuphea required 115 to 168 GDD to reach 50% emergence. Vegetative stages from V2 to Vn are determined by counting the number of nodes on the main stem that have fully expanded leaves. Reproductive staging begins at the R1 stage when the first flower opens on the main stem. This stage occurs at approximately 600 to 800 GDD after seeding. When there are six or seven developing seed capsules on the main stem, the crop has reached stage R2 which is described as “full bloom”. Stage R3 is reached when the first developing seed capsules, from the lower nodes, begin to split open along the upper capsule surface. This occurs at approximately 800 to 1000 GDD after seeding. Stage R4, or physiological maturity is reached at 900 to 1000 GDD after seeding and is described as when approximately one-third of the seed capsules on the main stem are beginning to split open. Stage R5, or harvest maturity, is reached between 1000 and 1250 GDD after seeding and occurs when approximately two-thirds of the seed capsules on the main stem have opened and initial seed shatter has begun.
