The Experts below are selected from a list of 312 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Antonio Heredia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cutinsomes and Cutin synthase1 function sequentially in tomato fruit Cutin deposition
Plant Physiology, 2020Co-Authors: Patricia Segado, Antonio Heredia, Jose A Herediaguerrero, Eva DomínguezAbstract:The aerial parts of plants, including the leaves, fruits and non-lignified stems, are covered with a protective cuticle, largely composed of the polyester Cutin. Two mechanisms of Cutin deposition have been identified in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. The contribution of each mechanism to Cutin synthesis and deposition has shown a temporal and coordinated sequence that correlates with the two periods of organ growth, cell division and cell expansion. Cutinsomes, self-assembled particles composed of esterified Cutin monomers, are involved in the synthesis of the procuticle during cell division and provide a template for further Cutin deposition. Cutin SYNTHASE1 (CUS1), an acyl transferase enzyme that links Cutin monomers, contributes to massive cuticle deposition during the early stages of the cell expansion period by incorporating additional Cutin to the procuticle template. However, Cutin deposition and polymerization appear to be part of a more complex biological scenario, which is yet not fully understood. CUS1 is also associated with the coordinated growth of the Cutinized and non-Cutinized domains of the outer epidermal wall, and affects cell size. A dynamic and complex interplay linking Cutin synthesis with cell wall development and epidermal cell size has been identified.
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Cutin from agro-waste as a raw material for the production of bioplastics
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2017Co-Authors: José Alejandro Heredia-guerrero, Eva Domínguez, Antonio Heredia, Ilker S Bayer, Athanassia Athanassiou, Roberto Cingolani, José J. BenítezAbstract:Cutin is the main component of plant cuticles constituting the framework that supports the rest of the cuticle components. This biopolymer is composed of esterified bi- and trifunctional fatty acids. Despite its ubiquity in terrestrial plants, it has been underutilized as raw material due to its insolubility and lack of melting point. However, in recent years, a few technologies have been developed to obtain Cutin monomers from several agro-wastes at an industrial scale. This review is focused on the description of Cutin properties, biodegradability, chemical composition, processability, abundance, and the state of art of the fabrication of Cutin-based materials in order to evaluate whether this biopolymer can be considered a source for the production of renewable materials.
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plant Cutin genesis unanswered questions
Trends in Plant Science, 2015Co-Authors: Eva Domínguez, Jose A Herediaguerrero, Antonio HerediaAbstract:The genesis of Cutin, the main lipid polymer present in the biosphere, has remained elusive for many years. Recently, two main approaches have attempted to explain the process of Cutin polymerization. One describes the existence of an acyltransferase Cutin synthase enzyme that links activated monomers of Cutin in the outer cell wall, while the other shows that plant Cutin is the final result of an extracellular nonenzymatic self-assembly and polymerizing process of Cutin monomers. In this opinion article, we explain both models and suggest that they could be pieces of a more complex biological scenario. We also highlight their different characteristics and current limitations, and suggest a potential synergism of both hypotheses.
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synthesis and characterization of a plant Cutin mimetic polymer
Polymer, 2009Co-Authors: Jose A Herediaguerrero, Antonio Heredia, Rafael Garciasegura, José J. BenítezAbstract:Abstract A mimetic polymer of plant Cutin have been synthesized from 9,10,16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic (aleuritic) acid through a low temperature polycondensation reaction. Reaction conditions (solvent, catalyst, temperature, etc…) were studied and modified to optimize yield and product characteristics. The resulting polyaleurate polymer was characterized by Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and solid state 13C-Cross Polarization/Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C-CP/MAS NMR). Mechanical and hydrodynamic properties were also investigated. In the average, the product obtained is physically and chemically very similar to plant Cutin (a hydrophobic polyester). However, a more detailed analysis of results reveals that polyaleurate framework is more rigid than natural Cutin and with additional larger short-range ordered domains. Also, the synthetic polymer displays slightly different mechanical properties with respect to natural Cutin. Additional hydrogen bonding within the framework of polyaleurate is considered to be responsible for such experimental observations.
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Cutin synthesis a slippery paradigm
Biointerphases, 2009Co-Authors: Antonio Heredia, Eva Domínguez, Jose A Herediaguerrero, José J. BenítezAbstract:Despite its biological importance, the mechanism of construction of Cutin, the polymer matrix of plant cuticles, has not yet been elucidated. Recently, progress on lipid barrier formation of polymers such as Cutin and suberin has been recently reviewed by Pollard et al.1 In their review the authors state that the ubiquitous Cutin is the least understood of the plant extracellular polymers and that major questions about Cutin structure and its macromolecular assembly remain to be resolved. At the time this paper was being published our research group has developed a new hypothesis on plant Cutin synthesis.2
Antonio J. Matas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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solid state 13c nmr delineates the architectural design of biopolymers in native and genetically altered tomato fruit cuticles
Biomacromolecules, 2016Co-Authors: Subhasish Chatterjee, Antonio J. Matas, Jocelyn K C Rose, Tal Isaacson, Cindie Kehlet, Ruth E. StarkAbstract:Plant cuticles on outer fruit and leaf surfaces are natural macromolecular composites of waxes and polyesters that ensure mechanical integrity and mitigate environmental challenges. They also provide renewable raw materials for cosmetics, packaging, and coatings. To delineate the structural framework and flexibility underlying the versatile functions of Cutin biopolymers associated with polysaccharide-rich cell-wall matrices, solid-state NMR spectra and spin relaxation times were measured in a tomato fruit model system, including different developmental stages and surface phenotypes. The hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance of the Cutin ensures compatibility with the underlying polysaccharide cell walls; the hydroxy fatty acid structures of outer epidermal Cutin also support deposition of hydrophobic waxes and aromatic moieties while promoting the formation of cell-wall cross-links that rigidify and strengthen the cuticle composite during fruit development. Fruit Cutin-deficient tomato mutants with compromised...
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the identification of Cutin synthase formation of the plant polyester Cutin
Nature Chemical Biology, 2012Co-Authors: Trevor H Yeats, Antonio J. Matas, Tal Isaacson, Gregory J Buda, Helene Mariefrance Viart, Mads Hartvig Clausen, Laetitia B B Martin, Lingxia Zhao, David S Domozych, Jocelyn K C RoseAbstract:A hydrophobic cuticle consisting of waxes and the polyester Cutin covers the aerial epidermis of all land plants, providing essential protection from desiccation and other stresses. We have determined the enzymatic basis of Cutin polymerization through characterization of a tomato extracellular acyltransferase, CD1, and its substrate, 2-mono(10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoyl)glycerol. CD1 has in vitro polyester synthesis activity and is required for Cutin accumulation in vivo, indicating that it is a Cutin synthase.
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Cutin deficiency in the tomato fruit cuticle consistently affects resistance to microbial infection and biomechanical properties but not transpirational water loss
Plant Journal, 2009Co-Authors: Tal Isaacson, Antonio J. Matas, Ruth E. Stark, Dylan K Kosma, Gregory J Buda, Arika Pravitasari, James D Batteas, Matthew A Jenks, Jocelyn K C RoseAbstract:Plant cuticles are broadly composed of two major components: polymeric Cutin and a mixture of waxes, which infiltrate the Cutin matrix and also accumulate on the surface, forming an epicuticular layer. Although cuticles are thought to play a number of important physiological roles, with the most important being to restrict water loss from aerial plant organs, the relative contributions of Cutin and waxes to cuticle function are still not well understood. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits provide an attractive experimental system to address this question as, unlike other model plants such as Arabidopsis, they have a relatively thick astomatous cuticle, providing a poreless uniform material that is easy to isolate and handle. We identified three tomato mutants, Cutin deficient 1 (cd1), cd2 and cd3, the fruit cuticles of which have a dramatic (95-98%) reduction in Cutin content and substantially altered, but distinctly different, architectures. This Cutin deficiency resulted in an increase in cuticle surface stiffness, and in the proportions of both hydrophilic and multiply bonded polymeric constituents. Furthermore, our data suggested that there is no correlation between the amount of Cutin and the permeability of the cuticle to water, but that Cutin plays an important role in protecting tissues from microbial infection. The three cd mutations were mapped to different loci, and the cloning of CD2 revealed it to encode a homeodomain protein, which we propose acts as a key regulator of Cutin biosynthesis in tomato fruit.
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biomechanics of isolated tomato solanum lycopersicum l fruit cuticles the role of the Cutin matrix and polysaccharides
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2007Co-Authors: Gloria Lopezcasado, Antonio J. Matas, Eva Domínguez, Jesus Cuartero, Antonio HerediaAbstract:The mechanical characteristics of the cuticular membrane (CM), a complex composite biopolymer basically composed of a Cutin matrix, waxes, and hydrolysable polysaccharides, have been described previously. The biomechanical behaviour and quantitative contribution of Cutin and polysaccharides have been investigated here using as experimental material mature green and red ripe tomato fruits. Treatment of isolated CM with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in pyridine allowed the selective elimination of polysaccharides attached to or incrusted into the Cutin matrix. Cutin samples showed a drastic decrease in elastic modulus and stiffness (up to 92%) compared with CM, which clearly indicates that polysaccharides incorporated into the Cutin matrix are responsible for the elastic modulus, stiffness, and the linear elastic behaviour of the whole cuticle. Reciprocally, the viscoelastic behaviour of CM (low elastic modulus and high strain values) can be assigned to the Cutin. These results applied both to mature green and red ripe CM. Cutin elastic modulus, independently of the degree of temperature and hydration, was always significantly higher for the ripe than for the green samples while strain was lower; the amount of phenolics in the Cutin network are the main candidates to explain the increased rigidity from mature green to red ripe Cutin. The polysaccharide families isolated from CM were pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose, the main polymers associated with the plant cell wall. The three types of polysaccharides were present in similar amounts in CM from mature green and red ripe tomatoes. Physical techniques such as X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy indicated that the polysaccharide fibres were mainly randomly oriented. A tomato fruit CM scenario at the supramolecular level that could explain the observed CM biomechanical properties is presented and discussed.
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molecular characterization of the plant biopolyester Cutin by afm and spectroscopic techniques
Journal of Structural Biology, 2004Co-Authors: José J. Benítez, Antonio J. Matas, Antonio HerediaAbstract:Atomic force microscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance have been used to improve our current knowledge on the molecular characteristics of the biopolyester Cutin, the main component of the plant cuticle. After comparison of samples of Cutin isolated from young and mature tomato fruit cuticles has been possible to establish different degrees of cross-linking in the biopolymer and that the polymer is mainly formed after esterification of secondary hydroxyl groups of the monomers that form this type of Cutin. Atomic force microscopy gave useful structural information on the molecular topography of the outer surface of the isolated samples. The texture of these samples is a consequence of the cross-linking degree or chemical status of the polymer. Thus, the more dense and cross-linked Cutin from ripe or mature tomato fruit is characterized by a flatter and more globular texture in addition to the development of elongated and orientated superstructures. 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Lukas Schreiber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ester-crosslink Profiling of the Cutin Polymer of Wild Type and Cutin Synthase Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Mutants Highlights Different Mechanisms of Polymerization.
Plant Physiology, 2016Co-Authors: Glenn Philippe, Cédric Gaillard, Johann Petit, Nathalie Geneix, Michèle Dalgalarrondo, Cécile Bres, Jean-philippe Mauxion, Rochus Franke, Christophe Rothan, Lukas SchreiberAbstract:Cuticle function is closely related to the structure of the Cutin polymer. However, the structure and formation of this hydrophobic polyester of glycerol and hydroxy/epoxy fatty acids has not been fully resolved. An apoplastic GDSL-lipase kown as Cutin synthase 1 (CUS1) is required for Cutin deposition in tomato fruit exocarp. In vitro, CUS1 catalyzes the self-transesterification of 2-monoacylglycerol of 9(10),16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid, the major tomato Cutin monomer. This reaction releases glycerol and leads to the formation of oligomers with the secondary hydroxyl group remaining non-esterified. To check this mechanism in planta, a benzyl etherification of non-esterified hydroxyl groups of glycerol and hydroxy fatty acids was performed within Cutin. Remarkably, in addition to a significant decrease in Cutin deposition, midchain hydroxyl esterification of the dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid was affected in tomato RNAi and EMS-cus1 mutants. Furthermore, in these mutants, esterification of both sn-1,3 and sn-2 positions of glycerol was impacted and their Cutin contained a higher molar glycerol to dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid ratio. Therefore in planta, CUS1 can catalyze the esterification of both primary and secondary alcohol groups of Cutin monomers, and another enzymatic or non-enzymatic mechanism of polymerization may coexist with CUS1-catalyzed polymerization. This mechanism is poorly efficient with secondary alcohol groups and produces polyesters with lower molecular size. Confocal Raman imaging of benzyl etherified Cutins showed that the polymerization is heterogeneous at the fruit surface. Finally, by comparing tomato mutants either affected or not in Cutin polymerization, we concluded that the level of Cutin crosslinking had no significant impact on water permeance.
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Ester Cross-Link Profiling of the Cutin Polymer of Wild-Type and Cutin Synthase Tomato Mutants Highlights Different Mechanisms of Polymerization
Plant physiology, 2015Co-Authors: Glenn Philippe, Cédric Gaillard, Johann Petit, Nathalie Geneix, Michèle Dalgalarrondo, Cécile Bres, Jean-philippe Mauxion, Rochus Franke, Christophe Rothan, Lukas SchreiberAbstract:Cuticle function is closely related to the structure of the Cutin polymer. However, the structure and formation of this hydrophobic polyester of glycerol and hydroxy/epoxy fatty acids has not been fully resolved. An apoplastic GDSL-lipase known as Cutin SYNTHASE1 (CUS1) is required for Cutin deposition in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit exocarp. In vitro, CUS1 catalyzes the self-transesterification of 2-monoacylglycerol of 9(10),16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid, the major tomato Cutin monomer. This reaction releases glycerol and leads to the formation of oligomers with the secondary hydroxyl group remaining nonesterified. To check this mechanism in planta, a benzyl etherification of nonesterified hydroxyl groups of glycerol and hydroxy fatty acids was performed within Cutin. Remarkably, in addition to a significant decrease in Cutin deposition, mid-chain hydroxyl esterification of the dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid was affected in tomato RNA interference and ethyl methanesulfonate-cus1 mutants. Furthermore, in these mutants, the esterification of both sn-1,3 and sn-2 positions of glycerol was impacted, and their Cutin contained a higher molar glycerol-to-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid ratio. Therefore, in planta, CUS1 can catalyze the esterification of both primary and secondary alcohol groups of Cutin monomers, and another enzymatic or nonenzymatic mechanism of polymerization may coexist with CUS1-catalyzed polymerization. This mechanism is poorly efficient with secondary alcohol groups and produces polyesters with lower molecular size. Confocal Raman imaging of benzyl etherified Cutins showed that the polymerization is heterogenous at the fruit surface. Finally, by comparing tomato mutants either affected or not in Cutin polymerization, we concluded that the level of Cutin cross-linking had no significant impact on water permeance.
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cyp77a19 and cyp77a20 characterized from solanum tuberosum oxidize fatty acids in vitro and partially restore the wild phenotype in an arabidopsis thaliana Cutin mutant
Plant Cell and Environment, 2014Co-Authors: Bernard Grausem, Lukas Schreiber, Fred Beisson, Emilie Widemann, G Verdier, D Nosbusch, Yann Aubert, R Franke, Franck PinotAbstract:Cutin and suberin represent lipophilic polymers forming plant/environment interfaces in leaves and roots. Despite recent progress in Arabidopsis, there is still a lack on information concerning Cutin and suberin synthesis, especially in crops. Based on sequence homology, we isolated two cDNA clones of new cytochrome P450s, CYP77A19 and CYP77A20 from potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum). Both enzymes hydroxylated lauric acid (C12:0) on position ω-1 to ω-5. They oxidized fatty acids with chain length ranging from C12 to C18 and catalysed hydroxylation of 16-hydroxypalmitic acid leading to dihydroxypalmitic (DHP) acids, the major C16 Cutin and suberin monomers. CYP77A19 also produced epoxides from linoleic acid (C18:2). Exploration of expression pattern in potato by RT-qPCR revealed the presence of transcripts in all tissues tested with the highest expression in the seed compared with leaves. Water stress enhanced their expression level in roots but not in leaves. Application of methyl jasmonate specifically induced CYP77A19 expression. Expression of either gene in the Arabidopsis null mutant cyp77a6-1 defective in flower Cutin restored petal cuticular impermeability. Nanoridges were also observed in CYP77A20-expressing lines. However, only very low levels of the major flower Cutin monomer 10,16-dihydroxypalmitate and no C18 epoxy monomers were found in the Cutin of the complemented lines.
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the arabidopsis dcr encoding a soluble bahd acyltransferase is required for Cutin polyester formation and seed hydration properties
Plant Physiology, 2009Co-Authors: David Panikashvili, Lukas Schreiber, Jianxin Shi, Asaph AharoniAbstract:The cuticle covering every plant aerial organ is largely made of Cutin that consists of fatty acids, glycerol, and aromatic monomers. Despite the huge importance of the cuticle to plant development and fitness, our knowledge regarding the assembly of the Cutin polymer and its integration in the complete cuticle structure is limited. Cutin composition implies the action of acyltransferase-type enzymes that mediate polymer construction through ester bond formation. Here, we show that a member of the BAHD family of acyltransferases (DEFECTIVE IN CUTICULAR RIDGES [DCR]) is required for incorporation of the most abundant monomer into the polymeric structure of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) flower Cutin. DCR-deficient plants display phenotypes that are typically associated with a defective cuticle, including altered epidermal cell differentiation and postgenital organ fusion. Moreover, levels of the major Cutin monomer in flowers, 9(10),16-dihydroxy-hexadecanoic acid, decreased to an almost undetectable amount in the mutants. Interestingly, dcr mutants exhibit changes in the decoration of petal conical cells and mucilage extrusion in the seed coat, both phenotypes formerly not associated with Cutin polymer assembly. Excessive root branching displayed by dcr mutants and the DCR expression pattern in roots pointed to the function of DCR belowground, in shaping root architecture by influencing lateral root emergence and growth. In addition, the dcr mutants were more susceptible to salinity, osmotic, and water deprivation stress conditions. Finally, the analysis of DCR protein localization suggested that Cutin polymerization, possibly the oligomerization step, is partially carried out in the cytoplasmic space. Therefore, this study extends our knowledge regarding the functionality of the cuticular layer and the formation of its major constituent the polymer Cutin.
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the arabidopsis desperado atwbc11 transporter is required for Cutin and wax secretion
Plant Physiology, 2007Co-Authors: David Panikashvili, Lukas Schreiber, Rochus Franke, Sigal Savaldigoldstein, Tali Mandel, Tamar Yifhar, Rene Hofer, Joanne Chory, Asaph AharoniAbstract:The cuticle fulfills multiple roles in the plant life cycle, including protection from environmental stresses and the regulation of organ fusion. It is largely composed of Cutin, which consists of C16-18 fatty acids. While Cutin composition and biosynthesis have been studied, the export of Cutin monomers out of the epidermis has remained elusive. Here, we show that DESPERADO (AtWBC11) (abbreviated DSO), encoding a plasma membrane-localized ATP-binding cassette transporter, is required for Cutin transport to the extracellular matrix. The dso mutant exhibits an array of surface defects suggesting an abnormally functioning cuticle. This was accompanied by dramatic alterations in the levels of Cutin monomers. Moreover, electron microscopy revealed unusual lipidic cytoplasmatic inclusions in epidermal cells, disappearance of the cuticle in postgenital fusion areas, and altered morphology of trichomes and pavement cells. We also found that DSO is induced by salt, abscisic acid, and wounding stresses and its loss of function results in plants that are highly susceptible to salt and display reduced root branching. Thus, DSO is not only essential for developmental plasticity but also plays a vital role in stress responses.
P E Kolattukudy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cutin from plants
Biopolymers Online, 2002Co-Authors: P E KolattukudyAbstract:Introduction Historical Outline Occurrence and Ultrastructure of Cutin Isolation of Cutin Depolymerization of Cutin Chemical Depolymerization Enzymatic Depolymerization Monomer Composition of Cutin Structure of Cutin Biosynthesis of Cutin Biosynthesis of the C16 Family of Cutin Monomers Biosynthesis of the C18 Family of Cutin Monomers Synthesis of Cutin from Monomers Cutin Biodegradation Cutin Degradation in Plants Degradation of Cutin by Animals Cutin Degradation by Bacteria Fungal Degradation Function of Cutin Material Exchange with the Environment Low-temperature Adaptation Role of Cutin in the Interaction with Microbes Cutin Required for Proper Development of Plant Organs Potential Commercial Use for Cutin and Cutinase Outlook and Perspectives Patents Keywords: Cutin; cuticle; Cutinase; hydroxy fatty acids; epoxyfatty acids; biosynthesis; biodegradation; ω-hydroxylase; epoxidation; epoxide hydration; transcriptional regulation; cytochrome P450; esterification; lipase; fungal Cutinase; bacterial Cutinase; plant Cutinase; environment; infection; O-glycosidic bonds; active serine; catalytic triad; nuclear magnetic resonance; mass spectrometry
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regulation of constitutively expressed and induced Cutinase genes by different zinc finger transcription factors in fusarium solani f sp pisi nectria haematococca
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Tatiana Sirakova, Linda Rogers, William F. Ettinger, P E KolattukudyAbstract:Cutin monomers, generated by the low levels of constitutively expressed Cutinase, induce high levels of Cutinase that can help pathogenic fungi to penetrate into the host through the cuticle whose major structural polymer is Cutin. We cloned three highly homologous Cutinase genes, cut1, cut2, and cut3, from Fusarium solani f. pisi (Nectria haematococca). Amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of cut1 and cut2/3 matched with that of the peptides from Cutinase 1 and Cutinase 2, respectively, isolated from F. solani pisi grown on Cutin as the sole carbon source. Induction of beta-glucuronidase gene fused to the promoters of the Cutinases integrated into F. solani pisi genome indicates that cut2 is constitutively expressed and induced under starvation, whereas cut1 is highly induced by Cutin monomers. A palindrome binding protein (PBP) previously cloned binds only to palindrome 1 of cut1 promoter but not palindrome 1 of cut2/3 which contains two base substitutions. PBP is thought to interfere with the binding of CTF1 alpha, the transcription factor involved in induction, to cut1 promoter and thus keep cut1 gene repressed until induced by Cutin monomers. Because PBP cannot bind palindrome 1 of cut2, this gene is not repressed. CTF1 alpha does not transactivate cut2 promoter. A new Cys(6)Zn(2) motif-containing transcription factor, CTF1 beta, that binds palindrome 2 was cloned and sequenced. In yeast, CTF1 beta transactivates cut2 promoter but not cut1 promoter unless its palindrome 1 is mutated, unlike CTF1 alpha which transactivates cut1. Thus, CTF1 beta is involved in the constitutive expression of cut2 that causes production of low levels of Cutin monomers that strongly induce cut1 using CTF1 alpha as the transcription factor.
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Regulation of constitutively expressed and induced Cutinase genes by different zinc finger transcription factors in Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi (Nectria haematococca).
The Journal of biological chemistry, 2001Co-Authors: Tatiana Sirakova, Linda Rogers, William F. Ettinger, P E KolattukudyAbstract:Abstract Cutin monomers, generated by the low levels of constitutively expressed Cutinase, induce high levels of Cutinase that can help pathogenic fungi to penetrate into the host through the cuticle whose major structural polymer is Cutin. We cloned three highly homologous Cutinase genes, cut1, cut2, andcut3, from Fusarium solani f. pisi(Nectria haematococca). Amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of cut1 andcut2/3 matched with that of the peptides from Cutinase 1 and Cutinase 2, respectively, isolated from F. solani pisigrown on Cutin as the sole carbon source. Induction of β-glucuronidase gene fused to the promoters of the Cutinases integrated into F. solani pisi genome indicates thatcut2 is constitutively expressed and induced under starvation, whereas cut1 is highly induced by Cutin monomers. A palindrome binding protein (PBP) previously cloned binds only to palindrome 1 of cut1 promoter but not palindrome 1 of cut2/3 which contains two base substitutions. PBP is thought to interfere with the binding of CTF1α, the transcription factor involved in induction, to cut1 promoter and thus keep cut1 gene repressed until induced by Cutin monomers. Because PBP cannot bind palindrome 1 of cut2, this gene is not repressed. CTF1α does not transactivate cut2 promoter. A new Cys6Zn2 motif-containing transcription factor, CTF1β, that binds palindrome 2 was cloned and sequenced. In yeast, CTF1β transactivates cut2 promoter but not cut1 promoter unless its palindrome 1 is mutated, unlike CTF1α which transactivates cut1. Thus, CTF1β is involved in the constitutive expression of cut2 that causes production of low levels of Cutin monomers that strongly inducecut1 using CTF1α as the transcription factor.
Jocelyn K C Rose - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the plant polyester Cutin biosynthesis structure and biological roles
Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2016Co-Authors: Eric A Fich, Nicholas A Segerson, Jocelyn K C RoseAbstract:Cutin, a polyester composed mostly of oxygenated fatty acids, serves as the framework of the plant cuticle. The same types of Cutin monomers occur across most plant lineages, although some evolutionary trends are evident. Additionally, Cutins from some species have monomer profiles that are characteristic of the related polymer suberin. Compositional differences likely have profound structural consequences, but little is known about Cutin's molecular organization and architectural heterogeneity. Its biological importance is suggested by the wide variety of associated mutants and gene-silencing lines that show a disruption of cuticular integrity, giving rise to numerous physiological and developmental abnormalities. Mapping and characterization of these mutants, along with suppression of gene paralogs through RNA interference, have revealed much of the biosynthetic pathway and several regulatory factors; however, the mechanisms of Cutin polymerization and its interactions with other cuticle and cell wall c...
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the plant polyester Cutin biosynthesis structure and biological roles
Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2016Co-Authors: Eric A Fich, Nicholas A Segerson, Jocelyn K C RoseAbstract:Cutin, a polyester composed mostly of oxygenated fatty acids, serves as the framework of the plant cuticle. The same types of Cutin monomers occur across most plant lineages, although some evolutionary trends are evident. Additionally, Cutins from some species have monomer profiles that are characteristic of the related polymer suberin. Compositional differences likely have profound structural consequences, but little is known about Cutin's molecular organization and architectural heterogeneity. Its biological importance is suggested by the wide variety of associated mutants and gene-silencing lines that show a disruption of cuticular integrity, giving rise to numerous physiological and developmental abnormalities. Mapping and characterization of these mutants, along with suppression of gene paralogs through RNA interference, have revealed much of the biosynthetic pathway and several regulatory factors; however, the mechanisms of Cutin polymerization and its interactions with other cuticle and cell wall components are only now beginning to be resolved.
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solid state 13c nmr delineates the architectural design of biopolymers in native and genetically altered tomato fruit cuticles
Biomacromolecules, 2016Co-Authors: Subhasish Chatterjee, Antonio J. Matas, Jocelyn K C Rose, Tal Isaacson, Cindie Kehlet, Ruth E. StarkAbstract:Plant cuticles on outer fruit and leaf surfaces are natural macromolecular composites of waxes and polyesters that ensure mechanical integrity and mitigate environmental challenges. They also provide renewable raw materials for cosmetics, packaging, and coatings. To delineate the structural framework and flexibility underlying the versatile functions of Cutin biopolymers associated with polysaccharide-rich cell-wall matrices, solid-state NMR spectra and spin relaxation times were measured in a tomato fruit model system, including different developmental stages and surface phenotypes. The hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance of the Cutin ensures compatibility with the underlying polysaccharide cell walls; the hydroxy fatty acid structures of outer epidermal Cutin also support deposition of hydrophobic waxes and aromatic moieties while promoting the formation of cell-wall cross-links that rigidify and strengthen the cuticle composite during fruit development. Fruit Cutin-deficient tomato mutants with compromised...
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tomato Cutin deficient 1 cd1 and putative orthologs comprise an ancient family of Cutin synthase like cus proteins that are conserved among land plants
Plant Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Trevor H Yeats, Ruth E. Stark, Wenlin Huang, Subhasish Chatterjee, Helene Mariefrance Viart, Mads Hartvig Clausen, Jocelyn K C RoseAbstract:The aerial epidermis of all land plants is covered with a hydrophobic cuticle that provides essential protection from desiccation, and so its evolution is believed to have been prerequisite for terrestrial colonization. A major structural component of apparently all plant cuticles is Cutin, a polyester of hydroxy fatty acids. However, despite its ubiquity, the details of Cutin polymeric structure and the mechanisms of its formation and remodeling are not well understood. We recently reported that Cutin polymerization in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit occurs via transesterification of hydroxyacylglycerol precursors, catalyzed by the GDSL-motif lipase/hydrolase family protein (GDSL) Cutin Deficient 1 (CD1). Here we present additional biochemical characterization of CD1 and putative orthologs from Arabidopsis thaliana and the moss Physcomitrella patens, which represent a distinct clade of Cutin synthases within the large GDSL super-family. We demonstrate that members of this ancient and conserved family of Cutin synthase-like (CUS) proteins act as polyester synthases with negligible hydrolytic activity. Moreover, solution-state NMR analysis indicates that CD1 catalyzes the formation of primarily linear Cutin oligomeric products in vitro. These results reveal a conserved mechanism of Cutin polyester synthesis in land plants, and suggest that elaborations of the linear polymer, such as branching or cross-linking, may require additional, as yet unknown, factors.
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the identification of Cutin synthase formation of the plant polyester Cutin
Nature Chemical Biology, 2012Co-Authors: Trevor H Yeats, Antonio J. Matas, Tal Isaacson, Gregory J Buda, Helene Mariefrance Viart, Mads Hartvig Clausen, Laetitia B B Martin, Lingxia Zhao, David S Domozych, Jocelyn K C RoseAbstract:A hydrophobic cuticle consisting of waxes and the polyester Cutin covers the aerial epidermis of all land plants, providing essential protection from desiccation and other stresses. We have determined the enzymatic basis of Cutin polymerization through characterization of a tomato extracellular acyltransferase, CD1, and its substrate, 2-mono(10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoyl)glycerol. CD1 has in vitro polyester synthesis activity and is required for Cutin accumulation in vivo, indicating that it is a Cutin synthase.
