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Edward Grafius - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of wild and cultivated host plants on oviposition survival and development of Diamondback Moth lepidoptera plutellidae and its parasitoid diadegma insulare hymenoptera ichneumonidae
Environmental Entomology, 1996Co-Authors: Azni Idris, Edward GrafiusAbstract:The effects of wild and cultivated Brassicaceae host plants on Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), oviposition, egg hatch, larval survival, infestation level, parasitism rate by Diadegma insulare (Cresson), and the developmental time and sex ratio of D. insulare were studied. Diamondback Moth egg laying was highest on the Brassica crops, especially broccoli, and lowest on wild Brassicaceae, especially Berteroa incana L. DC. and Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Percentage of egg hatch was not significantly different among host plants. Diamondback Moth larval survival was generally higher on the Brassica crops than on wild Brassicaceae and there was no survival on Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Developmental time of Diamondback Moth larvae was generally longer on the wild Brassicaceae than on the Brassica crops. Percentage of parasitism by D. insulare was lowest on B. incana, Lepidium campestre R. Br. and E. cheiranthoides. Percentage of parasitism was higher when Diamondback Moth larvae fed on B. kaber than on the wild Brassicaceae. When fed on E. cheiranthoides, Thlaspi arvense L., and B. incana, parasitized Diamondback Moth larvae took significantly longer time to develop to D. insulare pupae than when they were fed on the other Brassicaceae plants. The female/male sex ratio was higher on Brassica species than on non-Brassicas. Diamondback Moth infestation and percentage of parasitism in the field were higher on broccoli than on the other Brassica crops, but the proportion of D. insulare females versus males was not significantly different. The presence of wild Brassicaceae, especially B. vulgaris and B. kaber, in the field could reduce Diamondback Moth populations, increase the impact of D. insulare, provide a reservoir for insecticide-susceptible Diamondback Moth, and increase the success of Diamondback Moth management programs.
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pesticides affect immature stages of diadegma insulare hymenoptera ichneumonidae and its host the Diamondback Moth lepidoptera plutellidae
Journal of Economic Entomology, 1993Co-Authors: A. B. Idris, Edward GrafiusAbstract:Effects of pesticides on immature stages of Diadegma insulare (Cresson) and its host, the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), were studied in the laboratory. Diamondback Moth larvae parasitized by D. insulare were significantly less sensitive to ingested pesticides than were nonparasitized larvae 48 h after treatment. However, they were equally sensitive to pesticides through contact. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) and azinphosmethyl were significantly more toxic to parasitized larvae than permethrin, methomyl, and chlorothalonil if ingested. D. insulare adults emerging from pupae that formed from larvae surviving pesticide treatments tended to have more females than those in the control group. Except for B. thuringiensis and chlorothalonil treatments, percentage adults emerging from pesticide-treated pupae was significantly lower for D. insulare than for Diamondback Moth in either direct-dip or spraying bioassays. Lower pesticide sensitivity in immature stages of D. insulare may be important for effective integrated Diamondback Moth management.
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Assessment of Different Bioassay Techniques for Resistance Monitoring in the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Journal of Economic Entomology, 1993Co-Authors: Jian-zhou Zhao, Edward GrafiusAbstract:Topical application, leaf residue, and filter paper residue bioassay methods were used to assess the toxicity of permethrin and methomyl to larvae of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). The objective was to develop an on-farm insecticide resistance monitoring technique for Diamondback Moth that required only simple, inexpensive equipment and was easy to use. The results of tests using the three bioassay methods led to similar resistance ratios for three Diamondback Moth strains. Leaf residue and filter paper residue tests using discriminating concentrations could detect the relative susceptibility to permethrin and methomyl in three strains, indicating that both techniques were practical for on-farm resistance monitoring. Third instars were more suitable for the detection of resistance than fourth instars. A monitoring system incorporating concentrations f both the LC90 for susceptible Diamondback Moth and the recommended field concentration of insecticide is suggested to detect resistance at low levels and to help choose insecticides for the control of Diamondback Moth strains with higher resistance levels.
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Field Studies on the Effect of Pesticides on the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Parasitism by Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Journal of Economic Entomology, 1993Co-Authors: A. B. Idris, Edward GrafiusAbstract:The effects of pesticides on the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and parasitism by Diadegma insulaTe (Cresson) was studied at the Michigan State University Entomology Research Farm during July and August 1990. The range of Diamondback Moth parasitism from three different locations in Michigan was 60.8–83.3%. Pesticides used were Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki (Berliner), thiodicarb, thiodicarb + B. thuringiensis , chlorpyrifos, permethrin, ICIA 0321 (pyrethroid), and esfenvalerate. Diamondback larval Moth mortality was not Significantly different among the treated plots but was significantly higher than in untreated plots 3 d after spraying. The change in number of Diamondback Moth larvae (0 versus 3 d), and Diamondback Moth and D. insulare pupae (0 versus 6 d) was similar in all treatments. Parasitism by D. insulare in treated plots was not affected 6 d after spraying with any pesticide tested. Mean percentage parasitism by D. insulare in guard rows was also not different. However, the percentage parasitism in cages 3 d after treatment with permethrin, azinphosmethyl, or B. thuringiensis or untreated was 7.8, 13.3, 81.5, and 79.4%, respectively. Parasitism by D. insulare of the Diamondback Moth larvae seems to be influenced by the vegetation or refuge plants present outside the experimental plots. Diamondback Moth parasitism by D. insulare may not be affected severely if pesticides are judiciously used.
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Differential Toxicity of Pesticides to Diadegma insulate (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Its Host, the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Journal of Economic Entomology, 1993Co-Authors: A. B. Idris, Edward GrafiusAbstract:Laboratory studies were done to evaluate differential toxicity of pesticides to adult Diadegma insulare (Cresson) and its host, the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Leaf-dip and direct-dip bioassays (Diamondback Moth larvae) and residual (adult Diamondback Moth and D. insulare ) bioassays were used. None of the pesticides caused 100% mortality to Diamondback Moth larvae or adults at 1.0 mg (AI)/ml concentrations (except Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and esfenvalerate on larvae and adults, respectively). However, at 1.0 mg (AI)/ml, all insecticides except B. thuringiensis kurstaki were extremely toxic to D. insulare within 30 min after treatment. Chlorothalonil was not toxic to Diamondback Moth larvae or adults or to D. insulare at concentrations tested. Methomyl was the least toxic insecticide to Diamondback Moth larvae and adults, but caused 100% mortality of D. insulare 24 h after the insects were exposed (1.0mg [AII/ml). An integrated approach for control of Diamondback Moth with B. thuringiensis and D. insulare might permit control of Diamondback Moth without directly affecting D. insulare . The use of chlorothalonil for controlling crop diseases is compatible with management of Diamondback Moth because this fungicide does not affect D. insulare . However, it may affect entomopathogenic fungi that attack Diamondback Moth larvae or adults in the field.
N. S. Talekar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Biological control of Diamondback Moth in Asia
2004Co-Authors: N. S. TalekarAbstract:Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is considered as the most destructive pest of crucifers in Asia, especially tropical to subtropical parts of the continent. Unlike Europe, where it originated, there are practically no native, pest-specific natural enemies present in this part of Asia. This coupled with increasing year-round cultivation of crucifer vegetables and intensive use of insecticides - which further eliminates beneficial arthropods - has resulted in Diamondback Moth gradually becoming a serious limitation to crucifer cultivation. Although the pest was known to occur in the region from the beginning of the twentieth century, serious efforts in biological control began in the 1950s with the introduction of a larval parasitoid, Diadegma semiclausum, from Europe into Indonesia. Because of continued use of insecticides, the beneficial effects of this parasitoid were not realized until the mid 1970s, whereupon this ichneumonid along with the larval parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae, were introduced in the highland areas of Malaysia. Region-wide efforts began in the late 1980s when the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center in Taiwan initiated collaborative biological control research and development activities with various countries ranging from Pakistan in the west to the Philippines in the east. Through this program, five hymenopterous parasitoids, D. semiclausum, C. plutellae, Oomyzus sokolowskii, Microplitis plutellae, and Diadromus collaris, imported from Europe, West Africa, United States or within Asia were introduced into problem-plagued vegetable-growing areas of various countries. Some of these natural enemies have been established in the cooler highlands (D. semiclausum and D. collaris) while others in hotter lowlands (C. plutellae, O. sokolowskii, and M. plutellae) resulting in a gradual reduction in pest damage and pesticide use, especially in the highlands. In the lowlands, farmers' use of chemical insecticides for the control of other crucifer pests such as Crocidolomia binotalis, Hellula undalis, and Phyllotreta striolata, results in mortality of parasitoids leading to resurgence in Diamondback Moth damage. Continued use of largely ineffective insecticides is the greatest challenge to the biological control of Diamondback Moth in the region. Although use of biopesticides will help to protect the natural enemies and give a level of control similar to that obtained currently by chemical pesticides, unavailability of such products, beyond relatively expensive ones based on Bacillus thuringiensis, makes this task rather difficult. (Resume d'auteur)
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Characteristics of Oviposition of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) on Cabbage
Zoological Studies, 1994Co-Authors: N. S. Talekar, Liu Shuhuei, Chen Chianleei, Yiin YiifeiAbstract:Narayan S. Talekar, Shu-Huei Liu, Chian-Leei Chen and Yii-Fei Yiin (1994) Characteristics of oviposi tion of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) on cabbage. Zoological Studies 33(1): 72-77. Several laboratory and field experiments were conducted to understand the oviposition behavior of the Diamondback Moth IPlutel/a xylostel/a (L.)), a destructive pest of crucifers throughout the world. Diamond back Moth lay eggs mainly on cabbage plant outer leaves. On outer leaves, eggs are laid mainly on the upper leaf surface; on inner leaves they are laid on the lower leaf surface. Egg density decreased from outer to inner leaves. Within a range of 1-11 trichomes per 9 sq. mm leaf area, the number of eggs laid on Chinese cabbage leaves increased with trichome density. Most oviposition activity took place within two hours after sunset; this period coincides with maximum mating-related flying activity. During day light hours when the Diamondback Moth does not normally lay eggs, initiation of darkness stimulated ovi position. However, during night when this insect normally lays eggs, artificial light did not reduce oviposition activity.
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Biology, Ecology, and Management of the Diamondback Moth
Annual Review of Entomology, 1993Co-Authors: N. S. Talekar, Anthony M. SheltonAbstract:In recent years, the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), has become the most destructive insect of cruciferous plants throughout the world, and the annual cost for managing it is estimated to be U.S. $I billion (168). Members of the plant family Cruciferae occur temperate and tropical climates and represent a diverse, widespread, and important plant group that includes cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, collards, rapeseed, mustard, and Chinese cabbage, the most important vegetable crop grown in China (90), the most populous country in the world. Although the Diamondback Moth is believed to have originated in the Mediterranean area (64), the source of some of our most important crucifers (185), Diamondback Moths now occur wherever cmcifers are grown, and this insect is believed to be the most universally distributed of all Lepidoptera (107). Absence of effective natural enemies, especially parasitoids, is believed to be a major cause of the Diamondback Moth’s pest status in most parts of the world (92). Lack of parasitoids in a particular area may have occurred because the Diamondback Moth is better able than its natural-enemy complex to become established in newly planted cmcifers. Reports on the ability of Diamondback Moths to migrate long distances are numerous (19, 40, 54, 58, 108, 120,
Kaijun Luo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Mass rearing techniques of Diamondback Moth.
Entomological Knowledge, 2001Co-Authors: Zongqi Chen, Sen Miao, Kaijun LuoAbstract:Research on Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella L., has recently become increasingly important after finding that the insect has developed resistance to various insecticides. The techniques of lab mass rearing of the Moth were discussed.
Tina Dancau - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Something old, something new: revisiting the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) life table after 65 years
The Canadian Entomologist, 2019Co-Authors: Tina Dancau, Naomi Cappuccino, Tim Haye, Peter G. MasonAbstract:Nearly 65 years ago, D.G. Harcourt developed the first of 74 life tables of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), on the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and at nearby sites. This work is cited whenever authors discuss the life history of the Diamondback Moth and its parasitoids in Canada. Since Harcourt’s study, climate change, urbanisation, and crop diversity may have altered the population dynamics of both the Diamondback Moth and its natural enemy community in the original study area. To follow up on Harcourt’s work, we used two approaches to build life tables to describe mortality factors in the field and the natural enemies attacking Diamondback Moth in Ottawa: destructive sampling of mature cabbage, Brassica oleracea Linnaeus (Brassicaceae), plants similar to Harcourt’s approach and a modern sentinel-based approach with an enemy exclusion cage treatment. After 65 years, the primary parasitoids attacking Diamondback Moth remained the same, although more parasitoid diversity was revealed by the destructive sampling technique. Total mortality and parasitism levels also remained similar. In one notable difference, we attributed more Diamondback mortality to predation. Overall, however, Diamondback Moth population dynamics have changed little in Ottawa in the decades since Harcourt’s studies.
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Elusively overwintering: a review of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) cold tolerance and overwintering strategy.
The Canadian Entomologist, 2018Co-Authors: Tina Dancau, Peter G. Mason, Naomi CappuccinoAbstract:There is no consensus on the overwintering strategy used by the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). As a result, the topic of Diamondback Moth overwintering in temperate climates remains controversial. However, there has been general agreement that the Diamondback Moth does not overwinter in diapause. This review compiles data on low temperature survival to determine cold tolerance mechanisms and the cold tolerance strategy of the Diamondback Moth. According to cold tolerance data and observations from key overwintering studies in eastern North America, the Diamondback Moth likely overwinters in a quiescent state in no specific overwintering stage and is chill susceptible. Observations from key overwintering studies suggest a northern overwintering limit for Diamondback Moth of ~43°N in eastern North America. Climate change may alter winter conditions in temperate climates, making temperate regions susceptible to potential Diamondback Moth overwintering and recurring outbreaks.
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The Biology and Ecology of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) in Eastern Ontario Revisited
2018Co-Authors: Tina DancauAbstract:Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is a globally distributed pest on brassicaceous crops. This study aimed to follow up with aspects of earlier research, mainly to revisit the potential for overwintering of Diamondback Moth in the Ottawa area, to investigate present day population dynamics using a life-table approach and to use next generation sequencing to describe the Diamondback Moth microbiome. A review of the literature has reaffirmed that Diamondback Moth may not be capable of overwintering in Ottawa with populations likely migrant-driven. The population dynamics and parasitoid community appear to be unaltered after 65 years. The microbiome of Diamondback Moth larvae was dominated by Enterococcaceae, a family of bacteria hypothesized to aid in resistance and detoxification. This can provide opportunities for the introduction of new biological control agents and tools for Diamondback Moth management in the future.
Jeffrey W. Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Mini-review: Molecular Profile of Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella)
2013Co-Authors: Jeffrey W. LeeAbstract:Diamondback Moth (DBM) belongs to Lepidoptera (Order), Plutellidae(Family), Plutella (Genus), its binomial name is Plutella xylostella (L.) , which is deemed to be a basal and primitive lepidopteran insect as well as a high heterozygous insect. Diamondback Moth has 31 chromosomes (n = 31) and its genome size is about 343Mb, containing 18,071 protein-coding genes and 781 non-coding RNAs, with 33.97% of the genome made up of repetitive sequence. Diamondback Moth has 1412 P. xylostella - unique genes. There are abundant DNA variations in genome such as SNPs, InDels, structural variations and complex segmental duplication patterns. Diamondback Moth diverged about 124 million years ago from two other lepidopterans B. mori and D. plexippus. DMB adapts to a variety of environmental challenges, The abil ities of these adaptations are closely related to a set of genes preferentially expressed at the larval stage that contribute to odorant chemoreception, food digestion and metabolic detoxification, particularly, in the long-term evolutionary DBM is evolved a biological detoxification pathway, developing the ability to detoxify many chemicals and Bt toxins, thus making it a notorious lepidopteran pests.
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A Mini-Review: Molecular Profiles of Diamondback Moth ( Plutella xylostella )
Molecular Entomology, 2013Co-Authors: Jeffrey W. LeeAbstract:Plutella xylostella (L.), also known as Diamondback Moth (DBM), is deemed to be a basal and primitive as well as highly heterozygous insect in the Plutellidae Family of Lepidoptera Order. Diamondback Moth diverged about 124 million years ago from two other lepidopterans species, B. mori and D. plexippus . Diamondback Moth has 31 chromosomes (n = 31) with a genome size of roughly 343Mb. Its genome consists of 18 071 protein-coding genes 781 non-coding RNAs, and repetitive sequences that represent 33.97% of the genome. In its genome, 1 412 genes are found to be unique to Diamondback Moth. There are abundant DNA variations present in P. xylostella ’s genome in the forms of SNPs, InDels, structural variations and complex segmental duplication patterns. DMB is able to adapt to a variety of environmental challenges as a result of preferential expression of a set of genes at the larval stage that contributes to odorant chemoreception, food digestion, metabolic detoxification, and in particular, a biological detoxification pathway in long-term evolution that is able to detoxify many chemicals including Bt toxins, thus making it a notorious lepidopteran pests.