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Agostino Sevi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Composition and sensory profiling of probiotic Scamorza Ewe Milk cheese.
Journal of dairy science, 2013Co-Authors: Marzia Albenzio, Mariangela Caroprese, Antonella Santillo, Agostino Sevi, Ada Braghieri, Fabio NapolitanoAbstract:Abstract The present study aimed to assess the effect of the addition of different usually recognized as probiotic bacterial strains on chemical composition and sensory properties of Scamorza cheese manufactured from Ewe Milk. To define the sensory profile of Scamorza cheese, a qualitative and quantitative reference frame specific for a pasta filata cheese was constructed. According to the presence of probiotic bacteria, cheeses were denoted S-BB for Scamorza cheese made using a mix of Bifidobacterium longum 46 and Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12, and S-LA for Scamorza cheese made using Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5. The designation for control Scamorza cheese was S-CO. Analyses were performed at 15d of ripening. The moisture content of Scamorza Ewe Milk cheese ranged between 44.61 and 47.16% (wt/wt), showing higher values in S-CO and S-BB cheeses than in S-LA cheese; the fat percentage ranged between 25.43 and 28.68% (wt/wt), showing higher value in S-LA cheese. The NaCl percentage in Scamorza cheese from Ewe Milk was 1.75±0.04% (wt/wt). Protein and casein percentages were the highest in Scamorza cheese containing a mix of bifidobacteria; also, the percentage of the proteose-peptone fraction showed the highest value in S-BB, highlighting the major proteolysis carried out by enzymes associated with B. longum and B. lactis strains. Texture and appearance attributes were able to differentiate probiotic bacteria-added cheeses from the untreated control product. In particular, S-BB and S-LA Scamorza cheeses showed higher color uniformity compared with S-CO cheese. Furthermore, the control cheese showed higher yellowness and lower structure uniformity than S-BB. The control product was less creamy and grainy than S-BB; conversely, the inclusion of probiotics into the cheese determined lower adhesivity and friability in S-BB and S-LA than in S-CO. This study allowed the definition of the principal composition and sensory properties of Scamorza Ewe Milk cheese. The specific quantitative vocabulary for sensory analysis and reference frame for assessor training also established in this study should be implemented to systematically monitor the quality of this new typology of Ewe Milk cheese.
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Physicochemical properties of Scamorza Ewe Milk cheese manufactured with different probiotic cultures.
Journal of dairy science, 2013Co-Authors: Marzia Albenzio, Mariangela Caroprese, Antonella Santillo, Fabio Napolitano, D. Ruggieri, Agostino SeviAbstract:The present study was undertaken to produce functional Scamorza cheese from Gentile di Puglia Ewe Milk by incorporating probiotic strains into the cheese matrix and to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of Scamorza Ewe Milk cheese. Gentile di Puglia Ewe bulk Milk was used for Scamorza cheese production. Cheeses were denoted S-CO for control Scamorza cheese, S-BB for Scamorza cheese made using a mix of Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium lactis, and S-LA for Scamorza cheese made using Lactobacillus acidophilus as probiotic strain. Cheeses were analyzed at 1, 7, and 15 d of ripening. Probiotic cell recovery in cheese was 7.55 ± 0.07 log10 cfu/g and 9.09 ± 0.04 log10 cfu/g in S-LA and S-BB cheese, respectively; probiotic cheeses also displayed the highest levels of lactic microflora. Reverse-phase HPLC chromatograms of the water-soluble nitrogen fraction showed a more complex profile in S-BB, with distinctive peaks in the early-eluting zone. The matured Scamorza cheese containing the mix of B. longum and B. lactis was characterized by significantly higher levels of Gln, Ser, Arg, Ile, and Leu, whereas cheese containing Lb. acidophilus was characterized by higher levels of Tyr and Met. Total FFA content was the highest in S-LA, intermediate in S-BB, and the lowest in S-CO cheese; in particular, Scamorza cheese containing Lb. acidophilus showed the highest level of vaccenic acid, oleic acid, and total conjugated linoleic acid. Probiotic bacteria survived through the technological phases of pasta filata cheese production, maintained their specific metabolic pathways, and conferred functional properties to Scamorza Ewe Milk cheese.
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Composition, indigenous proteolytic enzymes and coagulating behaviour of Ewe Milk as affected by somatic cell count.
The Journal of dairy research, 2011Co-Authors: Marzia Albenzio, Mariangela Caroprese, Antonella Santillo, L. Schena, Donatella Esterina Russo, Agostino SeviAbstract:This study was undertaken to assess the effect of somatic cell count in Ewe Milk on i) composition and hygienic traits; ii) plasmin, cathepsin and elastase activities; iii) leukocyte differential count; iv) renneting parameters. Individual Ewe Milk samples were grouped according to somatic cell count (SCC) into five classes: SC300 ( 2000 (>2 001 000 cells/ml). Individual Milk samples were analysed for pH, chemical composition, microbial features, indigenous proteolytic enzymes, differential leukocyte population, and renneting parameters. Milk yield, lactose, protein, non casein nitrogen, microbial features were affected by SCC level. Plasmin and elastase activities were the highest in samples with more than 1 000 000 cells/ml; plasmin had intermediate values in samples with 300 000 to 1 000 000 cells/ml and the lowest in samples with less than 300 000 cells/ml of Milk. Cathepsin D showed significantly lower values in SC300 and SC1000 classes than in SC500, SC2000 and SC>2000 classes. The highest percentages of lymphocyte were found in samples with less than 1 000 000 cells/ml, while the highest levels of polymorphonuclear leukocyte were found in samples with more than 1 000 000 cells/ml of Milk. Longer clotting time was found in SC>2000 samples, while reduced clot firmness was observed in SC500 and SC>2000 samples. Results on Milk yield and on compositional parameters evidenced an impairment of udder efficiency in Ewe Milk samples starting from 300 000 cells/ml. Plasmin activity in Milk can be considered as a marker of the synthetic and secreting ability of the mammary gland; furthermore plasmin and elastase were consistent with the health status of the udder. Finally cathepsin D played a role in the worsening of renneting properties of Ewe Milk.
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proteolytic patterns and plasmin activity in Ewes Milk as affected by somatic cell count and stage of lactation
Journal of Dairy Research, 2005Co-Authors: Marzia Albenzio, Mariangela Caroprese, Antonella Santillo, R Marino, Alberto Muscio, Agostino SeviAbstract:A total of 120 Milk samples were collected from Comisana Ewes throughout lactation. The Ewes were ranked into two somatic cell count (SCC) categories: normal Milk (N Milk) with SCC lower than 5.00x 10(5)/ml and high somatic cell Milk (HSC Milk) with SCC higher than 1.00 x 10(6)/ml. Milk samples were analysed in triplicate for pH, fat and protein contents, renneting parameters, and plasmin and plasminogen activities. The peptide profile due to total proteolytic activity (endogenous and exogenous enzymes) on alpha- and beta-CNs were determined using urea-PAGE on sodium caseinate (pH 8.0 and pH 5.0) incubated at 37 degrees C for 4 d after sampling. The peptide profile due to non-plasmin enzyme activities at pH 5.0 was also determined using urea-PAGE. Plasmin activity was higher in the HSC Milk than in the N Milk throughout the study period. A decrease in plasmin activity was observed in the N Milk during mid-lactation, which was probably related to decrease in pH, and in the HSC Milk during late lactation, which may be ascribed to an enhanced influx of plasmin inhibitors from the blood stream. Proteolytic patterns in Comisana Ewe Milk were mainly affected by plasmin activity that increased with the SCC in Milk. Also non-plasmin proteolytic activity was strongly enhanced by elevated SCC and resulted in a higher degradation of alpha-casein than of beta-casein. In general, plasmin activity did not increase with the advancement of lactation and exhibited a different trend in HSC and N Milk, suggesting that physiological factors did not play a key role in regulating the plasminogen-plasmin system in Ewes' Milk. Plasmin activity, detected with the colorimetric assay was consistent with proteolytic activity on sodium caseinate shown in urea-PAGE electrophoregram.
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effects of lambing season and stage of lactation on Ewe Milk quality
Small Ruminant Research, 2004Co-Authors: Agostino Sevi, Antonella Santillo, Marzia Albenzio, R Marino, Alberto MuscioAbstract:Abstract A total of 240 bulk Milk samples were collected and examined from January to July of 2000. The Milk samples were obtained from 5 intensively managed flocks of Comisana Ewes located in southern Italy. Milk sampling was performed separately on the Ewes which had lambed in the autumn (October and November) of 1999 (ALB, autumn lambing) and in the winter (January and February) of 2000 (WLB, winter lambing). For each lambing season, 6 sampling cycles were carried out during early-, mid- and late-lactation (less than 60 days from 100 to 130 days and from 150 to 180 days in lactation, respectively), using the bulk Milk of four consecutive Milkings. In all the farms, the Ewes received hay and concentrates during the winter season, while during the spring and summer season Ewes grazed and were supplemented with hay and concentrates. The Milk yielded by the WLB Ewes recorded lower fat and protein contents compared to that of the ALB Ewes (6.71 vs. 6.93% and 5.15 vs. 5.39%, respectively), as well as deteriorating renneting and hygienic characteristics. Irrespective of the lambing season, a higher SCC was recorded in late, compared to early- and mid-lactation Milk (6.16 vs. 5.93 and 5.87 log10 somatic cells/ml) as well as a marked worsening in coagulating behavior. Reduced cheese-making efficiency was associated with a reduction in the casein and fat content of Milk from the ALB Ewes, and decreased calcium and phosphorus content in the WLB Ewe Milk. For both lambing seasons increased plasmin activity was recorded in the Milk. Results suggest that ovine Milk quality is strongly affected by the combined effects of seasonal changes in climate and herbage availability and variations in Ewe metabolic status with the advancement of lactation. Proper housing sanitation, flock management and Milking procedures play a major role in optimizing the quality of Ewe Milk during the late-lactation when several factors concur to increase the risk for mastitis, such as the involution of the mammary epithelium, rises in ambient temperatures, and worsening in air and surface hygiene. During the summer season, strategies to reduce the impact of high temperatures on lactating Ewes and an appropriate administration of mineral elements with the feed diets are necessary to sustain the yield and quality of Milk and cheese in Ewes.
M P Molina - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of the charm maximum residue limit β lactam and tetracycline test for the detection of antibiotics in Ewe and goat Milk
Journal of Dairy Science, 2013Co-Authors: M.c. Beltrán, R.l. Althaus, T Romero, M P MolinaAbstract:Abstract The Charm maximum residue limit β-lactam and tetracycline test (Charm MRL BLTET; Charm Sciences Inc., Lawrence, MA) is an immunoreceptor assay utilizing Rapid One-Step Assay lateral flow technology that detects β-lactam or tetracycline drugs in raw commingled cow Milk at or below European Union maximum residue levels (EU-MRL). The Charm MRL BLTET test procedure was recently modified (dilution in buffer and longer incubation) by the manufacturers to be used with raw Ewe and goat Milk. To assess the Charm MRL BLTET test for the detection of β-lactams and tetracyclines in Milk of small ruminants, an evaluation study was performed at Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia Animal of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Spain). The test specificity and detection capability (CCβ) were studied following Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Specificity results obtained in this study were optimal for individual Milk free of antimicrobials from Ewes (99.2% for β-lactams and 100% for tetracyclines) and goats (97.9% for β-lactams and 100% for tetracyclines) along the entire lactation period regardless of whether the results were visually or instrumentally interpreted. Moreover, no positive results were obtained when a relatively high concentration of different substances belonging to antimicrobial families other than β-lactams and tetracyclines were present in Ewe and goat Milk. For both types of Milk, the CCβ calculated was lower or equal to EU-MRL for amoxicillin (4µg/kg), ampicillin (4µg/kg), benzylpenicillin (≤2µg/kg), dicloxacillin (30µg/kg), oxacillin (30µg/kg), cefacetrile (≤63µg/kg), cefalonium (≤10µg/kg), cefapirin (≤30µg/kg), desacetylcefapirin (≤30µg/kg), cefazolin (≤25µg/kg), cefoperazone (≤25µg/kg), cefquinome (20µg/kg), ceftiofur (≤50µg/kg), desfuroylceftiofur (≤50µg/kg), and cephalexin (≤50µg/kg). However, this test could neither detect cloxacillin nor nafcillin at or below EU-MRL (CCβ >30µg/kg). The CCβ for tetracyclines was also lower than EU-MRL for chlortetracycline (Ewe Milk: ≤50µg/kg; goat Milk: 75µg/kg), oxytetracycline (≤50µg/kg), and tetracycline (≤50µg/kg). Regarding the 4-epimers of these tetracyclines only 4-epioxytetracycline was detected by the Charm MRL BLTET test below EU-MRL (Ewe Milk: 75µg/kg; goat Milk: ≤50µg/kg). Acidiol had no effect on the performance of the test. The Charm MRL BLTET test could be used routinely with adapted test procedure for the fast screening of Ewe and goat Milk.
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evaluation of a microbiological multi residue system on the detection of antibacterial substances in Ewe Milk
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2009Co-Authors: R.l. Althaus, A. Montero, M.i. Berruga, Marta Roca, M P MolinaAbstract:To protect both, public health and the dairy industry, from the presence of antibiotic residues in Milk, control programmes have been established, which include the needed screening tests. This work focuses on the application of a Microbiological Multi-Residue System in Ewe Milk, a method based on the use of six different plates, each seeded with one of the following bacteria: Geobacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis (beta-lactams), Bacillus subtilis at pH 8.0 (aminoglycosides), Kocuria rhizophila (macrolides), Escherichia coli (quinolones), B. cereus (tetracyclines) and B. subtilis at pH 7.0 (sulphonamides), respectively. Twenty-three antimicrobial substances were analysed and a logistic regression was established for each substance assayed to relate the antibiotic concentration and the zone of microbial growth inhibition. Great linearity in the response was observed (regression coefficients of over 0.97). This fact suggests the possibility of establishing a decision level of antibiotic concentrations near to the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL). Zones of inhibition were suggested as proposed action levels for the different antimicrobial groups (diameters of inhibition of 18 mm for the aminoglycoside, beta-lactam and sulphonamide plates; 19 mm for the tetracycline plate, 21 mm for the macrolide plate, and 24 mm for the quinolone plate). Specificity and cross-reactivity were also assayed.
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detection of antimicrobial agents by a specific microbiological method eclipse100 for Ewe Milk
Small Ruminant Research, 2005Co-Authors: A Montero, R.l. Althaus, A Molina, I Berruga, M P MolinaAbstract:Drug residues in Milk may have public health and technological implications. Thus, the aim of this work was to assess the specific microbiological method for Ewe Milk (Eclipse 100 ® ) by means of the study of ‘false positive’ results (specificity), the effect of the preservative acidiol upon specificity and the calculation of the detection limits in comparison with the MRLs set out by the EU. Milk samples used were taken from 80 Manchega Ewes every two weeks as of 45 days post-partum until the end of lactation. The animals received no pharmacological treatment throughout lactation. Each Milk sample was divided into two aliquots (with or without acidiol). From a total of 508 samples analysed, no ‘false positive’ results were obtained, although doubtful results were higher in the samples with acidiol (8.9%) than in preservative-free Milk samples (0.6%). The detection limits of Eclipse 100 ® were calculated for 27 antimicrobial agents. For each drug, eight concentrations were tested on 24 Milk samples (192 samples for chemotherapeutics). The detection limits determined by means of logistic regression models were 7 g/kg amoxycillin, 5g/kg penicillin ‘G’, 68 g/kg cloxacillin, 28 g/kg oxacillin, 86 g/kg cefadroxil, 115g/kg cephalexin, 110g/kg cefoperazone, 85g/kg cefuroxime, 3140g/kg gentamicin, 18700g/kg kanamycin, 9100g/kg neomycin, 10100g/kg streptomycin, 750g/kg erythromycin, 18100g/kg spiramycin, 230g/kg tylosin, 5100g/kg ciprofloxacin, 4000 g/kg enrofloxacin, 76200g/kg flumequine, 9500 g/kg norfofloxacin, 170 g/kg sulfadimethoxine, 750g/kg sulfamethazine, 370g/kg sulfanilamide, 250g/kg sulfathiazole, 1500 g/kg chlortetracycline, 260 g/kg doxycycline, 560g/kg oxytetracycline and 480g/kg tetracycline. It may be concluded that the Eclipse 100 ® test did not present ‘false positive’ results and that the preservative acidiol caused a decrease in specificity of the method. The Eclipse 100 ® test is also suitable for detection of residues of beta-lactam antibiotics, sulfadimethoxine and sulfathiazole, as their detection limits are similar to EU-MRLs, whereas the limits for residues of aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines and quinolones in Ewe Milk were higher than EU-MRLs. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Detection limits of antimicrobials in Ewe's Milk using a specific microbiological method (Eclipse® 100ov) photo metric measurements
International Dairy Federation special issue, 2005Co-Authors: R.l. Althaus, Ana I. Molina, M.c. Beltrán, I Berruga, M P MolinaAbstract:The aim of this work was to assess the specific microbiological method for Ewe Milk (Eclipse® 100ov) by means of the study of its detection limits calculated by photometric measurements. The detection limits were calculated for 27 antimicrobial agents by means of logistic regression models. The Eclipse® 100ov test is also suitable for detection of residues of beta-lactam antibiotics, sulfadimethoxine and sulfathiazole, as their detection limits are similar to EU-MRLs, whereas the limits for residues of aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines and quinolones in Ewe Milk were higher than EU-MRLs.
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occurrence of antibiotic residues in Milk from manchega Ewe dairy farms
Journal of Dairy Science, 2004Co-Authors: M Yamaki, M.i. Berruga, R.l. Althaus, M P Molina, A MolinaAbstract:Abstract Ewe Milk samples from different ovine dairy farms from the Castilla–La Mancha region of Spain were collected from bulk tanks to estimate the occurrence of antibiotic residues in raw and heated (82°C, 10min) Milk by the Delvotest SP test. The month of collection, somatic cell counts, and bacteriology were analyzed and examined by means of a logistic regression model. The screening of a total of 2686 raw Milk samples showed 1.7% "positive" and 2.1% "doubtful" results, which decreased after heating treatment to 1.3% and 0.4%, respectively. "Positive" and "doubtful" samples were identified by penicillinase and p-aminobenzoic acid solutions, and the majority of them corresponded to antimicrobials different than β -lactams or sulfonamides. By applying a logistic regression model, a significant effect of month of collection and bacteriology was observed in the initial screening and after the heat treatment. The highest percentages of "positive plus doubtful" results were observed in late summer–early autumn. A slight peak was also observed in spring in raw Milk samples. Bacteriology was positively correlated with "positive plus doubtful" results.
Marzia Albenzio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Composition and sensory profiling of probiotic Scamorza Ewe Milk cheese.
Journal of dairy science, 2013Co-Authors: Marzia Albenzio, Mariangela Caroprese, Antonella Santillo, Agostino Sevi, Ada Braghieri, Fabio NapolitanoAbstract:Abstract The present study aimed to assess the effect of the addition of different usually recognized as probiotic bacterial strains on chemical composition and sensory properties of Scamorza cheese manufactured from Ewe Milk. To define the sensory profile of Scamorza cheese, a qualitative and quantitative reference frame specific for a pasta filata cheese was constructed. According to the presence of probiotic bacteria, cheeses were denoted S-BB for Scamorza cheese made using a mix of Bifidobacterium longum 46 and Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12, and S-LA for Scamorza cheese made using Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5. The designation for control Scamorza cheese was S-CO. Analyses were performed at 15d of ripening. The moisture content of Scamorza Ewe Milk cheese ranged between 44.61 and 47.16% (wt/wt), showing higher values in S-CO and S-BB cheeses than in S-LA cheese; the fat percentage ranged between 25.43 and 28.68% (wt/wt), showing higher value in S-LA cheese. The NaCl percentage in Scamorza cheese from Ewe Milk was 1.75±0.04% (wt/wt). Protein and casein percentages were the highest in Scamorza cheese containing a mix of bifidobacteria; also, the percentage of the proteose-peptone fraction showed the highest value in S-BB, highlighting the major proteolysis carried out by enzymes associated with B. longum and B. lactis strains. Texture and appearance attributes were able to differentiate probiotic bacteria-added cheeses from the untreated control product. In particular, S-BB and S-LA Scamorza cheeses showed higher color uniformity compared with S-CO cheese. Furthermore, the control cheese showed higher yellowness and lower structure uniformity than S-BB. The control product was less creamy and grainy than S-BB; conversely, the inclusion of probiotics into the cheese determined lower adhesivity and friability in S-BB and S-LA than in S-CO. This study allowed the definition of the principal composition and sensory properties of Scamorza Ewe Milk cheese. The specific quantitative vocabulary for sensory analysis and reference frame for assessor training also established in this study should be implemented to systematically monitor the quality of this new typology of Ewe Milk cheese.
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Physicochemical properties of Scamorza Ewe Milk cheese manufactured with different probiotic cultures.
Journal of dairy science, 2013Co-Authors: Marzia Albenzio, Mariangela Caroprese, Antonella Santillo, Fabio Napolitano, D. Ruggieri, Agostino SeviAbstract:The present study was undertaken to produce functional Scamorza cheese from Gentile di Puglia Ewe Milk by incorporating probiotic strains into the cheese matrix and to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of Scamorza Ewe Milk cheese. Gentile di Puglia Ewe bulk Milk was used for Scamorza cheese production. Cheeses were denoted S-CO for control Scamorza cheese, S-BB for Scamorza cheese made using a mix of Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium lactis, and S-LA for Scamorza cheese made using Lactobacillus acidophilus as probiotic strain. Cheeses were analyzed at 1, 7, and 15 d of ripening. Probiotic cell recovery in cheese was 7.55 ± 0.07 log10 cfu/g and 9.09 ± 0.04 log10 cfu/g in S-LA and S-BB cheese, respectively; probiotic cheeses also displayed the highest levels of lactic microflora. Reverse-phase HPLC chromatograms of the water-soluble nitrogen fraction showed a more complex profile in S-BB, with distinctive peaks in the early-eluting zone. The matured Scamorza cheese containing the mix of B. longum and B. lactis was characterized by significantly higher levels of Gln, Ser, Arg, Ile, and Leu, whereas cheese containing Lb. acidophilus was characterized by higher levels of Tyr and Met. Total FFA content was the highest in S-LA, intermediate in S-BB, and the lowest in S-CO cheese; in particular, Scamorza cheese containing Lb. acidophilus showed the highest level of vaccenic acid, oleic acid, and total conjugated linoleic acid. Probiotic bacteria survived through the technological phases of pasta filata cheese production, maintained their specific metabolic pathways, and conferred functional properties to Scamorza Ewe Milk cheese.
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Composition, indigenous proteolytic enzymes and coagulating behaviour of Ewe Milk as affected by somatic cell count.
The Journal of dairy research, 2011Co-Authors: Marzia Albenzio, Mariangela Caroprese, Antonella Santillo, L. Schena, Donatella Esterina Russo, Agostino SeviAbstract:This study was undertaken to assess the effect of somatic cell count in Ewe Milk on i) composition and hygienic traits; ii) plasmin, cathepsin and elastase activities; iii) leukocyte differential count; iv) renneting parameters. Individual Ewe Milk samples were grouped according to somatic cell count (SCC) into five classes: SC300 ( 2000 (>2 001 000 cells/ml). Individual Milk samples were analysed for pH, chemical composition, microbial features, indigenous proteolytic enzymes, differential leukocyte population, and renneting parameters. Milk yield, lactose, protein, non casein nitrogen, microbial features were affected by SCC level. Plasmin and elastase activities were the highest in samples with more than 1 000 000 cells/ml; plasmin had intermediate values in samples with 300 000 to 1 000 000 cells/ml and the lowest in samples with less than 300 000 cells/ml of Milk. Cathepsin D showed significantly lower values in SC300 and SC1000 classes than in SC500, SC2000 and SC>2000 classes. The highest percentages of lymphocyte were found in samples with less than 1 000 000 cells/ml, while the highest levels of polymorphonuclear leukocyte were found in samples with more than 1 000 000 cells/ml of Milk. Longer clotting time was found in SC>2000 samples, while reduced clot firmness was observed in SC500 and SC>2000 samples. Results on Milk yield and on compositional parameters evidenced an impairment of udder efficiency in Ewe Milk samples starting from 300 000 cells/ml. Plasmin activity in Milk can be considered as a marker of the synthetic and secreting ability of the mammary gland; furthermore plasmin and elastase were consistent with the health status of the udder. Finally cathepsin D played a role in the worsening of renneting properties of Ewe Milk.
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Indoor climate and cheese making properties of Ewe Milk
Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2011Co-Authors: Marzia Albenzio, Mariangela Caroprese, Rosaria Marino, G. Annicchiarico, L. Schena, Alberto MuscioAbstract:In the last decades, many studies have focused on the impact of management practices and environmental factors on the welfare and production performance of farmed animals. Some experiments have investigated the effects of micro-environment parameters on Ewe udder health and Milk quality. In dairy sheep housing, a ventilation rate of 66 m3/Ewe per hour has been proved to sustain adequately the welfare and performance of Ewes during the summer season (Sevi et al., 2002). A minimum ventilation rate of 30m3/animal/h has been recommended for housed sheep in winter (Chiumenti, 1987)...
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Differential leucocyte count for Ewe Milk with low and high somatic cell count.
The Journal of dairy research, 2010Co-Authors: Marzia Albenzio, Mariangela CaropreseAbstract:This study was undertaken to compare flow cytometry (FC) and direct microscopic leucocyte count (MDLC) for the differentiation of macrophages, lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) and to evaluate leucocyte distribution in Ewe Milk with low and high somatic cell count (SCC). Milk samples were grouped for somatic cell count in low SCC (LSCC) when the content was lower than 5·00 × 10(5)/ml and high SCC (HSCC) when the content was higher than 1·00 × 10(6)/ml. No differences were found between the two methods tested suggesting that FC could be used as a routine test for rapid discrimination of leucocytes. Percentages of lymphocytes in Ewe Milk were higher in LSCC (50%) than in HSCC (39%) and count ranged from 273·91 ± 56·62 × 10(3) cells/ml (LSCC) to 308·90 ± 46·15 × 10(3) cells/ml (HSCC). PMN number was lower in LSCC than in HSCC (248·83 ± 46·87 × 10(3) cells/ml v. 444·38 ± 58·62 × 10(3) cells/ml); accordingly the percentage was lower in LSCC (40%) than in HSCC (57%). No differences were found for macrophages which were 36·36 ± 5·51 × 10(3) cells/ml and 39·32 ± 6·83 × 10(3) cells/ml in LSCC and HSCC, respectively. Lymphocytes in Ewe Milk did not vary with increased number of somatic cells and were the predominant cell type in LSCC. PMN represented the main population detected in HSCC and the correlation with SCC evidenced that this leucocyte class could be useful in differentiating Ewe Milk cell count, being strictly responsible for the SCC increase.
San F Primitivo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of freezing on fossomatic cell counting in Ewe Milk
Journal of Dairy Science, 2003Co-Authors: J R Martinez, C Gonzalo, J A Carriedo, San F PrimitivoAbstract:Using the Fossomatic method, a total of 10,072 analytical somatic cell count (SCC) observations were carried out on 4760 aliquots taken from 70 individual Ewe Milk samples with the objective of studying whether freezing showed significant differences of SCC in comparison with refrigeration, according to different analytical conditions. These conditions were four preservation procedures (without preservation, potassium dichromate, azidiol, and bronopol), two storage temperatures (refrigeration and freezing), five Milk ages within storage (24 h postcollection in refrigeration, and 24 h, 15, 30, and 60 d postcollection in freezing), two thawing types (rapid and slow), and two analytical temperatures (40 and 60 degrees C). Preservation, storage, and analytical temperature, type of thawing and Milk age within storage, and most of the interactions showed a significant effect on the SCC variation. On average, the SCC was lower after freezing than in refrigeration. This effect depended specifically on type of preservation and analytical temperature of Milk. The SCC of Milk unpreserved or preserved with bronopol or potassium dichromate, and analyzed at 40 degrees C, was not affected by freezing; however, use of azidiol as a preservative before freezing, and heating the Milk to 60 degrees C following thawing resulted in significantly decreased SCC. Milk age had little quantitative influence on SCC of thawed Milk. The type of thawing (rapid and slow) did not significantly influence SCC of Milk analyzed at 40 degrees C. As a result, when using properly handled samples, the Fossomatic method could be used to enumerate SCC in samples frozen over the 60 d.
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fossomatic cell counting on Ewe Milk comparison with direct microscopy and study of variation factors
Journal of Dairy Science, 2003Co-Authors: C Gonzalo, J R Martinez, J A Carriedo, San F PrimitivoAbstract:Using the Fossomatic method (FSCC) a total of 23,003 analytical SCC observations were carried out on 6400 aliquots taken from 80 individual Ewe Milk samples with the objective of studying the influence of 4 preservation procedures (without preservation, potassium dichromate, azidiol, and bronopol), 2 storage temperatures (ambient and refrigeration), 10 Milk ages (3,6,12, and 24h, and 2,3,4,5,7, and 9d postcollection), and two analytical temperatures (40 and 60 degrees C). In addition, each sample was analyzed with direct microscopic method (DMSCC), using 3 different stainings for each sample: methylene blue (MB), May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG) and Pyronin Y-methyl green (PGM). This allowed DMSCC and FSCC (at 24 h of age) to be compared. The reference DMSCC from MB staining was a reliable method in Ewe Milk, though more specific stainings such as MGG and PMG slightly improve the residual standard deviation for repeated SCC. Between DMSCC and FSCC, the highest coefficients of correlation (0.972 to 0.996) corresponded to preserved and refrigerated Milk, and the lowest (0.708 to 0.919) to unpreserved and ambient stored aliquots. Except for the unpreserved and ambient stored aliquots, SCC values were similar in all aliquots. Under FSCC, preservation, storage and analytical temperature, Milk age, and most of the interactions showed a significant effect on SCC variation. In preserved samples, logSCC values ranged between 5.67 (bronopol) and 5.62 (azidiol). The higest values (5.72) were for unpreserved Milk, which showed false overestimation of SCC due to bacterial proliferation. LogSCC was higher at 60 degrees C (5.68) than at 40 degrees C (5.65). The interaction between age, preservation and storage temperature showed no cell degeneration in properly handled samples over the 9 d of study.
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microbiological quality and somatic cell count of Ewe Milk with special reference to staphylococci
Journal of Dairy Science, 2002Co-Authors: A Ariznabarreta, C Gonzalo, San F PrimitivoAbstract:A total 1502 useful half udders of 762 Churra Ewes from eight herds were aseptically sampled in midlactation to study both the bacteriological isolates and the SCC of Milk. Corynebacteria, enterococci, micrococci, staphylococci, and streptococci represented 11.2, 2.9, 1.4, 78.9, and 3.1% of all isolates, respectively. Within staphylococci, novobiocin-sensitive species (71.1%) were much more frequently isolated than novobiocin-resistant ones (7.8%). Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most prevalent species (53.2% of the isolates). Log SCC of uninfected half udder Milk was 4.86. Isolates of novobiocin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci, micrococci, and corynebacteria were associated to low values of log SCC (4.85 to 5.20). In contrast, infection by novobiocin-sensitive coagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci organisms was related to a sharp inflammatory response with log SCC means between 5.92 and 6.32. The species that showed the highest log SCC were Pasteurella haemolytica (7.62), Streptococcus agalactiae (7.28), and Staphylococcus aureus (6.68). High prevalence of infections by novobiocin-sensitive staphylococci together with high SCC related to such infections show a relevant role of these organisms in Ewe mastitis. Consequently, implementation of staphylococcal mastitis control programs would be of great interest in dairy Ewe herds to improve microbiological and hygienic quality of Milk.
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evaluation of the charm maximum residue limit β lactam and tetracycline test for the detection of antibiotics in Ewe and goat Milk
Journal of Dairy Science, 2013Co-Authors: M.c. Beltrán, R.l. Althaus, T Romero, M P MolinaAbstract:Abstract The Charm maximum residue limit β-lactam and tetracycline test (Charm MRL BLTET; Charm Sciences Inc., Lawrence, MA) is an immunoreceptor assay utilizing Rapid One-Step Assay lateral flow technology that detects β-lactam or tetracycline drugs in raw commingled cow Milk at or below European Union maximum residue levels (EU-MRL). The Charm MRL BLTET test procedure was recently modified (dilution in buffer and longer incubation) by the manufacturers to be used with raw Ewe and goat Milk. To assess the Charm MRL BLTET test for the detection of β-lactams and tetracyclines in Milk of small ruminants, an evaluation study was performed at Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia Animal of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Spain). The test specificity and detection capability (CCβ) were studied following Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Specificity results obtained in this study were optimal for individual Milk free of antimicrobials from Ewes (99.2% for β-lactams and 100% for tetracyclines) and goats (97.9% for β-lactams and 100% for tetracyclines) along the entire lactation period regardless of whether the results were visually or instrumentally interpreted. Moreover, no positive results were obtained when a relatively high concentration of different substances belonging to antimicrobial families other than β-lactams and tetracyclines were present in Ewe and goat Milk. For both types of Milk, the CCβ calculated was lower or equal to EU-MRL for amoxicillin (4µg/kg), ampicillin (4µg/kg), benzylpenicillin (≤2µg/kg), dicloxacillin (30µg/kg), oxacillin (30µg/kg), cefacetrile (≤63µg/kg), cefalonium (≤10µg/kg), cefapirin (≤30µg/kg), desacetylcefapirin (≤30µg/kg), cefazolin (≤25µg/kg), cefoperazone (≤25µg/kg), cefquinome (20µg/kg), ceftiofur (≤50µg/kg), desfuroylceftiofur (≤50µg/kg), and cephalexin (≤50µg/kg). However, this test could neither detect cloxacillin nor nafcillin at or below EU-MRL (CCβ >30µg/kg). The CCβ for tetracyclines was also lower than EU-MRL for chlortetracycline (Ewe Milk: ≤50µg/kg; goat Milk: 75µg/kg), oxytetracycline (≤50µg/kg), and tetracycline (≤50µg/kg). Regarding the 4-epimers of these tetracyclines only 4-epioxytetracycline was detected by the Charm MRL BLTET test below EU-MRL (Ewe Milk: 75µg/kg; goat Milk: ≤50µg/kg). Acidiol had no effect on the performance of the test. The Charm MRL BLTET test could be used routinely with adapted test procedure for the fast screening of Ewe and goat Milk.
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evaluation of a microbiological multi residue system on the detection of antibacterial substances in Ewe Milk
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2009Co-Authors: R.l. Althaus, A. Montero, M.i. Berruga, Marta Roca, M P MolinaAbstract:To protect both, public health and the dairy industry, from the presence of antibiotic residues in Milk, control programmes have been established, which include the needed screening tests. This work focuses on the application of a Microbiological Multi-Residue System in Ewe Milk, a method based on the use of six different plates, each seeded with one of the following bacteria: Geobacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis (beta-lactams), Bacillus subtilis at pH 8.0 (aminoglycosides), Kocuria rhizophila (macrolides), Escherichia coli (quinolones), B. cereus (tetracyclines) and B. subtilis at pH 7.0 (sulphonamides), respectively. Twenty-three antimicrobial substances were analysed and a logistic regression was established for each substance assayed to relate the antibiotic concentration and the zone of microbial growth inhibition. Great linearity in the response was observed (regression coefficients of over 0.97). This fact suggests the possibility of establishing a decision level of antibiotic concentrations near to the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL). Zones of inhibition were suggested as proposed action levels for the different antimicrobial groups (diameters of inhibition of 18 mm for the aminoglycoside, beta-lactam and sulphonamide plates; 19 mm for the tetracycline plate, 21 mm for the macrolide plate, and 24 mm for the quinolone plate). Specificity and cross-reactivity were also assayed.
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detection of antimicrobial agents by a specific microbiological method eclipse100 for Ewe Milk
Small Ruminant Research, 2005Co-Authors: A Montero, R.l. Althaus, A Molina, I Berruga, M P MolinaAbstract:Drug residues in Milk may have public health and technological implications. Thus, the aim of this work was to assess the specific microbiological method for Ewe Milk (Eclipse 100 ® ) by means of the study of ‘false positive’ results (specificity), the effect of the preservative acidiol upon specificity and the calculation of the detection limits in comparison with the MRLs set out by the EU. Milk samples used were taken from 80 Manchega Ewes every two weeks as of 45 days post-partum until the end of lactation. The animals received no pharmacological treatment throughout lactation. Each Milk sample was divided into two aliquots (with or without acidiol). From a total of 508 samples analysed, no ‘false positive’ results were obtained, although doubtful results were higher in the samples with acidiol (8.9%) than in preservative-free Milk samples (0.6%). The detection limits of Eclipse 100 ® were calculated for 27 antimicrobial agents. For each drug, eight concentrations were tested on 24 Milk samples (192 samples for chemotherapeutics). The detection limits determined by means of logistic regression models were 7 g/kg amoxycillin, 5g/kg penicillin ‘G’, 68 g/kg cloxacillin, 28 g/kg oxacillin, 86 g/kg cefadroxil, 115g/kg cephalexin, 110g/kg cefoperazone, 85g/kg cefuroxime, 3140g/kg gentamicin, 18700g/kg kanamycin, 9100g/kg neomycin, 10100g/kg streptomycin, 750g/kg erythromycin, 18100g/kg spiramycin, 230g/kg tylosin, 5100g/kg ciprofloxacin, 4000 g/kg enrofloxacin, 76200g/kg flumequine, 9500 g/kg norfofloxacin, 170 g/kg sulfadimethoxine, 750g/kg sulfamethazine, 370g/kg sulfanilamide, 250g/kg sulfathiazole, 1500 g/kg chlortetracycline, 260 g/kg doxycycline, 560g/kg oxytetracycline and 480g/kg tetracycline. It may be concluded that the Eclipse 100 ® test did not present ‘false positive’ results and that the preservative acidiol caused a decrease in specificity of the method. The Eclipse 100 ® test is also suitable for detection of residues of beta-lactam antibiotics, sulfadimethoxine and sulfathiazole, as their detection limits are similar to EU-MRLs, whereas the limits for residues of aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines and quinolones in Ewe Milk were higher than EU-MRLs. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Detection limits of antimicrobials in Ewe's Milk using a specific microbiological method (Eclipse® 100ov) photo metric measurements
International Dairy Federation special issue, 2005Co-Authors: R.l. Althaus, Ana I. Molina, M.c. Beltrán, I Berruga, M P MolinaAbstract:The aim of this work was to assess the specific microbiological method for Ewe Milk (Eclipse® 100ov) by means of the study of its detection limits calculated by photometric measurements. The detection limits were calculated for 27 antimicrobial agents by means of logistic regression models. The Eclipse® 100ov test is also suitable for detection of residues of beta-lactam antibiotics, sulfadimethoxine and sulfathiazole, as their detection limits are similar to EU-MRLs, whereas the limits for residues of aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines and quinolones in Ewe Milk were higher than EU-MRLs.
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occurrence of antibiotic residues in Milk from manchega Ewe dairy farms
Journal of Dairy Science, 2004Co-Authors: M Yamaki, M.i. Berruga, R.l. Althaus, M P Molina, A MolinaAbstract:Abstract Ewe Milk samples from different ovine dairy farms from the Castilla–La Mancha region of Spain were collected from bulk tanks to estimate the occurrence of antibiotic residues in raw and heated (82°C, 10min) Milk by the Delvotest SP test. The month of collection, somatic cell counts, and bacteriology were analyzed and examined by means of a logistic regression model. The screening of a total of 2686 raw Milk samples showed 1.7% "positive" and 2.1% "doubtful" results, which decreased after heating treatment to 1.3% and 0.4%, respectively. "Positive" and "doubtful" samples were identified by penicillinase and p-aminobenzoic acid solutions, and the majority of them corresponded to antimicrobials different than β -lactams or sulfonamides. By applying a logistic regression model, a significant effect of month of collection and bacteriology was observed in the initial screening and after the heat treatment. The highest percentages of "positive plus doubtful" results were observed in late summer–early autumn. A slight peak was also observed in spring in raw Milk samples. Bacteriology was positively correlated with "positive plus doubtful" results.
