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James M. Anderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Implications of the Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Response and the Foreign Body Reaction to the Immune Response of Implanted Biomaterials
The Immune Response to Implanted Materials and Devices, 2016Co-Authors: James M. Anderson, Sirui JiangAbstract:In vivo implantation of medical devices, prostheses, biomaterials, and tissue-engineered scaffolds initiates the innate immune response consisting of acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, and the Foreign Body Reaction (FBR) within the first 2 weeks following implantation. This chapter focuses on these humoral and cellular events occurring at the implant site immediately following implantation. Following injury/implantation, blood-material interactions occur and the provisional matrix is formed. Acute inflammation consisting predominantly of polymorphonuclear leukocytes follows but resolves quickly, usually within the first week if not sooner, depending on the extent of injury at the implant site. Chronic inflammation consisting of monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes follows acute inflammation. This process also resolves quickly with biocompatible materials leaving monocytes and macrophages to interact at the interface of the implanted device or material. The FBR at the interface with biomaterials is composed of macrophages, which may fuse together to form Foreign Body giant cells (FBGCs). Outside the FBR at the biomaterial interface, fibrosis and fibrous encapsulation occur in the final stages of the healing response to the implanted biomaterial. Numerous challenges including lack of understanding of these responses in vivo currently limit projection to clinical application of the respective medical device, prosthesis, or biomaterial. The end-stage of the innate immune response consisting of the FBR at the interface with fibrous encapsulation has received extensive attention over the past decade. Numerous efforts have been made to downregulate the activity of macrophages and FBGCs at the interface and to decrease/eliminate the fibrous capsule formation. Ultimately, the success or failure of medical devices, implants, biomaterials, and tissue-engineered constructs is modulated by the interaction between their characteristics, patient conditions, and surgical technique.
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The topographical effect of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds on the in vivo and in vitro Foreign Body Reaction
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A, 2010Co-Authors: Haoqing Cao, Kevin Mchugh, Sing Yian Chew, James M. AndersonAbstract:Topographical cues play an important role in influencing cellular behavior and are considered as significant parameters to be controlled in tissue engineering applications. This work investigated the biocompatibility with regard to scaffold architecture and topographical effect of nanofibrous scaffolds on the in vivo and in vitro Foreign Body Reaction. Random and aligned polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning technique, with diameters of 313 +/- 5 nm and 506 +/- 24 nm, respectively. Primary monocytes isolated from five human donors were cultured on PCL nanofibers, PCL film, and RGD-coated glass in vitro and cell density and morphology was evaluated at time points of day 0 (2 h), day 3, day 7, and day 10. The in vivo study was carried out by implanting PCL nanofibers and film scaffolds subcutaneously in rats to test the biocompatibility and host response at time points of week 1, week 2, and week 4. The in vitro studies revealed that the initial monocyte adhesion on the aligned fiber scaffold was significantly less (p < 0.001) when compared to the random fiber scaffold. The in vivo study showed that the thicknesses of fibrous capsule on fibrous scaffolds were 7.55 +/- 0.54 microm for aligned fibers and 4.13 +/- 0.31 microm for random fibers, which were significantly thinner than that of film implants 37.7 +/- 0.25 microm (p < 0.001). Additionally, cell infiltration was observed in aligned fibrous scaffolds both in vitro and in vivo, while on random fibers and films, distinct fibrous capsule boundaries were found on the surfaces. These results indicate that aligned electrospun nanofibers may serve as a promising scaffold for tissue engineering by minimizing host response, enhancing tissue-scaffold integration, and eliciting a thinner fibrous capsule.
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Foreign Body Reaction to biomaterials
Seminars in Immunology, 2008Co-Authors: James M. Anderson, Analiz Rodriguez, David T ChangAbstract:The Foreign Body Reaction composed of macrophages and Foreign Body giant cells is the end-stage response of the inflammatory and wound healing responses following implantation of a medical device, prosthesis, or biomaterial. A brief, focused overview of events leading to the Foreign Body Reaction is presented. The major focus of this review is on factors that modulate the interaction of macrophages and Foreign Body giant cells on synthetic surfaces where the chemical, physical, and morphological characteristics of the synthetic surface are considered to play a role in modulating cellular events. These events in the Foreign Body Reaction include protein adsorption, monocyte/macrophage adhesion, macrophage fusion to form Foreign Body giant cells, consequences of the Foreign Body response on biomaterials, and cross-talk between macrophages/Foreign Body giant cells and inflammatory/wound healing cells. Biomaterial surface properties play an important role in modulating the Foreign Body Reaction in the first two to four weeks following implantation of a medical device, even though the Foreign Body Reaction at the tissue/material interface is present for the in vivo lifetime of the medical device. An understanding of the Foreign Body Reaction is important as the Foreign Body Reaction may impact the biocompatibility (safety) of the medical device, prosthesis, or implanted biomaterial and may significantly impact short- and long-term tissue responses with tissue-engineered constructs containing proteins, cells, and other biological components for use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Our perspective has been on the inflammatory and wound healing response to implanted materials, devices, and tissue-engineered constructs. The incorporation of biological components of allogeneic or xenogeneic origin as well as stem cells into tissue-engineered or regenerative approaches opens up a myriad of other challenges. An in depth understanding of how the immune system interacts with these cells and how biomaterials or tissue-engineered constructs influence these interactions may prove pivotal to the safety, biocompatibility, and function of the device or system under consideration.
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matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in the Foreign Body Reaction on biomaterials
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2008Co-Authors: Jacqueline A Jones, David T Chang, Amy K Mcnally, Abigail L Qin, Howard J Meyerson, Erica Colton, I Keun L Kwon, Takehisa Matsuda, James M. AndersonAbstract:Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can degrade structural components within the extracellular matrix and at the cellular surface producing changes in cellular behavior (i.e., adhesion and migration) and subsequent pathological responses (i.e., the Foreign Body Reaction and wound healing). We continue to study the Foreign Body Reaction that occurs following biomaterial implantation by investigating secretory responses of biomaterial-adherent macrophages and Foreign Body giant cells (FBGCs) as directed by material surface chemistry and further this research by determining whether secreted MMPs play a role in macrophage adhesion and fusion. We have identified numerous MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in in vitro cell-culture supernatants using antiBody arrays and quantified select MMP/TIMPs with ELISAs. MMP-9 concentrations were significantly greater than both TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 on all materials. The ratios of MMP-9/TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-2 increased with time because of an increase in MMP-9 concentrations over time, while the TIMP concentrations remained constant. Total MMP-9 concentrations in the supernatants were comparable on all materials at each timepoint, while TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 concentrations tended to be greater on hydrophilic/anionic surfaces. Analysis of the MMP/TIMP quantities produced per cell revealed that the hydrophilic/neutral surfaces, which inhibited macrophage adhesion, activated the adherent macrophages/FBGCs to produce a greater quantity of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 per cell. Pharmacological inhibition of MMP-1,-8,-13, and -18 reduced macrophage fusion without affecting adhesion, while inhibitors of MMP-2,-3,-9, and -12 did not affect adhesion or fusion. These findings demonstrate that material surface chemistry does modulate macrophage/FBGC-derived MMP/TIMP secretion and implicates MMP involvement in macrophage fusion.
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phenotypic dichotomies in the Foreign Body Reaction
Biomaterials, 2007Co-Authors: James M. Anderson, Jacqueline A JonesAbstract:To better understand the relationship between macrophage/Foreign Body giant cell adhesion and activation on surface-modified biomaterials, quantitative assessment of adherent cell density (cells per mm(2)) and cytokine production (pgs per mL) were determined by ELISA. Further analysis to identify cellular activation was carried out by normalizing the cytokine concentration data to provide a measure of cellular activation. This method of analysis demonstrated that hydrophobic surfaces provided statistically significantly greater adherent cell densities than hydrophilic/neutral surfaces. However, when cell activation parameters were determined by normalization to the adherent cell density, the hydrophilic/neutral surfaces demonstrated statistically significantly greater levels of activation and production of IL-10, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and MIP-1beta. With increasing time, production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased, whereas IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 decreased and MIP-1beta was relatively constant over the culture time period. This observed dichotomy or disparity between adhesion and activation may be related to surface-induced adherent cell apoptosis. Further evaluation of macrophage activation on biomaterial surfaces indicated that an apparent phenotypic switch in macrophage phenotype occurred over the course of the in vitro culture. Analysis of cytokine/chemokine profiles with surface-modified biomaterials revealed similarities between the classically activated macrophages and the biomaterial-adherent macrophages early (day 3) in culture, while at later timepoints the biomaterial-adherent macrophages produced profiles similar to alternatively activated macrophages. Classically activated macrophages are those commonly activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and alternatively activated macrophages are those activated by IL-4/IL-13 or IL-10. Surface modification of biomaterials offer an opportunity to control cellular activation and cytokine profiles in the phenotypic switch, and may provide a means by which macrophages can be induced to regulate particular secretory proteins that direct inflammation, the Foreign Body Reaction, wound healing, and ultimately biocompatibility.
Jose A Lopesdasilva - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Foreign Body Reaction associated with pet and pet chitosan electrospun nanofibrous abdominal meshes
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Beatriz Veleirinho, Daniela S. Coelho, Paulo F. Dias, Marcelo Maraschin, Rúbia Pinto, Ana Peixoto, José A. Souza, Eduardo Cargninferreira, Rosa Maria Ribeirodovalle, Jose A LopesdasilvaAbstract:Electrospun materials have been widely explored for biomedical applications because of their advantageous characteristics, i.e., tridimensional nanofibrous structure with high surface-to-volume ratio, high porosity, and pore interconnectivity. Furthermore, considering the similarities between the nanofiber networks and the extracellular matrix (ECM), as well as the accepted role of changes in ECM for hernia repair, electrospun polymer fiber assemblies have emerged as potential materials for incisional hernia repair. In this work, we describe the application of electrospun non-absorbable mats based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) in the repair of abdominal defects, comparing the performance of these meshes with that of a commercial polypropylene mesh and a multifilament PET mesh. PET and PET/chitosan electrospun meshes revealed good performance during incisional hernia surgery, post-operative period, and no evidence of intestinal adhesion was found. The electrospun meshes were flexible with high suture retention, showing tensile strengths of 3 MPa and breaking strains of 8-33%. Nevertheless, a significant Foreign Body Reaction (FBR) was observed in animals treated with the nanofibrous materials. Animals implanted with PET and PET/chitosan electrospun meshes (fiber diameter of 0.71 ± 0.28 µm and 3.01 ± 0.72 µm, respectively) showed, respectively, Foreign Body granuloma formation, averaging 4.2-fold and 7.4-fold greater than the control commercial mesh group (Marlex). Many Foreign Body giant cells (FBGC) involving nanofiber pieces were also found in the PET and PET/chitosan groups (11.9 and 19.3 times more FBGC than control, respectively). In contrast, no important FBR was observed for PET microfibers (fiber diameter = 18.9 ± 0.21 µm). Therefore, we suggest that the reduced dimension and the high surface-to-volume ratio of the electrospun fibers caused the FBR Reaction, pointing out the need for further studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying interactions between cells/tissues and nanofibrous materials in order to gain a better understanding of the implantation risks associated with nanostructured biomaterials.
Yoshimi Kakimaru - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of a novel alginate gel dressing cytotoxicity to fibroblasts in vitro and Foreign Body Reaction in pig skin in vivo
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 1998Co-Authors: Yoshihisa Suzuki, Yoshihiko Nishimura, Kyoko Suzuki, Yoshio Yamawaki, Tatsuo Nakamura, Yasuhiko Shimizu, Masao Tanihara, Yoshimi KakimaruAbstract:Calcium alginate dressings have beneficial effects on wound healing by providing a moist wound environment. However, cytotoxicity and the nonbiodegradable nature of calcium alginate dressings induce unresolved chronic Foreign-Body Reaction. In this study, a novel freeze-dried alginate gel dressing (AGA-100) low in calcium ions was evaluated for cytotoxicity to L929 cells in vitro and in full-thickness pig wounds in vivo. Cytotoxicity testing on L929 cells showed the cytocompatibility of AGA-100 extracts, while extracts from Kaltostat, a well-established alginate dressing, induced cytopathic effects. In an in vivo study using pigskin, AGA-100, Kaltostat, and gauze were applied on 1-in-diameter circular full-thickness wounds on the back of pigs and the time course of wound closure was evaluated. Kaltostat and gauze dressings were used as controls. For histologic evaluation, wound tissue was harvested on day 18. AGA-100-treated wounds showed rapid wound closure compared to control wounds on day 15. Foreign-Body Reaction was marked in Kaltostat- and gauze-treated wounds, and differed significantly from AGA-100-treated wounds. Based on these data, AGA-100 could reduce the cytotoxicity to fibroblasts and Foreign-Body Reaction that have been observed with currently available calcium alginate dressings; it was also found to be useful as an alginate dressing. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 39, 317–322, 1998.
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evaluation of a novel alginate gel dressing cytotoxicity to fibroblasts in vitro and Foreign Body Reaction in pig skin in vivo
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 1998Co-Authors: Yoshihisa Suzuki, Yoshihiko Nishimura, Kyoko Suzuki, Yoshio Yamawaki, Tatsuo Nakamura, Yasuhiko Shimizu, Masao Tanihara, Yoshimi KakimaruAbstract:Calcium alginate dressings have beneficial effects on wound healing by providing a moist wound environment. However, cytotoxicity and the nonbiodegradable nature of calcium alginate dressings induce unresolved chronic Foreign-Body Reaction. In this study, a novel freeze-dried alginate gel dressing (AGA-100) low in calcium ions was evaluated for cytotoxicity to L929 cells in vitro and in full-thickness pig wounds in vivo. Cytotoxicity testing on L929 cells showed the cytocompatibility of AGA-100 extracts, while extracts from Kaltostat, a well-established alginate dressing, induced cytopathic effects. In an in vivo study using pigskin, AGA-100, Kaltostat, and gauze were applied on 1-in-diameter circular full-thickness wounds on the back of pigs and the time course of wound closure was evaluated. Kaltostat and gauze dressings were used as controls. For histologic evaluation, wound tissue was harvested on day 18. AGA-100-treated wounds showed rapid wound closure compared to control wounds on day 15. Foreign-Body Reaction was marked in Kaltostat- and gauze-treated wounds, and differed significantly from AGA-100-treated wounds. Based on these data, AGA-100 could reduce the cytotoxicity to fibroblasts and Foreign-Body Reaction that have been observed with currently available calcium alginate dressings; it was also found to be useful as an alginate dressing.
Diane J Burgess - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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multiple tissue response modifiers to promote angiogenesis and prevent the Foreign Body Reaction around subcutaneous implants
Journal of Controlled Release, 2015Co-Authors: Michail Kastellorizios, Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos, Diane J BurgessAbstract:Dexamethasone-releasing PLGA poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microsphere/PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) hydrogel composite coatings have been shown to prevent the Foreign Body Reaction (FBR) to subcutaneous implants in small and large animal models. Such coatings were developed to extend the lifetime of implantable biosensors. However, long-term exposure of tissue to low levels of dexamethasone results in a reduction in blood vessel density due to the anti-angiogenic effect of dexamethasone. This mild effect, while not threatening to the subject's health, may interfere with analyte detection and the sensor response time over the long-term. The present work is focused on the development of coatings that deliver combinations of three tissue response modifiers (TRMs): dexamethasone, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and PDGF (platelet derived growth factor). Dexamethasone, VEGF and PDGF prevent the FBR, increase angiogenesis and promote blood vessel maturation (which increases blood flow), respectively. To minimize any potential interference among these three TRMs (for example, PDGF increases fibrosis), the relative doses of dexamethasone, VEGF and PDGF were adjusted. It was determined that: a) all three TRMs are required for maximum promotion of angiogenesis, blood vessel maturation and prevention of the FBR; b) VEGF has to be administered at higher doses than PDGF; c) an increase in dexamethasone dosing must be accompanied by a proportional increase in growth factor dosing; and d) modification of the TRM ratio can achieve a constant capillary density throughout the implantation period which is important for applications such as biosensors to maintain sensitivity and a stable sensor baseline. Moreover, an osmosis-driven process for encapsulation of proteins in PLGA microspheres that showed low burst release was developed.
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Foreign Body Reaction to implantable biosensors effects of tissue trauma and implant size
Journal of diabetes science and technology, 2015Co-Authors: Yan Wang, Santhisagar Vaddiraju, Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos, Diane J BurgessAbstract:Background:Implantable biosensors for continuous glucose monitoring can greatly improve diabetes management. However, their applications are still associated with some challenges and one of these is the gradual functionality loss postimplantation as a consequence of the Foreign Body response (FBR). Sensor miniaturization in combination with drug-eluting biocompatible coatings is a promising strategy to enhance in vivo performance. However, limited study has been performed to understand the effect of initial trauma and implant size on Foreign Body Reaction as well as in vivo performance of implantable glucose sensors.Methods:Different initial trauma was induced by implanting composite coated dummy sensors into rats using various sized needles and 3 different-sized dummy sensors were implanted to examine the size effect. Histological evaluation was performed to relate the inflammatory cell counts and Foreign Body capsule thickness with the implantation needle size and sensor size respectively. The effect of...
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prevention of Foreign Body Reaction in a pre clinical large animal model
Journal of Controlled Release, 2015Co-Authors: Michail Kastellorizios, Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos, Diane J BurgessAbstract:In this work, the Foreign Body Reaction (FBR) to small subcutaneous implants was compared between small (rodent) and large (swine) animal species for the first time. Dexamethasone-releasing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel composite coatings were adapted to prevent FBR to small, subcutaneous implants in a large animal model (Goettingen minipigs). The implants consisted of small silicon chips (used to mimic small medical devices) that were coated with the composite formulations. The stages of the FBR were compared with previous studies in rats (that used the same-sized implants); the onset and severity of chronic inflammation (collagen deposition) was identified as a key difference between the two species. In the absence of inflammation control, fibrosis was observed from day 7 post-implantation in minipigs, whereas in rats this did not occur until day 14. This is significant as swine skin is the most commonly used model for preclinical testing of dermal formulations. It was determined that for long-term prevention of the FBR (longer than 24h), a lag phase in dexamethasone release between days 1 and 10 did not affect the anti-FBR properties of the implant in rats. However, continuous release of dexamethasone, with no lag phase, was necessary to prevent inflammation in minipigs (effective dexamethasone dose was 100μg delivered immediately after implantation and 10μg/day delivered continuously thereafter). This study offers significant insight into the translation of anti-FBR strategies across species, and showcases the importance of tailoring the controlled release kinetics of the formulation to the host response.
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Foreign Body Reaction to subcutaneous implants
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 2015Co-Authors: Michail Kastellorizios, Namita Tipnis, Diane J BurgessAbstract:Subcutaneously implanted materials trigger the host's innate immune system, resulting in the Foreign Body Reaction. This Reaction consists of protein adsorption on the implant surface, inflammatory cell infiltration, macrophage fusion into Foreign Body giant cells, fibroblast activation and ultimately fibrous encapsulation. This series of events may affect the function of subcutaneous implants, such as inhibition of drug diffusion from long-acting drug delivery depots and medical device failure. The Foreign Body Reaction is a complex phenomenon and is not yet fully understood; ongoing research studies aim to elucidate the cellular and molecular dynamics involved. Recent studies have revealed information about the specific role of macrophages and their differential activation towards pro- and anti-inflammatory states, as well as species differences in the timing of collagen deposition and fibrosis. Understanding of the diverse processes involved in the Foreign Body Reaction has led to multiple approaches towards its negation. Delivery of tissue response modifiers, such as corticosteroids, NSAIDs, antifibrotic agents, and siRNAs, has been used to prevent or minimize fibrosis. Of these, delivery of dexamethasone throughout the implantation period is the most common method to prevent inflammation and fibrosis. More recent approaches employ surface modifications to minimize protein adsorption to 'ultra-low' levels and reduce fibrosis. However, the diverse nature of the processes involved in the Foreign Body Reaction favor the use of corticosteroids due to their wide spectrum action compared to other approaches. To date, combination approaches, such as hydrophilic coatings that reduce protein adsorption combined with delivery of dexamethasone are the most effective.
Beatriz Veleirinho - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Foreign Body Reaction associated with pet and pet chitosan electrospun nanofibrous abdominal meshes
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Beatriz Veleirinho, Daniela S. Coelho, Paulo F. Dias, Marcelo Maraschin, Rúbia Pinto, Ana Peixoto, José A. Souza, Eduardo Cargninferreira, Rosa Maria Ribeirodovalle, Jose A LopesdasilvaAbstract:Electrospun materials have been widely explored for biomedical applications because of their advantageous characteristics, i.e., tridimensional nanofibrous structure with high surface-to-volume ratio, high porosity, and pore interconnectivity. Furthermore, considering the similarities between the nanofiber networks and the extracellular matrix (ECM), as well as the accepted role of changes in ECM for hernia repair, electrospun polymer fiber assemblies have emerged as potential materials for incisional hernia repair. In this work, we describe the application of electrospun non-absorbable mats based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) in the repair of abdominal defects, comparing the performance of these meshes with that of a commercial polypropylene mesh and a multifilament PET mesh. PET and PET/chitosan electrospun meshes revealed good performance during incisional hernia surgery, post-operative period, and no evidence of intestinal adhesion was found. The electrospun meshes were flexible with high suture retention, showing tensile strengths of 3 MPa and breaking strains of 8-33%. Nevertheless, a significant Foreign Body Reaction (FBR) was observed in animals treated with the nanofibrous materials. Animals implanted with PET and PET/chitosan electrospun meshes (fiber diameter of 0.71 ± 0.28 µm and 3.01 ± 0.72 µm, respectively) showed, respectively, Foreign Body granuloma formation, averaging 4.2-fold and 7.4-fold greater than the control commercial mesh group (Marlex). Many Foreign Body giant cells (FBGC) involving nanofiber pieces were also found in the PET and PET/chitosan groups (11.9 and 19.3 times more FBGC than control, respectively). In contrast, no important FBR was observed for PET microfibers (fiber diameter = 18.9 ± 0.21 µm). Therefore, we suggest that the reduced dimension and the high surface-to-volume ratio of the electrospun fibers caused the FBR Reaction, pointing out the need for further studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying interactions between cells/tissues and nanofibrous materials in order to gain a better understanding of the implantation risks associated with nanostructured biomaterials.
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Foreign Body Reaction Associated with PET and PET/Chitosan Electrospun Nanofibrous Abdominal Meshes
2014Co-Authors: Beatriz Veleirinho, Daniela S. Coelho, Paulo F. Dias, Marcelo Maraschin, Rúbia Pinto, Eduardo Cargnin-ferreira, Ana Peixoto, José A. Souza, Rosa M. Ribeiro-do-valle, José A. Lopes-da-silvaAbstract:Electrospun materials have been widely explored for biomedical applications because of their advantageous characteristics, i.e., tridimensional nanofibrous structure with high surface-to-volume ratio, high porosity, and pore interconnectivity. Furthermore, considering the similarities between the nanofiber networks and the extracellular matrix (ECM), as well as the accepted role of changes in ECM for hernia repair, electrospun polymer fiber assemblies have emerged as potential materials for incisional hernia repair. In this work, we describe the application of electrospun non-absorbable mats based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) in the repair of abdominal defects, comparing the performance of these meshes with that of a commercial polypropylene mesh and a multifilament PET mesh. PET and PET/chitosan electrospun meshes revealed good performance during incisional hernia surgery, post-operative period, and no evidence of intestinal adhesion was found. The electrospun meshes were flexible with high suture retention, showing tensile strengths of 3 MPa and breaking strains of 8–33%. Nevertheless, a significant Foreign Body Reaction (FBR) was observed in animals treated with the nanofibrous materials. Animals implanted with PET and PET/chitosan electrospun meshes (fiber diameter of 0.71±0.28 µm and 3.01±0.72 µm, respectively) showed, respectively, Foreign Body granuloma formation, averaging 4.2-fold and 7.4-fold greater than the control commercial mesh group (Marlex). Many Foreign Body giant cells (FBGC) involving nanofiber pieces were also found in the PET and PET/chitosan groups (11.9 and 19.3 times more FBGC than control, respectively). In contrast, no important FBR was observed for PET microfibers (fiber diameter = 18.9±0.21 µm). Therefore, we suggest that the reduced dimension and the high surface-to-volume ratio of the electrospun fibers caused the FBR Reaction, pointing out the need for further studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying interactions between cells/tissues and nanofibrous materials in order to gain a better understanding of the implantation risks associated with nanostructured biomaterials.