Term Exposure

14,000,000 Leading Edge Experts on the ideXlab platform

Scan Science and Technology

Contact Leading Edge Experts & Companies

Scan Science and Technology

Contact Leading Edge Experts & Companies

The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Joel Schwartz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • short Term Exposure to fine particulate matter and hospital admission risks and costs in the medicare population time stratified case crossover study
    BMJ, 2019
    Co-Authors: Yaguang Wei, Petros Koutrakis, Yan Wang, Francesca Dominici, Christine Choirat, Yun Wang, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel Schwartz
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objective To assess risks and costs of hospital admission associated with short Term Exposure to fine particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) for 214 mutually exclusive disease groups. Design Time stratified, case crossover analyses with conditional logistic regressions adjusted for non-linear confounding effects of meteorological variables. Setting Medicare inpatient hospital claims in the United States, 2000-12 (n=95 277 169). Participants All Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries aged 65 or older admitted to hospital. Main outcome measures Risk of hospital admission, number of admissions, days in hospital, inpatient and post-acute care costs, and value of statistical life (that is, the economic value used to measure the cost of avoiding a death) due to the lives lost at discharge for 214 disease groups. Results Positive associations between short Term Exposure to PM2.5 and risk of hospital admission were found for several prevalent but rarely studied diseases, such as septicemia, fluid and electrolyte disorders, and acute and unspecified renal failure. Positive associations were also found between risk of hospital admission and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, phlebitis, thrombophlebitis, and thromboembolism, confirming previously published results. These associations remained consistent when restricted to days with a daily PM2.5 concentration below the WHO air quality guideline for the 24 hour average Exposure to PM2.5. For the rarely studied diseases, each 1 µg/m3 increase in short Term PM2.5 was associated with an annual increase of 2050 hospital admissions (95% confidence interval 1914 to 2187 admissions), 12 216 days in hospital (11 358 to 13 075), US$31m (£24m, €28m; $29m to $34m) in inpatient and post-acute care costs, and $2.5bn ($2.0bn to $2.9bn) in value of statistical life. For diseases with a previously known association, each 1 µg/m3 increase in short Term Exposure to PM2.5 was associated with an annual increase of 3642 hospital admissions (3434 to 3851), 20 098 days in hospital (18 950 to 21 247), $69m ($65m to $73m) in inpatient and post-acute care costs, and $4.1bn ($3.5bn to $4.7bn) in value of statistical life. Conclusions New causes and previously identified causes of hospital admission associated with short Term Exposure to PM2.5 were found. These associations remained even at a daily PM2.5 concentration below the WHO 24 hour guideline. Substantial economic costs were linked to a small increase in short Term PM2.5.

  • association of long Term Exposure to fine particulate matter and cardio metabolic diseases in low and middle income countries a systematic review
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019
    Co-Authors: Suganthi Jaganathan, Joel Schwartz, Lindsay M Jaacks, Melina S Magsumbol, Gagandeep Kaur Walia, Nancy Long Sieber, Roopa Shivasankar, Preet K Dhillon, Safraj Shahul Hameed, Dorairaj Prabhakaran
    Abstract:

    Background: Numerous epidemiological studies indicated high levels of particulate matter less than2.5 μm diameter (PM2.5) as a major cardiovascular risk factor. Most of the studies have been conducted in high-income countries (HICs), where average levels of PM2.5 are far less compared to low- and middle- income countries (LMICs), and their socio-economic profile, disease burden, and PM speciation/composition are very different. We systematically reviewed the association of long-Term Exposure to PM2.5 and cardio-metabolic diseases (CMDs) in LMICs. Methods: Multiple databases were searched for English articles with date limits until March 2018. We included studies investigating the association of long-Term Exposure to PM2.5 (defined as an annual average/average measure for 3 more days of PM2.5 Exposure) and CMDs, such as hospital admissions, prevalence, and deaths due to CMDs, conducted in LMICs as defined by World Bank. We excluded studies which employed Exposure proxy measures, studies among specific occupational groups, and specific episodes of air pollution. Results: A total of 5567 unique articles were identified, of which only 17 articles were included for final review, and these studies were from Brazil, Bulgaria, China, India, and Mexico. Outcome assessed were hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related emergency room visits/admissions, death, and mortality. Largely a positive association between Exposure to PM2.5 and CMDs was found, and CVD mortality with effect estimates ranging from 0.24% to 6.11% increased per 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5. CVD-related hospitalizations and emergency room visits increased by 0.3% to 19.6%. Risk factors like hypertension had an odds ratio of 1.14, and type 2 diabetes mellitus had an odds ratio ranging from 1.14–1.32. Diversity of Exposure assessment and health outcomes limited the ability to perform a meta-analysis. Conclusion: Limited evidence on the association of long-Term Exposure to PM2.5 and CMDs in the LMICs context warrants cohort studies to establish the association.

  • Short-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation: The Framingham Heart Study.
    Arteriosclerosis thrombosis and vascular biology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Kirsten S. Dorans, Petter Ljungman, Elissa H Wilker, Mary B Rice, Joel Schwartz, Diane R Gold, Petros Koutrakis, Brent A. Coull, John F. Keaney
    Abstract:

    Objective—The objective of this study is to examine associations between short-Term Exposure to ambient air pollution and circulating biomarkers of systemic inflammation in participants from the Fr...

  • long Term Exposure to pm2 5 and mortality among older adults in the southeastern us
    Epidemiology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Yan Wang, Antonella Zanobetti, Liuhua Shi, Mihye Lee, Pengfei Liu, Joel Schwartz
    Abstract:

    Background:Little is known about what factors modify the effect of long-Term Exposure to PM2.5 on mortality, in part because in most previous studies certain groups such as rural residents and individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES) are under-represented.Methods:We studied 13.1 million Med

  • long Term Exposure to air pollution and increased risk of membranous nephropathy in china
    Journal of The American Society of Nephrology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Guobao Wang, Joel Schwartz, Nan Chen, Sheng Nie, Ping Zhang, Yang Luo, Yongping Wang, Xiaobin Wang, Jian Geng, Fan Fan Hou
    Abstract:

    The effect of air pollution on the changing pattern of glomerulopathy has not been studied. We estimated the profile of and temporal change in glomerular diseases in an 11-year renal biopsy series including 71,151 native biopsies at 938 hospitals spanning 282 cities in China from 2004 to 2014, and examined the association of long-Term Exposure to fine particulate matter of μ m (PM 2.5 ) with glomerulopathy. After age and region standardization, we identified IgA nephropathy as the leading type of glomerulopathy, with a frequency of 28.1%, followed by membranous nephropathy (MN), with a frequency of 23.4%. Notably, the adjusted odds for MN increased 13% annually over the 11-year study period, whereas the proportions of other major glomerulopathies remained stable. During the study period, 3-year average PM 2.5 Exposure varied among the 282 cities, ranging from 6 to 114 μ g/m 3 (mean, 52.6 μ g/m 3 ). Each 10 μ g/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 concentration associated with 14% higher odds for MN (odds ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 1.18) in regions with PM 2.5 concentration >70 μ g/m 3 . We also found that higher 3-year average air quality index was associated with increased risk of MN. In conclusion, in this large renal biopsy series, the frequency of MN increased over the study period, and long-Term Exposure to high levels of PM 2.5 was associated with an increased risk of MN.

Alain Stintzi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • nitrifying moving bed biofilm reactor mbbr biofilm and biomass response to long Term Exposure to 1 c
    Water Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: V Hoang, Robert Delatolla, Turki Abujamel, Walid Mottawea, Alain Gadbois, Edith Laflamme, Alain Stintzi
    Abstract:

    Abstract This study aims to investigate moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) nitrification rates, nitrifying biofilm morphology, biomass viability as well as bacterial community shifts during long-Term Exposure to 1 °C. Long-Term Exposure to 1 °C is the key operational condition for potential ammonia removal upgrade units to numerous northern region treatment systems. The average laboratory MBBR ammonia removal rate after long-Term Exposure to 1 °C was measured to be 18 ± 5.1% as compared to the average removal rate at 20 °C. Biofilm morphology and specifically the thickness along with biomass viability at various depths in the biofilm were investigated using variable pressure electron scanning microscope (VPSEM) imaging and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) imaging in combination with viability live/dead staining. The biofilm thickness along with the number of viable cells showed significant increases after long-Term Exposure to 1 °C. Hence, this study observed nitrifying bacteria with higher activities at warm temperatures and a slightly greater quantity of nitrifying bacteria with lower activities at cold temperatures in nitrifying MBBR biofilms. Using DNA sequencing analysis, Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira (ammonia oxidizers) as well as Nitrospira (nitrite oxidizer) were identified and no population shift was observed between 20 °C and after long-Term Exposure to 1 °C.

  • nitrifying moving bed biofilm reactor mbbr biofilm and biomass response to long Term Exposure to 1 c
    Water Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: V Hoang, Robert Delatolla, Turki Abujamel, Walid Mottawea, Alain Gadbois, Edith Laflamme, Alain Stintzi
    Abstract:

    This study aims to investigate moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) nitrification rates, nitrifying biofilm morphology, biomass viability as well as bacterial community shifts during long-Term Exposure to 1 °C. Long-Term Exposure to 1 °C is the key operational condition for potential ammonia removal upgrade units to numerous northern region treatment systems. The average laboratory MBBR ammonia removal rate after long-Term Exposure to 1 °C was measured to be 18 ± 5.1% as compared to the average removal rate at 20 °C. Biofilm morphology and specifically the thickness along with biomass viability at various depths in the biofilm were investigated using variable pressure electron scanning microscope (VPSEM) imaging and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) imaging in combination with viability live/dead staining. The biofilm thickness along with the number of viable cells showed significant increases after long-Term Exposure to 1 °C. Hence, this study observed nitrifying bacteria with higher activities at warm temperatures and a slightly greater quantity of nitrifying bacteria with lower activities at cold temperatures in nitrifying MBBR biofilms. Using DNA sequencing analysis, Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira (ammonia oxidizers) as well as Nitrospira (nitrite oxidizer) were identified and no population shift was observed between 20 °C and after long-Term Exposure to 1 °C.

Inmaculada Aguilera - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • high blood pressure and long Term Exposure to indoor noise and air pollution from road traffic
    Environmental Health Perspectives, 2014
    Co-Authors: Maria Foraster, Inmaculada Aguilera, Nino Kunzli, Marcela Rivera, David Agis, Joan Vila, Laura Bouso, Alexandre Deltell, Jaume Marrugat, Rafel Ramos
    Abstract:

    Traffic noise has been associated with prevalence of hypertension, but reports are inconsistent for blood pressure (BP). To ascertain noise effects and to disentangle them from those suspected to be from traffic-related air pollution, it may be essential to estimate people's noise Exposure indoors in bedrooms.; We analyzed associations between long-Term Exposure to indoor traffic noise in bedrooms and prevalent hypertension and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP, considering long-Term Exposure to outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2).; We evaluated 1,926 cohort participants at baseline (years 2003-2006; Girona, Spain). Outdoor annual average levels of nighttime traffic noise (Lnight) and NO2 were estimated at postal addresses with a detailed traffic noise model and a land-use regression model, respectively. Individual indoor traffic Lnight levels were derived from outdoor Lnight with application of insulations provided by reported noise-reducing factors. We assessed associations for hypertension and BP with multi-Exposure logistic and linear regression models, respectively.; Median levels were 27.1 dB(A) (indoor Lnight), 56.7 dB(A) (outdoor Lnight), and 26.8 μg/m3 (NO2). Spearman correlations between outdoor and indoor Lnight with NO2 were 0.75 and 0.23, respectively. Indoor Lnight was associated both with hypertension (OR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.13) and SBP (β = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.29, 1.15) per 5 dB(A); and NO2 was associated with hypertension (OR = 1.16; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.36), SBP (β = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.21, 2.25), and DBP (β⊇= 0.56; 95% CI: -0.03, 1.14) per 10 μg/m3. In the outdoor noise model, Lnight was associated only with hypertension and NO2 with BP only. The indoor noise-SBP association was stronger and statistically significant with a threshold at 30 dB(A).; Long-Term Exposure to indoor traffic noise was associated with prevalent hypertension and SBP, independently of NO2. Associations were less consistent for outdoor traffic Lnight and likely affected by collinearity.

  • association of long Term Exposure to traffic related air pollution with blood pressure and hypertension in an adult population based cohort in spain the regicor study
    Environmental Health Perspectives, 2014
    Co-Authors: Maria Foraster, Inmaculada Aguilera, Marcela Rivera, David Agis, Laura Bouso, Alexandre Deltell, Jaume Marrugat, Rafel Ramos, Xavier Basagana, Jordi Sunyer
    Abstract:

    Background: Long-Term Exposure to traffic-related air pollution may increase blood pressure (BP) and induce hypertension. However, evidence supporting these associations is limited, and they may be...

  • apheis health impact assessment of long Term Exposure to pm 2 5 in 23 european cities
    European Journal of Epidemiology, 2006
    Co-Authors: Elena Boldo, Sylvia Medina, Alain Le Tertre, Fintan Hurley, Hansguido Mucke, Ferran Ballester, Inmaculada Aguilera
    Abstract:

    Introduction: Apheis aims to provide European decision makers, environmental-health professionals and the general public with up-to-date and easy-to-use information on air pollution (AP) and public health (PH). In the Apheis-3 phase we quantified the PH impact of long-Term Exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 lm) in Terms of attributable number of deaths and the potential gain in life expectancy in 23 European cities. Methods: We followed the World Health Organization (WHO) methodology for Health Impact Assessment (HIA) and the Apheis guidelines for data collection and analysis. We used the programme created by PSAS-9 for attributable-cases calculations and the WHO software AirQ to estimate the potential gain in life expectancy. For most cities, PM2.5 levels were calcu- lated from PM10 measurements using a local or European conversion factor. Results: The HIA esti- mated that 16,926 premature deaths from all causes, including 11,612 cardiopulmonary deaths and 1901 lung-cancer deaths, could be prevented annually if long-Term Exposure to PM2.5 levels were reduced to 15 lg/m 3 in each city. Equivalently, this reduction would increase life expectancy at age 30 by a range between one month and more than two years in the Apheis cities. Conclusions: In addition to the number of attributable cases, our HIA has estimated the po- tential gain in life expectancy for long-Term Exposure to fine particles, contributing to a better quantifica- tion of the impact of AP on PH in Europe.

  • apheis health impact assessment of long Term Exposure to pm 2 5 in 23 european cities
    European Journal of Epidemiology, 2006
    Co-Authors: Elena Boldo, Sylvia Medina, Alain Le Tertre, Fintan Hurley, Hansguido Mucke, Ferran Ballester, Inmaculada Aguilera
    Abstract:

    Introduction Apheis aims to provide European decision makers, environmental-health professionals and the general public with up-to-date and easy-to-use information on air pollution (AP) and public health (PH). In the Apheis-3 phase we quantified the PH impact of long-Term Exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter < 2.5 μm) in Terms of attributable number of deaths and the potential gain in life expectancy in 23 European cities.

Petter Ljungman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • long Term Exposure to particulate air pollution black carbon and their source components in relation to ischemic heart disease and stroke
    Environmental Health Perspectives, 2019
    Co-Authors: Petter Ljungman, Niklas Andersson, Leo Stockfelt, Eva Andersson, Johan Nilsson Sommar, Kristina Eneroth, Lars Gidhagen, Christer Johansson, Anton Lager
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND: Long-Term Exposure to particulate matter (PM) in ambient air has been associated with cardiovascular mortality, but few studies have considered incident disease in relation to PM from d ...

  • Short-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation: The Framingham Heart Study.
    Arteriosclerosis thrombosis and vascular biology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Kirsten S. Dorans, Petter Ljungman, Elissa H Wilker, Mary B Rice, Joel Schwartz, Diane R Gold, Petros Koutrakis, Brent A. Coull, John F. Keaney
    Abstract:

    Objective—The objective of this study is to examine associations between short-Term Exposure to ambient air pollution and circulating biomarkers of systemic inflammation in participants from the Fr...

  • short Term Exposure to air pollution and digital vascular function
    American Journal of Epidemiology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Petter Ljungman, Elissa H Wilker, Mary B Rice, Joel Schwartz, Diane R Gold, Petros Koutrakis, Joseph A Vita, Gary F Mitchell, Ramachandran S Vasan, Emelia J Benjamin
    Abstract:

    We investigated associations between ambient air pollution and microvessel function measured by peripheral arterial tonometry between 2003 and 2008 in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring and Third Generation Cohorts. We measured particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5), black carbon, sulfates, particle number, nitrogen oxides, and ozone by using fixed monitors, and we deTermined moving averages for 1–7 days preceding vascular testing. We examined associations between these Exposures and hyperemic response to ischemia and baseline pulse amplitude, a measure of arterial tone (n = 2,369). Higher short-Term Exposure to air pollutants, including PM2.5, black carbon, and particle number was associated with higher baseline pulse amplitude. For example, higher 3-day average PM2.5 Exposure was associated with 6.3% higher baseline pulse amplitude (95% confidence interval: 2.0, 10.9). However, there were no consistent associations between the air pollution Exposures assessed and hyperemic response. Our findings in a community-based sample exposed to relatively low pollution levels suggest that short-Term Exposure to ambient particulate pollution is not associated with vasodilator response, but that particulate air pollution is associated with baseline pulse amplitude, suggesting potentially adverse alterations in baseline vascular tone or compliance.

  • relation of long Term Exposure to air pollution to brachial artery flow mediated dilation and reactive hyperemia
    American Journal of Cardiology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Petter Ljungman, Elissa H Wilker, Mary B Rice, Joel Schwartz, Diane R Gold, Itai Kloog, Petros Koutrakis
    Abstract:

    Long-Term Exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Impaired vascular responses may, in part, explain these findings, but the association of such long-Term Exposure with measures of both conduit artery and microvascular function has not been widely reported. We evaluated the association between residential proximity to a major roadway (primary or secondary highway) and spatially resolved average fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and baseline brachial artery diameter and mean flow velocity, flow-mediated dilation%, and hyperemic flow velocity, in the Framingham Offspring and Third Generation Cohorts. We examined 5,112 participants (2,731 [53%] women, mean age 49 ± 14 years). Spatially resolved average PM 2.5 was associated with lower flow-mediated dilation% and hyperemic flow velocity. An interquartile range difference in PM 2.5 (1.99 μg/m 3 ) was associated with −0.16% (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.27%, −0.05%) lower flow-mediated dilation% and −0.72 (95% CI −1.38, −0.06) cm/s lower hyperemic flow velocity%. Residential proximity to a major roadway was negatively associated with flow-mediated dilation%. Compared with living ≥400 m away, living 2.5 at participant residences are associated with impaired conduit artery and microvascular function in this large community-based cohort of middle-aged and elderly adults.

  • short Term Exposure to air pollution and lung function in the framingham heart study
    American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2013
    Co-Authors: Mary B Rice, Petter Ljungman, Elissa H Wilker, Joel Schwartz, Diane R Gold, Petros Koutrakis, George R Washko, George T Oconnor, Murray A Mittleman
    Abstract:

    Rationale: Short-Term Exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with lower lung function. Few studies have examined whether these associations are detectable at relatively low levels of pollution within current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards.Objectives: To examine Exposure to ambient air pollutants within EPA standards and lung function in a large cohort study.Methods: We included 3,262 participants of the Framingham Offspring and Third Generation cohorts living within 40 km of the Harvard Supersite monitor in Boston, Massachusetts (5,358 examinations, 1995–2011) who were not current smokers, with previous-day pollutant levels in compliance with EPA standards. We compared lung function (FEV1 and FVC) after previous-day Exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) in the “moderate” range of the EPA Air Quality Index to Exposure in the “good” range. We also examined linear relationships between moving averages o...

Petros Koutrakis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Metabolomic signatures of the long-Term Exposure to air pollution and temperature
    Environmental Health, 2021
    Co-Authors: Feiby L. Nassan, Pantel S. Vokonas, Petros Koutrakis, Rachel S. Kelly, Anna Kosheleva, Jessica A. Lasky-su, Joel D. Schwartz
    Abstract:

    Background Long-Term Exposures to air pollution has been reported to be associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Objectives We aimed to deTermine the changes in the blood metabolome and thus the metabolic pathways associated with long-Term Exposure to outdoor air pollution and ambient temperature. Methods We quantified metabolites using mass-spectrometry based global untargeted metabolomic profiling of plasma samples among men from the Normative Aging Study (NAS). We estimated the association between long-Term Exposure to PM_2.5, NO_2, O_3, and temperature (annual average of central site monitors) with metabolites and their associated metabolic pathways. We used multivariable linear mixed-effect regression models (LMEM) while simultaneously adjusting for the four Exposures and potential confounding and correcting for multiple testing. As a reduction method for the intercorrelated metabolites (outcome), we further used an independent component analysis (ICA) and conducted LMEM with the same Exposures. Results Men ( N  = 456) provided 648 blood samples between 2000 and 2016 in which 1158 metabolites were quantified. On average, men were 75.0 years and had an average body mass index of 27.7 kg/m^2. Almost all men (97%) were not current smokers. The adjusted analysis showed statistically significant associations with several metabolites (58 metabolites with PM_2.5, 15 metabolites with NO_2, and 6 metabolites with temperature) while no metabolites were associated with O_3. One out of five ICA factors (factor 2) was significantly associated with PM_2.5. We identified eight perturbed metabolic pathways with long-Term Exposure to PM_2.5 and temperature: glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, glutathione, beta-alanine, propanoate, and purine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. These pathways are related to inflammation, oxidative stress, immunity, and nucleic acid damage and repair. Conclusions Using a global untargeted metabolomic approach, we identified several significant metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with long-Term Exposure to PM_2.5, NO_2 and temperature. This study is the largest metabolomics study of long-Term air pollution, to date, the first study to report a metabolomic signature of long-Term temperature Exposure, and the first to use ICA in the analysis of both.

  • short Term Exposure to fine particulate matter and hospital admission risks and costs in the medicare population time stratified case crossover study
    BMJ, 2019
    Co-Authors: Yaguang Wei, Petros Koutrakis, Yan Wang, Francesca Dominici, Christine Choirat, Yun Wang, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel Schwartz
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objective To assess risks and costs of hospital admission associated with short Term Exposure to fine particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) for 214 mutually exclusive disease groups. Design Time stratified, case crossover analyses with conditional logistic regressions adjusted for non-linear confounding effects of meteorological variables. Setting Medicare inpatient hospital claims in the United States, 2000-12 (n=95 277 169). Participants All Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries aged 65 or older admitted to hospital. Main outcome measures Risk of hospital admission, number of admissions, days in hospital, inpatient and post-acute care costs, and value of statistical life (that is, the economic value used to measure the cost of avoiding a death) due to the lives lost at discharge for 214 disease groups. Results Positive associations between short Term Exposure to PM2.5 and risk of hospital admission were found for several prevalent but rarely studied diseases, such as septicemia, fluid and electrolyte disorders, and acute and unspecified renal failure. Positive associations were also found between risk of hospital admission and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, phlebitis, thrombophlebitis, and thromboembolism, confirming previously published results. These associations remained consistent when restricted to days with a daily PM2.5 concentration below the WHO air quality guideline for the 24 hour average Exposure to PM2.5. For the rarely studied diseases, each 1 µg/m3 increase in short Term PM2.5 was associated with an annual increase of 2050 hospital admissions (95% confidence interval 1914 to 2187 admissions), 12 216 days in hospital (11 358 to 13 075), US$31m (£24m, €28m; $29m to $34m) in inpatient and post-acute care costs, and $2.5bn ($2.0bn to $2.9bn) in value of statistical life. For diseases with a previously known association, each 1 µg/m3 increase in short Term Exposure to PM2.5 was associated with an annual increase of 3642 hospital admissions (3434 to 3851), 20 098 days in hospital (18 950 to 21 247), $69m ($65m to $73m) in inpatient and post-acute care costs, and $4.1bn ($3.5bn to $4.7bn) in value of statistical life. Conclusions New causes and previously identified causes of hospital admission associated with short Term Exposure to PM2.5 were found. These associations remained even at a daily PM2.5 concentration below the WHO 24 hour guideline. Substantial economic costs were linked to a small increase in short Term PM2.5.

  • Short-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation: The Framingham Heart Study.
    Arteriosclerosis thrombosis and vascular biology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Kirsten S. Dorans, Petter Ljungman, Elissa H Wilker, Mary B Rice, Joel Schwartz, Diane R Gold, Petros Koutrakis, Brent A. Coull, John F. Keaney
    Abstract:

    Objective—The objective of this study is to examine associations between short-Term Exposure to ambient air pollution and circulating biomarkers of systemic inflammation in participants from the Fr...

  • long Term Exposure to fine particulate matter residential proximity to major roads and measures of brain structure
    Stroke, 2015
    Co-Authors: Elissa H Wilker, Joel Schwartz, Itai Kloog, Sarah R Preis, Alexa Beiser, Philip A Wolf, Petros Koutrakis
    Abstract:

    Background and Purpose—Long-Term Exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with cerebrovascular disease and cognitive impairment, but whether it is related to structural changes in the brain is not clear. We examined the associations between residential long-Term Exposure to ambient air pollution and markers of brain aging using magnetic resonance imaging. Methods—Framingham Offspring Study participants who attended the seventh examination were at least 60 years old and free of dementia and stroke were included. We evaluated associations between Exposures (fine particulate matter [PM2.5] and residential proximity to major roadways) and measures of total cerebral brain volume, hippocampal volume, white matter hyperintensity volume (log-transformed and extensive white matter hyperintensity volume for age), and covert brain infarcts. Models were adjusted for age, clinical covariates, indicators of socioeconomic position, and temporal trends. Results—A 2-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with −0.32...

  • short Term Exposure to air pollution and digital vascular function
    American Journal of Epidemiology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Petter Ljungman, Elissa H Wilker, Mary B Rice, Joel Schwartz, Diane R Gold, Petros Koutrakis, Joseph A Vita, Gary F Mitchell, Ramachandran S Vasan, Emelia J Benjamin
    Abstract:

    We investigated associations between ambient air pollution and microvessel function measured by peripheral arterial tonometry between 2003 and 2008 in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring and Third Generation Cohorts. We measured particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5), black carbon, sulfates, particle number, nitrogen oxides, and ozone by using fixed monitors, and we deTermined moving averages for 1–7 days preceding vascular testing. We examined associations between these Exposures and hyperemic response to ischemia and baseline pulse amplitude, a measure of arterial tone (n = 2,369). Higher short-Term Exposure to air pollutants, including PM2.5, black carbon, and particle number was associated with higher baseline pulse amplitude. For example, higher 3-day average PM2.5 Exposure was associated with 6.3% higher baseline pulse amplitude (95% confidence interval: 2.0, 10.9). However, there were no consistent associations between the air pollution Exposures assessed and hyperemic response. Our findings in a community-based sample exposed to relatively low pollution levels suggest that short-Term Exposure to ambient particulate pollution is not associated with vasodilator response, but that particulate air pollution is associated with baseline pulse amplitude, suggesting potentially adverse alterations in baseline vascular tone or compliance.