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Marilyn S. Sommers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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understanding rates of Genital anal Injury role of skin color and skin biomechanics
Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Marilyn S. Sommers, Janine S. Everett, Yadira Regueira, Deborah Tiller, Kathleen M Brown, Emily Brignone, Jamison D. FargoAbstract:Abstract Purpose A series of studies suggest that non-Hispanic White women have significantly more injuries than non-Hispanic Black women after sexual assault and consensual sexual intercourse. One explanation for this difference is that the degree of skin protection may vary as skin mechanics and skin pigmentation vary. The aim of the study was to determine the association among Genital-anal Injury, skin color, skin viscoelasticity and skin hydration in women following consensual sexual intercourse when controlling for age, smoking history, body mass index (BMI), sun exposure, and health status. Procedures We employed a prospective cohort study design to enroll women 21 years of age or older at two study sites. They underwent two data collection sessions, baseline and follow-up after consensual sexual intercourse. Baseline Genital-anal Injury identification occurred with a standard forensic examination (direct visualization, nuclear staining with toluidine blue contrast, and colposcopy examination) and measurements of other variables (skin color, skin viscoelasticity, skin hydration, age, smoking history, body mass index [BMI], sun exposure, and health status). Participants were then asked to have consensual sexual intercourse with a male partner of their choice and to return for a second forensic examination for Injury detection. Genital-anal Injury was regressed on skin color, skin viscoelasticity, skin hydration, age, smoking history, BMI, sun exposure, and health status. Findings We enrolled 341 participants, 88 non-Hispanic White (25.8%), 54 non-Hispanic Black (15.8%), 190 Hispanic/Latina (55.7), and 9 Other Identities (2.6%). At baseline the Genital-anal Injury prevalence was 57.77% and at follow-up after consensual sexual intercourse, Injury prevalence was 72.73%. External Genital Injury prevalence was associated with increased L* (lightness) values (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.98, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.03, 4.04) and decreased skin elasticity (AOR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.93, 0.99) at baseline. Increased skin hydration was associated with a significantly higher frequency of external, internal, anal, and total Genital-anal injuries (Adjusted Rate Ratio [ARR] > 1.27) at follow-up. Also at the follow-up examination, Hispanic/Latina participants had significantly lower external Genital and total Genital-anal Injury prevalence and frequency as compared to non-Hispanic White participants (AOR Conclusions Our findings provide qualified support for the importance of skin color during the forensic examination. Women with lighter skin tones may have skin that is more easily injured than women with darker tones. In contrast, external Genital injuries may be more easily identified in women with light as compared to dark skin, a situation that is important in both the health care and criminal justice systems. Additionally, women with decreased viscoelasticity and increased hydration may be more easily injured. These findings support the need to develop forensic procedures that are effective in people across the range of skin colors and to interpret forensic findings considering the innate properties of the skin.
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Factors protecting skin from Injury: relationships between age, skin colour and skin elasticity
Injury Prevention, 2010Co-Authors: Janine S. Everett, Jamison D. Fargo, Marilyn S. SommersAbstract:Aims Our work demonstrates that after both rape and consensual sexual intercourse, women with light skin have higher ano-Genital Injury prevalence than women with dark skin. These findings suggest that the mechanical properties of dark skin may be more protective than those of light skin. If these findings are generalisable, they may have an impact on criminal justice proceedings, where Injury from rapes is linked with successful legal outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in skin elasticity between females with dark skin, as compared to those with light skin. Methods We enrolled 52 healthy female participants ≤18 years (M=30.8; SD=12.3), with a variety of ethnic backgrounds in a cross-sectional descriptive study, we measured skin colour (L*=light/dark; a*=red/green; b*=yellow/blue) by means of spectrophotometry. We measured skin elasticity variables (eg, skin deformation, elasticity and recovery) with a Cutometer MPA580. Results Skin colour L* values ranged from 796.96–7 229.33 (M=6238.96; SD=1116). While the correlation between skin colour and skin elasticity was insignificant (r=0.14), a statistically significant inverse relationship was found between age and skin elasticity (r 2 =−0.62, p Conclusions The strong inverse relationship of age and skin elasticity indicates an increased risk of skin Injury as women age. This data did not support the theory that skin elasticity is associated with colour. Study limitations include a disproportionate number of participants ≤25 years, with light skin, and self-identifying as White/Caucasian. Future work will include a larger sample, with greater parity across ages, race/ethnicities, and skin colours.
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Injury from rape and consensual sexual intercourse: role of skin colour and time to exam
Injury Prevention, 2010Co-Authors: Marilyn S. Sommers, Janine S. Everett, Jamison D. FargoAbstract:Rape is a global health risk for women. We are exploring the role of skin colour in the management of rape Injury. Aims (1) to estimate the prevalence of Genital Injury after consensual sexual intercourse (CSI); (2) to determine whether Injury prevalence varies by ethnicity and skin colour; (3) to evaluate whether recent (≤24 h) CSI increases Injury from baseline. Methods A cross-sectional design was used for phase I (n=120) and repeated measures design for phase II (n=38). In phase I, participants underwent a forensic exam following CSI, and in phase II participants had a baseline exam, followed by CSI and a follow-up exam. Results In phase I, 55% of the sample had ≤1 Genital Injury; percentages significantly differed for White (68%) and Black (43%) participants (p=.02). While ethnicity was a significant predictor of Injury occurrence (OR=3.15; RR=2.94), skin colour confounded the original relationship between ethnicity and Injury. In phase II, change in Genital Injury prevalence and frequency from exam 1 to 2 was modelled using logistic and negative binomial regression. Outcomes included specific Injury type and observation of any Injury during exam 2. Injury observed during examination 1 was the key predictor, adjusted for age, ethnicity, time since intercourse, duration of intercourse, degree of lubrication, frequency of intercourse, number of lifetime partners and skin colour. Results showed significant increases in redness as well as increased frequency of any external Genital Injury. Conclusions The rape forensic examination should be sensitive to skin colour, time since last intercourse, and baseline Injury.
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Comparison of methods for identifying ano-Genital Injury after consensual intercourse.
The Journal of emergency medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Therese M. Zink, Jamison D. Fargo, Rachel B. Baker, Carole Buschur, Bonnie S. Fisher, Marilyn S. SommersAbstract:Background: Microtrauma occurs after consensual intercourse. Understanding the Injury pattern from consensual intercourse may enlighten our understanding of the ano-Genital Injury after sexual assault. Objective: The purpose of this report is to compare consensual intercourse-related ano-Genital Injury prevalence by using three different forensic examination techniques: 1) direct visual inspection, 2) colposcopy, and 3) toluidine-blue contrast application. Methods: Using a descriptive, comparative design, 120 female volunteers, aged 21 years or older, were examined after consensual sexual intercourse using the above techniques. Ano-Genital injuries were noted using the TEARS classification (Tears, Ecchymoses, Abrasions, Redness, and Swelling). Results: Direct visualization and colposcopy yielded similar ano-Genital Injury findings. However, more tears and abrasions of the external Genitalia were identified with toluidine-blue than with direct visual inspection or colposcopy (p < 0.05). More tears were identified on the anus with toluidine-blue as compared to direct visualization (p < 0.05), but not colposcopy. Fewer ecchymoses were identified on the internal Genitalia and fewer areas of redness were identified on both the external and internal Genitalia when toluidine-blue was used, as compared to either direct visualization or colposcopy (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The scientific community needs to continue to build information about ano-Genital Injury prevalence after consensual sexual intercourse. Understanding the ano-Genital Injury patterns, including frequency and prevalence, that occur with consensual sexual intercourse will help to identify the difference between Injury related to consensual vs. non-consensual sexual intercourse. At this time, toluidine-blue staining may add value to the sexual assault forensic examination. It is the health care provider's role to collect all possible evidence and the courts' role to determine what evidence is admissible and to ensure a rightful conviction.
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forensic sexual assault examination and Genital Injury is skin color a source of health disparity
American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2008Co-Authors: Marilyn S. Sommers, Jamison D. Fargo, Therese M. Zink, Rachel B. Baker, Carol Buschur, Donna Shambleyebron, Bonnie S. FisherAbstract:Purpose The study objectives were to (1) estimate the frequency, prevalence, type, and location of anoGenital Injury in black and white women after consensual sex and (2) investigate the role of skin color in the detection of Injury during the forensic sexual assault examination.
Jamison D. Fargo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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understanding rates of Genital anal Injury role of skin color and skin biomechanics
Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Marilyn S. Sommers, Janine S. Everett, Yadira Regueira, Deborah Tiller, Kathleen M Brown, Emily Brignone, Jamison D. FargoAbstract:Abstract Purpose A series of studies suggest that non-Hispanic White women have significantly more injuries than non-Hispanic Black women after sexual assault and consensual sexual intercourse. One explanation for this difference is that the degree of skin protection may vary as skin mechanics and skin pigmentation vary. The aim of the study was to determine the association among Genital-anal Injury, skin color, skin viscoelasticity and skin hydration in women following consensual sexual intercourse when controlling for age, smoking history, body mass index (BMI), sun exposure, and health status. Procedures We employed a prospective cohort study design to enroll women 21 years of age or older at two study sites. They underwent two data collection sessions, baseline and follow-up after consensual sexual intercourse. Baseline Genital-anal Injury identification occurred with a standard forensic examination (direct visualization, nuclear staining with toluidine blue contrast, and colposcopy examination) and measurements of other variables (skin color, skin viscoelasticity, skin hydration, age, smoking history, body mass index [BMI], sun exposure, and health status). Participants were then asked to have consensual sexual intercourse with a male partner of their choice and to return for a second forensic examination for Injury detection. Genital-anal Injury was regressed on skin color, skin viscoelasticity, skin hydration, age, smoking history, BMI, sun exposure, and health status. Findings We enrolled 341 participants, 88 non-Hispanic White (25.8%), 54 non-Hispanic Black (15.8%), 190 Hispanic/Latina (55.7), and 9 Other Identities (2.6%). At baseline the Genital-anal Injury prevalence was 57.77% and at follow-up after consensual sexual intercourse, Injury prevalence was 72.73%. External Genital Injury prevalence was associated with increased L* (lightness) values (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.98, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.03, 4.04) and decreased skin elasticity (AOR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.93, 0.99) at baseline. Increased skin hydration was associated with a significantly higher frequency of external, internal, anal, and total Genital-anal injuries (Adjusted Rate Ratio [ARR] > 1.27) at follow-up. Also at the follow-up examination, Hispanic/Latina participants had significantly lower external Genital and total Genital-anal Injury prevalence and frequency as compared to non-Hispanic White participants (AOR Conclusions Our findings provide qualified support for the importance of skin color during the forensic examination. Women with lighter skin tones may have skin that is more easily injured than women with darker tones. In contrast, external Genital injuries may be more easily identified in women with light as compared to dark skin, a situation that is important in both the health care and criminal justice systems. Additionally, women with decreased viscoelasticity and increased hydration may be more easily injured. These findings support the need to develop forensic procedures that are effective in people across the range of skin colors and to interpret forensic findings considering the innate properties of the skin.
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Factors protecting skin from Injury: relationships between age, skin colour and skin elasticity
Injury Prevention, 2010Co-Authors: Janine S. Everett, Jamison D. Fargo, Marilyn S. SommersAbstract:Aims Our work demonstrates that after both rape and consensual sexual intercourse, women with light skin have higher ano-Genital Injury prevalence than women with dark skin. These findings suggest that the mechanical properties of dark skin may be more protective than those of light skin. If these findings are generalisable, they may have an impact on criminal justice proceedings, where Injury from rapes is linked with successful legal outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in skin elasticity between females with dark skin, as compared to those with light skin. Methods We enrolled 52 healthy female participants ≤18 years (M=30.8; SD=12.3), with a variety of ethnic backgrounds in a cross-sectional descriptive study, we measured skin colour (L*=light/dark; a*=red/green; b*=yellow/blue) by means of spectrophotometry. We measured skin elasticity variables (eg, skin deformation, elasticity and recovery) with a Cutometer MPA580. Results Skin colour L* values ranged from 796.96–7 229.33 (M=6238.96; SD=1116). While the correlation between skin colour and skin elasticity was insignificant (r=0.14), a statistically significant inverse relationship was found between age and skin elasticity (r 2 =−0.62, p Conclusions The strong inverse relationship of age and skin elasticity indicates an increased risk of skin Injury as women age. This data did not support the theory that skin elasticity is associated with colour. Study limitations include a disproportionate number of participants ≤25 years, with light skin, and self-identifying as White/Caucasian. Future work will include a larger sample, with greater parity across ages, race/ethnicities, and skin colours.
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Injury from rape and consensual sexual intercourse: role of skin colour and time to exam
Injury Prevention, 2010Co-Authors: Marilyn S. Sommers, Janine S. Everett, Jamison D. FargoAbstract:Rape is a global health risk for women. We are exploring the role of skin colour in the management of rape Injury. Aims (1) to estimate the prevalence of Genital Injury after consensual sexual intercourse (CSI); (2) to determine whether Injury prevalence varies by ethnicity and skin colour; (3) to evaluate whether recent (≤24 h) CSI increases Injury from baseline. Methods A cross-sectional design was used for phase I (n=120) and repeated measures design for phase II (n=38). In phase I, participants underwent a forensic exam following CSI, and in phase II participants had a baseline exam, followed by CSI and a follow-up exam. Results In phase I, 55% of the sample had ≤1 Genital Injury; percentages significantly differed for White (68%) and Black (43%) participants (p=.02). While ethnicity was a significant predictor of Injury occurrence (OR=3.15; RR=2.94), skin colour confounded the original relationship between ethnicity and Injury. In phase II, change in Genital Injury prevalence and frequency from exam 1 to 2 was modelled using logistic and negative binomial regression. Outcomes included specific Injury type and observation of any Injury during exam 2. Injury observed during examination 1 was the key predictor, adjusted for age, ethnicity, time since intercourse, duration of intercourse, degree of lubrication, frequency of intercourse, number of lifetime partners and skin colour. Results showed significant increases in redness as well as increased frequency of any external Genital Injury. Conclusions The rape forensic examination should be sensitive to skin colour, time since last intercourse, and baseline Injury.
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Comparison of methods for identifying ano-Genital Injury after consensual intercourse.
The Journal of emergency medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Therese M. Zink, Jamison D. Fargo, Rachel B. Baker, Carole Buschur, Bonnie S. Fisher, Marilyn S. SommersAbstract:Background: Microtrauma occurs after consensual intercourse. Understanding the Injury pattern from consensual intercourse may enlighten our understanding of the ano-Genital Injury after sexual assault. Objective: The purpose of this report is to compare consensual intercourse-related ano-Genital Injury prevalence by using three different forensic examination techniques: 1) direct visual inspection, 2) colposcopy, and 3) toluidine-blue contrast application. Methods: Using a descriptive, comparative design, 120 female volunteers, aged 21 years or older, were examined after consensual sexual intercourse using the above techniques. Ano-Genital injuries were noted using the TEARS classification (Tears, Ecchymoses, Abrasions, Redness, and Swelling). Results: Direct visualization and colposcopy yielded similar ano-Genital Injury findings. However, more tears and abrasions of the external Genitalia were identified with toluidine-blue than with direct visual inspection or colposcopy (p < 0.05). More tears were identified on the anus with toluidine-blue as compared to direct visualization (p < 0.05), but not colposcopy. Fewer ecchymoses were identified on the internal Genitalia and fewer areas of redness were identified on both the external and internal Genitalia when toluidine-blue was used, as compared to either direct visualization or colposcopy (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The scientific community needs to continue to build information about ano-Genital Injury prevalence after consensual sexual intercourse. Understanding the ano-Genital Injury patterns, including frequency and prevalence, that occur with consensual sexual intercourse will help to identify the difference between Injury related to consensual vs. non-consensual sexual intercourse. At this time, toluidine-blue staining may add value to the sexual assault forensic examination. It is the health care provider's role to collect all possible evidence and the courts' role to determine what evidence is admissible and to ensure a rightful conviction.
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forensic sexual assault examination and Genital Injury is skin color a source of health disparity
American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2008Co-Authors: Marilyn S. Sommers, Jamison D. Fargo, Therese M. Zink, Rachel B. Baker, Carol Buschur, Donna Shambleyebron, Bonnie S. FisherAbstract:Purpose The study objectives were to (1) estimate the frequency, prevalence, type, and location of anoGenital Injury in black and white women after consensual sex and (2) investigate the role of skin color in the detection of Injury during the forensic sexual assault examination.
Janine S. Everett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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understanding rates of Genital anal Injury role of skin color and skin biomechanics
Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Marilyn S. Sommers, Janine S. Everett, Yadira Regueira, Deborah Tiller, Kathleen M Brown, Emily Brignone, Jamison D. FargoAbstract:Abstract Purpose A series of studies suggest that non-Hispanic White women have significantly more injuries than non-Hispanic Black women after sexual assault and consensual sexual intercourse. One explanation for this difference is that the degree of skin protection may vary as skin mechanics and skin pigmentation vary. The aim of the study was to determine the association among Genital-anal Injury, skin color, skin viscoelasticity and skin hydration in women following consensual sexual intercourse when controlling for age, smoking history, body mass index (BMI), sun exposure, and health status. Procedures We employed a prospective cohort study design to enroll women 21 years of age or older at two study sites. They underwent two data collection sessions, baseline and follow-up after consensual sexual intercourse. Baseline Genital-anal Injury identification occurred with a standard forensic examination (direct visualization, nuclear staining with toluidine blue contrast, and colposcopy examination) and measurements of other variables (skin color, skin viscoelasticity, skin hydration, age, smoking history, body mass index [BMI], sun exposure, and health status). Participants were then asked to have consensual sexual intercourse with a male partner of their choice and to return for a second forensic examination for Injury detection. Genital-anal Injury was regressed on skin color, skin viscoelasticity, skin hydration, age, smoking history, BMI, sun exposure, and health status. Findings We enrolled 341 participants, 88 non-Hispanic White (25.8%), 54 non-Hispanic Black (15.8%), 190 Hispanic/Latina (55.7), and 9 Other Identities (2.6%). At baseline the Genital-anal Injury prevalence was 57.77% and at follow-up after consensual sexual intercourse, Injury prevalence was 72.73%. External Genital Injury prevalence was associated with increased L* (lightness) values (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.98, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.03, 4.04) and decreased skin elasticity (AOR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.93, 0.99) at baseline. Increased skin hydration was associated with a significantly higher frequency of external, internal, anal, and total Genital-anal injuries (Adjusted Rate Ratio [ARR] > 1.27) at follow-up. Also at the follow-up examination, Hispanic/Latina participants had significantly lower external Genital and total Genital-anal Injury prevalence and frequency as compared to non-Hispanic White participants (AOR Conclusions Our findings provide qualified support for the importance of skin color during the forensic examination. Women with lighter skin tones may have skin that is more easily injured than women with darker tones. In contrast, external Genital injuries may be more easily identified in women with light as compared to dark skin, a situation that is important in both the health care and criminal justice systems. Additionally, women with decreased viscoelasticity and increased hydration may be more easily injured. These findings support the need to develop forensic procedures that are effective in people across the range of skin colors and to interpret forensic findings considering the innate properties of the skin.
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Factors protecting skin from Injury: relationships between age, skin colour and skin elasticity
Injury Prevention, 2010Co-Authors: Janine S. Everett, Jamison D. Fargo, Marilyn S. SommersAbstract:Aims Our work demonstrates that after both rape and consensual sexual intercourse, women with light skin have higher ano-Genital Injury prevalence than women with dark skin. These findings suggest that the mechanical properties of dark skin may be more protective than those of light skin. If these findings are generalisable, they may have an impact on criminal justice proceedings, where Injury from rapes is linked with successful legal outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in skin elasticity between females with dark skin, as compared to those with light skin. Methods We enrolled 52 healthy female participants ≤18 years (M=30.8; SD=12.3), with a variety of ethnic backgrounds in a cross-sectional descriptive study, we measured skin colour (L*=light/dark; a*=red/green; b*=yellow/blue) by means of spectrophotometry. We measured skin elasticity variables (eg, skin deformation, elasticity and recovery) with a Cutometer MPA580. Results Skin colour L* values ranged from 796.96–7 229.33 (M=6238.96; SD=1116). While the correlation between skin colour and skin elasticity was insignificant (r=0.14), a statistically significant inverse relationship was found between age and skin elasticity (r 2 =−0.62, p Conclusions The strong inverse relationship of age and skin elasticity indicates an increased risk of skin Injury as women age. This data did not support the theory that skin elasticity is associated with colour. Study limitations include a disproportionate number of participants ≤25 years, with light skin, and self-identifying as White/Caucasian. Future work will include a larger sample, with greater parity across ages, race/ethnicities, and skin colours.
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Injury from rape and consensual sexual intercourse: role of skin colour and time to exam
Injury Prevention, 2010Co-Authors: Marilyn S. Sommers, Janine S. Everett, Jamison D. FargoAbstract:Rape is a global health risk for women. We are exploring the role of skin colour in the management of rape Injury. Aims (1) to estimate the prevalence of Genital Injury after consensual sexual intercourse (CSI); (2) to determine whether Injury prevalence varies by ethnicity and skin colour; (3) to evaluate whether recent (≤24 h) CSI increases Injury from baseline. Methods A cross-sectional design was used for phase I (n=120) and repeated measures design for phase II (n=38). In phase I, participants underwent a forensic exam following CSI, and in phase II participants had a baseline exam, followed by CSI and a follow-up exam. Results In phase I, 55% of the sample had ≤1 Genital Injury; percentages significantly differed for White (68%) and Black (43%) participants (p=.02). While ethnicity was a significant predictor of Injury occurrence (OR=3.15; RR=2.94), skin colour confounded the original relationship between ethnicity and Injury. In phase II, change in Genital Injury prevalence and frequency from exam 1 to 2 was modelled using logistic and negative binomial regression. Outcomes included specific Injury type and observation of any Injury during exam 2. Injury observed during examination 1 was the key predictor, adjusted for age, ethnicity, time since intercourse, duration of intercourse, degree of lubrication, frequency of intercourse, number of lifetime partners and skin colour. Results showed significant increases in redness as well as increased frequency of any external Genital Injury. Conclusions The rape forensic examination should be sensitive to skin colour, time since last intercourse, and baseline Injury.
Iain Mclean - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Female Genital injuries resulting from consensual and non-consensual vaginal intercourse.
Forensic science international, 2010Co-Authors: Iain Mclean, Stephen A Roberts, Cath White, Sheila PaulAbstract:The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of Genital Injury following penile-vaginal penetration with and without consent. This study compared observations of Genital injuries from two cohorts. Participants were drawn from St. Mary's Sexual Assault Referral Centre and a general practice surgery in Manchester, and a general practice surgery in Buckinghamshire. Two cohorts were recruited: a retrospective cohort of 500 complainants referred to a specialist Sexual Assault Referral Centre (the Cases) and 68 women recruited at the time of their routine cervical smear test who had recently had sexual intercourse (the Comparison group). Presence of Genital injuries. 22.8% (n=00, 95% CI 19.2-26.7) of adult complainants of penile-vaginal rape by a single assailant sustained an Injury to the Genitalia that was visible within 48h of the incident. This was approximately three times more than the 5.9% (n=68, 95% CI 1.6-14.4) of women who sustained a Genital Injury during consensual sex. This was a statistically significant difference (a<0.05, p=0.0007). Factors such as hormonal status, position during intercourse, criminal justice outcome, relationship to assailant, and the locations, sizes and types of injuries were also considered but the only factor associated with Injury was the relationship with the complainant, with an increased risk of Injury if the assailant was known to the complainant (p=0.019). Most complainants of rape (n=500, 77%, 95% CI 73-81%) will not sustain any Genital Injury, although women are three times more likely to sustain a Genital Injury from an assault than consensual intercourse. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Female Genital injuries resulting from consensual and non-consensual vaginal intercourse
Forensic Science International, 2010Co-Authors: Iain Mclean, Stephen A Roberts, Caroline White, Sheila PaulAbstract:OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of Genital Injury following penile-vaginal penetration with and without consent. DESIGN: This study compared observations of Genital injuries from two cohorts. SETTING: Participants were drawn from St. Mary's Sexual Assault Referral Centre and a general practice surgery in Manchester, and a general practice surgery in Buckinghamshire. PARTICIPANTS: Two cohorts were recruited: a retrospective cohort of 500 complainants referred to a specialist Sexual Assault Referral Centre (the Cases) and 68 women recruited at the time of their routine cervical smear test who had recently had sexual intercourse (the Comparison group). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of Genital injuries. RESULTS: 22.8% (n=00, 95% CI 19.2-26.7) of adult complainants of penile-vaginal rape by a single assailant sustained an Injury to the Genitalia that was visible within 48h of the incident. This was approximately three times more than the 5.9% (n=68, 95% CI 1.6-14.4) of women who sustained a Genital Injury during consensual sex. This was a statistically significant difference (a Language: en
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Adolescent complainants of sexual assault; Injury patterns in virgin and non-virgin groups.
Journal of clinical forensic medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Catherine White, Iain McleanAbstract:Abstract Introduction Misconceptions about the likelihood of sustaining injuries following rape or sexual assault can have a detrimental effect on the justice process. This is particularly noticeable with regard to first time intercourse. Forensic physicians have a duty to put any examination findings in context. This study sets out to compare the findings in virgin and non-virgin adolescents seen at the St Mary’s Sexual Assault Referral Centre, after an allegation of non-consensual intercourse. Methodology The records of all females aged 12–17 years old, examined in an 18 month period were reviewed. Results Two hundred and twenty-four clients fitted this group with a mean age of 14.8 years. Eighty-one were “virgins” and 97 had been sexually active prior to the assault. The virgin group took longer to present for examination then the non-virgin group (90 h compared to 44 h). Of all clients 51% had a non-Genital Injury. These tended to be minor. 32% of the non-virgin group had a Genital Injury. In the virgin group, 53% had a Genital Injury, however only 32% had the type of Genital Injury that would leave permanent evidence of penetration (i.e. if examined several weeks or more later). Alcohol use prior to assault was common. Conclusions Genital and or body injuries are not routinely found in adolescents after an allegation of rape or sexual assault even when there has not been previous sexual experience. The absence of Injury does not exclude the possibility of intercourse, whether with or without consent.
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Original communication Adolescent complainants of sexual assault; Injury patterns in virgin and non-virgin groups q
2006Co-Authors: Catherine White, Iain McleanAbstract:Introduction: Misconceptions about the likelihood of sustaining injuries following rape or sexual assault can have a detrimental effect on the justice process. This is particularly noticeable with regard to first time intercourse. Forensic physicians have a duty to put any examination findings in context. This study sets out to compare the findings in virgin and non-virgin adolescents seen at the St Mary’s Sexual Assault Referral Centre, after an allegation of non-consensual intercourse. Methodology: The records of all females aged 12–17 years old, examined in an 18 month period were reviewed. Results: Two hundred and twenty-four clients fitted this group with a mean age of 14.8 years. Eighty-one were ‘‘virgins’’ and 97 had been sexually active prior to the assault. The virgin group took longer to present for examination then the non-virgin group (90 h compared to 44 h). Of all clients 51% had a non-Genital Injury. These tended to be minor. 32% of the non-virgin group had a Genital Injury. In the virgin group, 53% had a Genital Injury, however only 32% had the type of Genital Injury that would leave permanent evidence of penetration (i.e. if examined several weeks or more later). Alcohol use prior to assault was common. Conclusions: Genital and or body injuries are not routinely found in adolescents after an allegation of rape or sexual assault even when there has not been previous sexual experience. The absence of Injury does not exclude the possibility of intercourse, whether with or without consent.
Sheila Paul - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Female Genital injuries resulting from consensual and non-consensual vaginal intercourse.
Forensic science international, 2010Co-Authors: Iain Mclean, Stephen A Roberts, Cath White, Sheila PaulAbstract:The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of Genital Injury following penile-vaginal penetration with and without consent. This study compared observations of Genital injuries from two cohorts. Participants were drawn from St. Mary's Sexual Assault Referral Centre and a general practice surgery in Manchester, and a general practice surgery in Buckinghamshire. Two cohorts were recruited: a retrospective cohort of 500 complainants referred to a specialist Sexual Assault Referral Centre (the Cases) and 68 women recruited at the time of their routine cervical smear test who had recently had sexual intercourse (the Comparison group). Presence of Genital injuries. 22.8% (n=00, 95% CI 19.2-26.7) of adult complainants of penile-vaginal rape by a single assailant sustained an Injury to the Genitalia that was visible within 48h of the incident. This was approximately three times more than the 5.9% (n=68, 95% CI 1.6-14.4) of women who sustained a Genital Injury during consensual sex. This was a statistically significant difference (a<0.05, p=0.0007). Factors such as hormonal status, position during intercourse, criminal justice outcome, relationship to assailant, and the locations, sizes and types of injuries were also considered but the only factor associated with Injury was the relationship with the complainant, with an increased risk of Injury if the assailant was known to the complainant (p=0.019). Most complainants of rape (n=500, 77%, 95% CI 73-81%) will not sustain any Genital Injury, although women are three times more likely to sustain a Genital Injury from an assault than consensual intercourse. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Female Genital injuries resulting from consensual and non-consensual vaginal intercourse
Forensic Science International, 2010Co-Authors: Iain Mclean, Stephen A Roberts, Caroline White, Sheila PaulAbstract:OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of Genital Injury following penile-vaginal penetration with and without consent. DESIGN: This study compared observations of Genital injuries from two cohorts. SETTING: Participants were drawn from St. Mary's Sexual Assault Referral Centre and a general practice surgery in Manchester, and a general practice surgery in Buckinghamshire. PARTICIPANTS: Two cohorts were recruited: a retrospective cohort of 500 complainants referred to a specialist Sexual Assault Referral Centre (the Cases) and 68 women recruited at the time of their routine cervical smear test who had recently had sexual intercourse (the Comparison group). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of Genital injuries. RESULTS: 22.8% (n=00, 95% CI 19.2-26.7) of adult complainants of penile-vaginal rape by a single assailant sustained an Injury to the Genitalia that was visible within 48h of the incident. This was approximately three times more than the 5.9% (n=68, 95% CI 1.6-14.4) of women who sustained a Genital Injury during consensual sex. This was a statistically significant difference (a Language: en