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C M Aboyeji - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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impact of Green Manures of vernonia amygdalina and chromolaena odorata on growth yield mineral and proximate composition of radish raphanus sativus l
Scientific Reports, 2019Co-Authors: C M AboyejiAbstract:Field experiments were carried out during the 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State (latitude 8.9°N and longitude 50°61 E.), Nigeria, to study the effect of some Green Manures as an alternative to inorganic fertilizer on growth, yield, mineral and proximate composition of radish. Green manure composed of leaves of Vernonia amygdalina and Chromolaena odorata and were applied as follows: 10 tonnes ha−1 vernonia + 0 tonnes ha−1 chromolaena (T1), 7.5 tonnes ha−1 vernonia + 2.5 tonnes ha−1 chromolaena (T2), 5.0 tonnes ha−1 vernonia + 5.0 tonnes ha−1 chromolaena (T3), 2.5 tonnes ha−1 Vernonia + 7.5 tonnes ha−1 chromolaena (T4), 0 tonnes ha−1 vernonia + 10 tonnes ha−1 chromolaena (T5) while in-organic fertilizer (NPK 20:10:10) was applied at 200 kg NPK ha−1 (T6) and there was a control plot (T7). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated four times. Vegetative, yield and quality parameters of radish were taken. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Analysis Software (S.A.S), 2000. Treatment means were compared using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 0.05 level of probability. The study showed that application of Green Manures increased vegetative, yield and yield parameters and were comparable with application of NPK fertilizer while there was a significant increase in the nutritional composition of radish with application of Green Manures when compared with NPK and control. It can therefore be concluded that application 10 tonnes ha−1 vernonia + 0 tonnes ha−1 chromolaena (T1) as Green manure increased vegetative, yield and yield parameters while application 7.5 tonnes ha−1 vernonia + 2.5 tonnes ha−1 chromolaena (T2) improved radish quality.
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Green Manures and NPK fertilizer effects on soil properties, growth, yield, mineral and vitamin C composition of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)
Elsevier, 2019Co-Authors: A.o. Adekiya, C M Aboyeji, T M Agbede, O. Dunsin, J.o. UgbeAbstract:The nutritional effects of Green manure on soil and crop plants depends on residue quality. Hence field experiments were carried out during the cropping seasons of 2015 and 2016 to compare the impact of different Green Manures and NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer on soil properties, growth, yield, mineral and vitamin C composition of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). The experiment each year consisted of four Green manure (GM) types {Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) leaves, Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) leaves, Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves, and Mesquite (Prosopis africana Guill., Perr. & A. Rich) Taubert leaves}, NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer and a control. The six treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Application of GMs reduced soil bulk density and increased soil organic matter (OM), N, P, K, Ca, Mg, growth and yield of okra compared with the control. NPK fertilizer did not reduce soil bulk density and increase soil OM, but did increase soil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, growth and yield of okra compared with the control. Mesquite increased growth and yield of okra compared with NPK fertilizer and other GMs. This was due to increased availability of N and K in the soil at the level of this treatment. Using the means of the two years and compared with the control and NPK fertilizer, Mesquite increased pod yield of okra by 214 and 53%, respectively. Also GMs and NPK fertilizer increased okra mineral and vitamin C contents compared with the control. Moringa had the best fruit quality in terms of higher K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, and vitamin C contents compared with other GMs and NPK fertilizer. Therefore, for those that desire to grow okra for the quality of its fruits, Moringa (Moringa oleifera) is recommended, however for those that desire quantity, Mesquite (Prosopis africana) is recommended. Keywords: Bulk density, Moringa oleifera, Carica papaya, Azadirachta indica, Prosopis african
David Turner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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saprophytic growth of rhizoctonia solani kuhn ag2 1 zg5 in soil amended with fresh Green Manures affects the severity of damping off in canola
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2006Co-Authors: Titiek Yulianti, Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam, David TurnerAbstract:Abstract Plants of the Brassicaceae contain glucosinolates, the hydrolysis products of which inhibit the growth of many soil-borne fungi that cause plant disease. However, amending soil with Green Manures of these plants gives inconsistent control of several soil-borne diseases, including those caused by Rhizoctonia solani. To identify factors that contribute to this inconsistency we investigated, in the laboratory and in pot experiments in the glasshouse, the saprophytic behaviour of R. solani AG2-1 (ZG5) in a sandy soil amended with various Green Manures. Fresh material from either Brassica napus var. Karoo, B. napus B1, B. napus B2, B. nigra, Diplotaxis tenuifolia (a brassicaceous weed) and the non-Brassicaceae species, oat (Avena sativa) or lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) was used at 10 or 100 g of fresh material kg−1 of dry soil in Lancelin sand. At 100 g kg−1 the volatiles of all Green Manures reduced the hyphal growth of R. solani, except for B. napus B1. D. tenuifolia at 100 g kg−1 inhibited the growth and sclerotial formation of R. solani. Most Green Manures at 10 g kg−1, and at 40% water holding capacity, stimulated the growth of R. solani for up to 3 months and increased the activity of other microbes. R. solani infected the brassicaceous plants when growing and colonized the residues mixed with soil at 10 g kg−1. This inoculum increased the severity of damping-off in canola, by 27%. Disease was particularly severe when the Green manure species, except D. tenuifolia and oat, were grown in situ and residues returned to the pot from which they came, before sowing canola. There is a potential hazard in applying Green Manures of Brassica species as their residues can, under certain conditions, support the saprophytic activity of R. solani which increases damping-off in canola sown in the amended soils.
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response of different forms of propagules of rhizoctonia solani ag2 1 zg5 exposed to the volatiles produced in soil amended with Green Manures
Annals of Applied Biology, 2006Co-Authors: Titiek Yulianti, Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam, David TurnerAbstract:The sensitivity of different forms of propagules of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG)2-1/zymogram group (ZG)5 to volatile compounds produced in soil amended with Green manure will influence the efficacy of Green Manures used to manage the disease. In laboratory experiments, we determined the impact of volatiles arising from residues of five species of Brassicaceae, and Avena sativa (oat), a non-Brassicaceae species, and volatiles of pure allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) or 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (2-PEITC) in either their soluble or vapour phase on the hyphal growth of R. solani arising from different propagules. The brassicaceous species were Brassica napus var. Karoo, B. napus B1, B. napus B2, B. nigra and Diplotaxis tenuifolia (a brassicaceous weed). Colony growth and hyphal density on water agar were measured up to 7 days. The amendment of a sandy soil with Green Manures at a high (100 g kg -1 , 10%) concentration generally suppressed the growth of the pathogen, but at a low (10 g kg -1 , 1%) concentration, the amendment had little effect on the radial fungal growth of the pathogen but increased the density of hyphae through more branching. The inhibition by volatiles from the residues of Brassicaceae species at 10% concentration was stronger (82-86%) than that by volatiles from oat (64%) amendment at the same rate. Hyphae arising from sclerotia and precolonised ryegrass seed were less sensitive than hyphae growing out of potato dextrose agar plugs. This indicates that thick-pigmented cell walls may have protected the fungus from these unfavourable conditions. Pure AITC and 2-PEITC in the range of 0.5-2.0 mM inhibited the growth of R. solani from all forms of propagules, but hyphae originating from agar plugs were the most vulnerable compared with the two others. Thus, hyphae arising from the medulla of the sclerotia may be relatively tolerant to volatile compounds emanating from decomposing Brassica Green manure amendments in the field and in vitro inhibition of the vegetative growth of the pathogen may not reflect its response to the amendments in the field.
Linda L Kinkel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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management of soil microbial communities to enhance populations of fusarium graminearum antagonists in soil
Plant and Soil, 2008Co-Authors: C A Perez, Ruth Dillmacky, Linda L KinkelAbstract:Fusarium head blight (FHB), incited by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat. Primary inoculum generated on crop residue is the driving force of FHB epidemics. Fusarium survival on crop residues is affected by soil microbial antagonists. The incorporation of Green Manures has been shown to increase the density and diversity of microbes in soils, particularly the density and the pathogen-inhibitory activity of specific bacteria and fungi. Evidence of increased streptomycete populations in soil as a response to Green manure incorporation, and their negative effect on the survival of Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendahl in soil, suggests their potential use to reduce the survival of related pathogens. There is, however, no precedent for the use of Green Manures to promote indigenous streptomycete populations to control FHB. This study investigated the use of Green Manures (sorghum–sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench–S. bicolor (L.) Moench var. sudanense (Piper)] and common buckwheat [Fagopyrum esculentum (Moench)]) for reducing F. graminearum survival in association with wheat residues. Soil bacterial density, streptomycete density and the density and inhibitory activity of F. graminearum-antagonists were monitored from planting until 3 and 6 months following the incorporation of Green Manures in Greenhouse and field experiments, respectively. The decomposition of wheat residues and survival of Fusarium in residues was also assessed. The use of Green Manures did not statistically impact the survival of F. graminearum in wheat residue. However, Green Manures promoted the development of higher densities and antagonistic abilities of F. graminearum-antagonists in soils. Additionally, streptomycete densities and F. graminearum-antagonist densities were significantly and positively correlated with reduced survival of Fusarium. The results of our study suggest that the use of Green Manures can enhance populations of indigenous soil microorganisms antagonistic to the survival of F. graminearum in wheat residue.
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Green Manures and crop sequences influence potato diseases and pathogen inhibitory activity of indigenous streptomycetes
Phytopathology, 2005Co-Authors: B E Wiggins, Linda L KinkelAbstract:ABSTRACT A 2-year field trial was conducted to determine the effects of Green Manures and crop sequences on potato scab and Verticillium wilt. In addition, indigenous streptomycete densities and in vitro pathogen inhibitory activity were measured and their relationships to plant disease were determined. Green Manures (buckwheat, canola, or fallow controls) were tested in conjunction with three crop sequences (alfalfa-potato, cornpotato, and potato-potato). Compared with fallow controls, tubers grown in buckwheat-treated soil had significantly lower Verticillium wilt ratings, and tubers grown in buckwheat- or canola-treated soil had greater yields. Potatoes grown in soil planted to corn or alfalfa the previous year had significantly lower Verticillium wilt and potato scab ratings as well as higher yields than potatoes grown in soil previously planted to potato. Streptomycetes from soils collected from Green manure-treated plots tended to have greater in vitro pathogen inhibitory activity than streptomycete...
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Green Manures and crop sequences influence alfalfa root rot and pathogen inhibitory activity among soil borne streptomycetes
Plant and Soil, 2005Co-Authors: Elizabeth B Wiggins, Linda L KinkelAbstract:A two-year trial was conducted to determine the effects of Green Manures and crop sequences on plant disease, streptomycete and bacterial densities, and inhibitory activity of indigenous streptomycetes against four target pathogens. Green manure treatments, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor) (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.), and fallow control were tested in conjunction with three crop sequences in a Phytophthora-infested soil placed in containers. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), potato (Solanum tubersoum L.), or corn (Zea mays L.) was grown in the first year, and alfalfa was grown in all containers in the second year. Compared to fallow controls, alfalfa grown in sorghum-sudangrass- or buckwheat-treated soil had significantly greater stand counts and total biomass, respectively. In addition, alfalfa grown in fallow-treated soils had the greatest Phytophthora root rot as a function of stand count. Crop rotation also had a significant effect on alfalfa root rot and yield. Potato scab disease intensity was greatest on tubers grown in fallow-treated soils, while tubers grown in canola-treated soils had the highest yields (total tuber weight). Green-manure-treated soils tended to have greater streptomycete and bacterial densities than fallow-treated soils. In addition, buckwheat- or sorghum-sudangrass-treated soils had greater proportions of streptomycetes that were antagonistic against the target pathogens than fallow-treated soils. The proportion of antagonists in soil was negatively correlated with alfalfa root rot, and positively correlated with alfalfa stand counts. Inhibitory activity of the streptomycetes was also negatively correlated with potato scab and positively correlated with potato yield. These data suggest that Green Manures may provide a strategy for increasing pathogen inhibitory activity within the streptomycete community in soil, and, in conjunction with crop rotation, may contribute to the control of a diverse collection of soil-borne plant pathogens on multiple crop species.
Wenkun Huang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Maize growth responses to soil microbes and soil properties after fertilization with different Green Manures
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017Co-Authors: Jiemeng Tao, Xueduan Liu, Jiaojiao Niu, Yabing Gu, Liyuan Ma, Delong Meng, Yili Liang, Yunhua Xiao, Yuguang Zhang, Wenkun HuangAbstract:The use of Green Manures in agriculture can provide nutrients, affect soil microbial communities, and be a more sustainable management practice. The activities of soil microbes can effect crop growth, but the extent of this effect on yield remains unclear. We investigated soil bacterial communities and soil properties under four different Green manure fertilization regimes (Vicia villosa, common vetch, milk vetch, and radish) and determined the effects of these regimes on maize growth. Milk vetch showed the greatest potential for improving crop productivity and increased maize yield by 31.3 {%}. This change might be related to changes in soil microbes and soil properties. The entire soil bacterial community and physicochemical properties differed significantly among treatments, and there were significant correlations between soil bacteria, soil properties, and maize yield. In particular, abundance of the phyla Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia was positively correlated with maize yield, while Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi were negatively correlated with yield. These data suggest that the variation of maize yield was related to differences in soil bacteria. The results also indicate that soil pH, alkali solution nitrogen, and available potassium were the key environmental factors shaping soil bacterial communities and determining maize yields. Both soil properties and soil microbes might be useful as indicators of soil quality and potential crop yield.
Kathryne L Everts - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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impact of five cover crop Green Manures and actinovate on fusarium wilt of watermelon
Plant Disease, 2014Co-Authors: J Himmelstein, Jude E Maul, Kathryne L EvertsAbstract:Triploid watermelon cultivars are grown on more than 2,023 ha in Maryland and in Delaware. Triploid watermelon cultivars have little host resistance to Fusarium wilt of watermelon (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum). The effects of four different fall-planted cover crops (Vicia villosa, Trifolium incarnatum, Secale cereale, and Brassica juncea) that were tilled in the spring as Green Manures, and bare ground, were evaluated alone and in combination with the biocontrol product Actinovate (Streptomyces lydicus) on Fusarium wilt severity and watermelon fruit yield and quality. Six field experiments were conducted over 3 years in Beltsville and Salisbury, MD and Georgetown, DE. Both V. villosa and T. incarnatum significantly suppressed Fusarium wilt of watermelon as much as 21% compared with watermelon in nonamended plots. However, no suppression of Fusarium wilt occurred at low disease levels or where low cover crop biomass was present. In general, Beltsville, MD had lower disease levels than Salisbury, MD and Georgetown, DE. T. incarnatum was the only cover crop that yielded significantly more fruit than nonamended treatments (129% more fruit per hectare) but only for one field trial. The Actinovate product either did not reduce Fusarium wilt or the magnitude of the reduction was nominal. Actinovate significantly reduced Fusarium wilt by 2% in 2009 and as much as 7% in 2010, and increased Fusarium wilt severity by 2.5% in 2011. Actinovate significantly increased yield for one field trial but only when applied to nonamended or Secale cereal-amended plots. This is the first report of a reduction in Fusarium wilt following a T. incarnatum cover crop incorporated as a Green manure.
