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Eeva S. M. Tuppurainen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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General Description of Lumpy Skin Disease
Lumpy Skin Disease, 2018Co-Authors: Eeva S. M. TuppurainenAbstract:Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is endemic across most of the African continent, and since 2012 it has spread widely within the Middle East, Southeast Europe and the northern Caucasus. Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV) shares the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) within the family Poxviridae (Buller et al. 2005) with sheeppox virus (SPPV) and goatpox virus (GTPV).
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Lumpy Skin Disease
Published in 2018, 2018Co-Authors: Eeva S. M. Tuppurainen, Shawn Babiuk, Eyal KlementAbstract:Chapter 1: Introduction to Lumpy Skin Disease -- Chapter 2: General description of Lumpy Skin Disease -- Chapter 3: Economic impact of Lumpy Skin Disease -- Chapter 4: Geographic distribution of Lumpy Skin Disease -- Chapter 5: Current legislation and trade recommendations. Part I: Lumpy Skin Disease virus: Chapter 6: Taxonomy -- Chapter 7: Morphology -- Chapter 8: Genome -- Chapter 9: Replication in a host -- Chapter 10: Propagation of the virus in vitro -- Chapter 11: Persistence and stability of the virus -- Chapter 12: Immunity -- Chapter 13: Epidemiology and transmission. Part II: Early detection of Lumpy Skin Disease, diagnostic tools and treatment. Chapter 14: Clinical signs -- Chapter 15: Sample collection and transport -- Chapter 16: Diagnostic tools -- Chapter 17: Treatment of Lumpy Skin Disease. Part III: Control and eradication. Chapter 18: Vaccines against Lumpy Skin Disease and vaccination strategies -- Chapter 19: Slaughter of infected and in-contact animals -- Chapter 20: Animal movement control and quarantine -- Chapter 21: Vector surveillance and control -- Chapter 22: Decontamination and disinfection -- Chapter 23: Active and passive surveillance.
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Lumpy Skin Disease: attempted propagation in tick cell lines and presence of viral DNA in field ticks collected from naturally-infected cattle.
Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Eeva S. M. Tuppurainen, Estelle Hildegard Venter, Jacobus A.w. Coetzer, Lesley Bell-sakyiAbstract:Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is of substantial economic importance for the cattle industry in Africa and the Near and Middle East. Several insect species are thought to transmit the Disease mechanically. Recent transmission studies have demonstrated the first evidence for a role of hard (ixodid) ticks as vectors of Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV). The aim of this study was to attempt in vitro growth of the virus in Rhipicephalus spp. tick cell lines and investigate in vivo the presence of the virus in ticks collected from cattle during LSD outbreaks in Egypt and South Africa. No evidence was obtained for replication of LSDV in tick cell lines although the virus was remarkably stable, remaining viable for 35 days at 28°C in tick cell cultures, in growth medium used for tick cells and in phosphate buffered saline. Viral DNA was detected in two-thirds of the 56 field ticks, making this the first report of the presence of potentially virulent LSDV in ticks collected from naturally infected animals.
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Lumpy Skin Disease: an African cattle Disease getting closer to the EU.
The Veterinary record, 2014Co-Authors: Eeva S. M. Tuppurainen, Chris OuraAbstract:FOR UK veterinary students, Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) was one of those obscure Diseases that was only briefly mentioned at vet school, and we hoped that questions about it would not come up in the final exams. Of course, if it did come up in the exam, we knew we would be assured of at least one mark – it causes the Skin to go Lumpy! LSD was considered to be a very long way off in Africa and was not a threat to Europe or the UK. It seems, however, that times are changing and many Diseases that Europe could afford to ignore in the past are now moving closer. Historically, LSD of cattle has been confined to the African continent, with sporadic outbreaks occurring in the Middle East. However, in recent years the Disease has been spreading throughout the Near East at a scale that has never been seen before. The spread of LSD is likely to have been a result of multiple factors; however, between 2012 and 2014, the Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV) outbreaks are likely to have been associated with the severe political unrest and conflicts in Syria and Iraq, which have resulted in the collapse of veterinary services, an associated lack of effective vaccines in these countries, and the movement of hundreds of thousands of refugees and unvaccinated domestic ruminants from infected areas to those of a previous Disease-free status. The situation has deteriorated further in the summer months with high vector abundance, making the control of the vector-transmitted LSDV hugely challenging. Disease outbreaks have recently been reported in countries neighbouring Syria including Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey and Iraq, and for the first time in Iran in July 2014. Turkey and Jordan in particular …
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Adverse Reactions to Field Vaccination Against Lumpy Skin Disease in Jordan.
Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Sameeh M. Abutarbush, Nick J. Knowles, Wael M. Hananeh, W. Ramadan, O. M. Al Sheyab, A. R. Alnajjar, I. G. Al Zoubi, K. Bachanek-bankowska, Eeva S. M. TuppurainenAbstract:Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an emerging Disease in the Middle East region and has been recently reported in Jordan. The aim of this study was to investigate the adverse reactions that were reported after vaccine administration. Geographical areas enrolled in the study were free of the Disease and away from the outbreak governorate. Sixty-three dairy cattle farms, with a total of 19,539 animals, were included in the study. Of those, 56 farms reported adverse clinical signs after vaccine administration. The duration between vaccine administration and appearance of adverse clinical signs ranged from 1 to 20 days (Mean = 10.3, SD ± 3.9). Clinical signs were similar to those observed with natural cases of Lumpy Skin Disease. These were mainly fever, decreased feed intake, decreased milk production and variable sized cutaneous nodules (a few millimetres to around 2 cm in diameter) that could be seen anywhere on the body (head, neck, trunk, perineum), udder, and/or teats. Nodules were raised and firm initially and then formed dry scabs that could be peeled off the Skin. The characteristic deep 'sit fast' appearance was rarely seen and most lesions were superficial. Some cattle had swollen lymph nodes, while a few pregnant animals aborted. The percentage of affected cattle ranged from 0.3 to 25% (Mean = 8, SD ± 5.1). Fever, decreased feed intake, and decreased milk production were seen in 83.9, 85.7, and 94.6% in cattle on the affected farms, respectively. All affected cattle displayed Skin nodules over their entire bodies, while 33.9 and 7.1% of the affected farms reported nodular lesions present on the udders and teats, respectively. No mortalities were reported due to vaccine adverse reactions. Duration (course) of clinical signs ranged from 3 to 20 days (Mean = 13.7, SD ± 4.1). Two types of LSD vaccines were used by the farmers in this study. The first one was a sheep pox virus (SPPV) vaccine derived from the RM65 isolate [Jovivac, manufactured by Jordan Bioindustries Centre (JOVAC)] and the other an unlabelled one, which was later identified using PCR as a strain of Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV). Blood and Skin samples collected from cattle vaccinated with the LSDV vaccine were positive for LSDV using both general and species-specific PCR primers, whereas those from cattle vaccinated with the Jovivac vaccine were negative. Adverse reactions observed in cattle after administration of the LSDV vaccine were reported to be more severe than those seen after Jovivac vaccine administration and were comparable with clinical signs observed in natural infections.
Estelle Hildegard Venter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Potential link of single nucleotide polymorphisms to virulence of vaccine-associated field strains of Lumpy Skin Disease virus in South Africa.
Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2020Co-Authors: Antoinette Van Schalkwyk, Estelle Hildegard Venter, Arshad Mather, Pravesh Kara, Karen Ebersohn, C.h. Annandale, David B. WallaceAbstract:South Africa is endemic for Lumpy Skin Disease and is therefore reliant on various live attenuated vaccines for the control and prevention of the Disease. In recent years, widespread outbreaks of vaccine-like strains of Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV) were reported internationally, leading to an increase in the generation of full genome sequences from field isolates. In this study, the complete genomes of six LSDVs submitted during active outbreaks in the 1990s in South Africa were generated. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the six viruses clustered with vaccine strains in LSDV Subgroup 1.1 and are subsequently referred to as vaccine-associated. The genetic differences between the phenotypically distinct vaccine and vaccine-associated strains were 67 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This study characterized the location and possible importance of each of these SNPs in their role during virulence and host specificity.
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Effect of semen processing methods on Lumpy Skin Disease virus status in cryopreserved bull semen.
Animal reproduction science, 2018Co-Authors: Cornelius Henry Annandale, Estelle Hildegard Venter, Karen Ebersohn, Mario P. Smuts, Lizette Du Plessis, Tom A. E. StoutAbstract:Lumpy Skin Disease is an economically important Disease of cattle, caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV; Capripoxvirus). It has a variable clinical appearance but, in severely affected animals, is associated with extensive Skin damage, pneumonia and death. The LSDV can be found in the semen of infected bulls for prolonged periods of time, from where it can be transmitted by mating or artificial insemination and cause clinical Disease in heifers and cows. In this study, an ejaculate was collected from a LSDV seronegative bull and confirmed free from LSDV DNA by PCR. The ejaculate was split into a control sample (C), a sample spiked with a 4 log TCID50 dose of an LSDV isolate (HD) and a 103 dilution of the virus suspension (ND) and frozen routinely. Two straws from each of the different semen treatment groups (HD, ND and C) were subsequently thawed and subjected to swim-up, single layer centrifugation, Percoll® density gradient and a Percoll® density gradient with added trypsin. For one set of straws, semen quality variables were recorded, and viral DNA status determined using PCR; the other set was used for positive staining electron microscopy. Samples determined to be positive for LSDV DNA by PCR were then subjected to virus isolation (VI). Complete elimination of LSDV from semen did not occur with use of any of the processing methods. Trypsin did reduce the viral load, and eliminated LSDV from the ND sample, but severely negatively influenced semen quality. The LSDV virions, as assessed by electron microscopy, were associated with the sperm plasma membrane. Further investigation is needed to establish the efficacy of immuno-extenders for rendering semen free from LSDV.
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Lumpy Skin Disease: attempted propagation in tick cell lines and presence of viral DNA in field ticks collected from naturally-infected cattle.
Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Eeva S. M. Tuppurainen, Estelle Hildegard Venter, Jacobus A.w. Coetzer, Lesley Bell-sakyiAbstract:Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is of substantial economic importance for the cattle industry in Africa and the Near and Middle East. Several insect species are thought to transmit the Disease mechanically. Recent transmission studies have demonstrated the first evidence for a role of hard (ixodid) ticks as vectors of Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV). The aim of this study was to attempt in vitro growth of the virus in Rhipicephalus spp. tick cell lines and investigate in vivo the presence of the virus in ticks collected from cattle during LSD outbreaks in Egypt and South Africa. No evidence was obtained for replication of LSDV in tick cell lines although the virus was remarkably stable, remaining viable for 35 days at 28°C in tick cell cultures, in growth medium used for tick cells and in phosphate buffered saline. Viral DNA was detected in two-thirds of the 56 field ticks, making this the first report of the presence of potentially virulent LSDV in ticks collected from naturally infected animals.
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Lumpy Skin Disease
2014Co-Authors: Estelle Hildegard VenterAbstract:[Extract] Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an acute, subacute, or inapparent viral Disease of cattle of all breeds. It is characteriszed by fever, enlarged lymph nodes, and the formation of mulitple circumscribed nodules in the Skin of affected animals and necrotic plaques in the mucous membranes mainly of the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity as well as generalized lymphadenopathy. The Disease is more severe in young animals, cows in the peak of lactation, and those individuals suffering from various stress factors such as infectious and parsitic Diseases or extreme weather conditions.
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Demonstration of Lumpy Skin Disease virus infection in Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks using immunohistochemistry.
Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 2013Co-Authors: Jimmy Clement Lubinga, Shawn Babiuk, Eeva S. M. Tuppurainen, W. H. Stoltsz, Jacobus A.w. Coetzer, Sarah J. Clift, Estelle Hildegard VenterAbstract:Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is caused by Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV), a member of the genus Capripoxvirus. Transmission of the virus has been associated with haematophagous insects such as Stomoxys calcitrans as well as Aedes and Culex species of mosquitoes. Recent studies have reported the transmission of the virus by Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, and Rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks and the presence of LSDV in saliva of A. hebraeum and R. appendiculatus ticks. The aim of this study was to determine which tick organs become infected by LSDV following intrastadial infection and transstadial persistence of the virus in A. hebraeum and R. appendiculatus ticks. Nymphal and adult ticks were orally infected by feeding them on LSDV-infected cattle. Partially fed adult ticks were processed for testing while nymphs were fed to repletion and allowed to moult to adults before being processed for testing. The infection in tick organs was determined by testing for the presence of the viral antigen using monoclonal antibodies with immunohistochemical staining. The viral antigen was detected in salivary glands, haemocytes, synganglia, ovaries, testes, fat bodies, and midgut. Since the virus was shown to be able to cross the midgut wall and infect various tick organs, this may indicate potential for biological development and transmission of LSDV in ticks. This study strengthens the previously reported evidence of the occurrence of LSDV in tick saliva.
Annalise Williamson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Influence of the Viral Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Homologue on Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) Growth, Histopathology and Pathogenicity.
Vaccines, 2020Co-Authors: Nicola Douglass, Ruzaiq Omar, Henry Munyanduki, Sophette Gers, Paidamwoyo Mutowembwa, Livio Heath, Annalise WilliamsonAbstract:Lumpy Skin Disease is an important economic Disease of cattle that is controlled by vaccination. This paper presents an investigation into the role of the Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV) superoxide dismutase (SOD) homologue on growth and histopathology of the virus both in vitro and in vivo. SOD homologue knock-out and knock-in recombinants (nLSDV∆SOD-UCT and nLSDVSODis-UCT, respectively) were constructed and compared to the Neethling vaccine (nLSDV) for growth in a permissive bovine cell line as well as on fertilized chick chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs). The infected CAMs were scored for histological changes. Deletion of the SOD homologue from LSDV reduced virus growth both in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells as well as on CAMs. Furthermore, the knockout virus showed reduced inflammation in CAMs and more ballooning degeneration. A pilot experiment was performed in cattle to compare the lesions produced by the different LSDV constructs in the same animal. One animal developed a larger lesion to nLSDV∆SOD-UCT compared to both nLSDVSODis-UCT and nLSDV. Histological analysis of biopsies of these lesions shows less inflammation and necrosis associated with nLSDVSODis-UCT compared to nLSDV and nLSDV∆SOD-UCT. None of the vaccinated animals showed disseminated LSDV Disease, indicating that the candidate vaccines are safe for further testing. Our results suggest that the SOD homologue may improve immunogenicity and reduce virulence.
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The complete genome sequence of the Lumpy Skin Disease virus vaccine Herbivac LS reveals a mutation in the superoxide dismutase gene homolog.
Archives of virology, 2019Co-Authors: Nicola Douglass, Anelda Philine Van Der Walt, Ruzaiq Omar, Henry Munyanduki, Annalise WilliamsonAbstract:The Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV) vaccine, Herbivac LS, batch 008, was sequenced and found to differ from the Neethling vaccine strain in the locus encoding a superoxide dismutase (SOD) homolog. The presence of a SOD homolog, be it full-length (as in Herbivac LS) or truncated (as in Neethling) may affect vaccine immunogenicity.
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a novel candidate hiv vaccine vector based on the replication deficient capripoxvirus Lumpy Skin Disease virus lsdv
Virology Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Yenju Shen, Enid G Shephard, Nicola Douglass, Nicolette Johnston, Craig Adams, Carolyn Williamson, Annalise WilliamsonAbstract:Background The Capripoxvirus, Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV) has a restricted host-range and is being investigated as a novel HIV-1 vaccine vector. LSDV does not complete its replication cycle in non-ruminant hosts.
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Immunogenicity of a recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease virus (neethling vaccine strain) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein in cattle.
Vaccine, 2002Co-Authors: Kate Aspden, Alberdina A Van Dijk, John Bingham, Dermot Cox, Jo-ann Passmore, Annalise WilliamsonAbstract:Rabies virus (RV) readily infects cattle and causes a fatal neurological Disease. A stable vaccine, which does not require the maintenance of a cold chain and that is administered once to elicit lifelong immunity to rabies would be advantageous. The present study describes the construction of a live recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV) vaccine, expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus (RG) and assessment of its ability to generate a humoral and cellular immune response against rabies virus in cattle. Cattle inoculated with the recombinant virus (rLSDV-RG) developed humoral immunity that was demonstrated in ELISA and neutralisation assays to RV. High titres of up to 1513IU/ml of RV neutralising antibodies were induced. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from rLSDV-RG-immunised animals demonstrated the ability to proliferate in response to stimulation with inactivated RV, whereas the animal vaccinated with wild type LSDV did not. This recombinant vaccine candidate thus has the potential to be used in ruminants as a cost-effective vaccine against both Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) and rabies.
Assylbek Zhanabayev - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Retention of Lumpy Skin Disease virus in Stomoxys spp (Stomoxys calcitrans, Stomoxys sitiens, Stomoxys indica) following intrathoracic inoculation, Diptera: Muscidae.
PloS one, 2021Co-Authors: Arman Issimov, David B Taylor, Malik Shalmenov, Birzhan Nurgaliyev, Izimgali Zhubantayev, Nurzhan Abekeshev, Kaissar Kushaliyev, Abzal Kereyev, Lespek Kutumbetov, Assylbek ZhanabayevAbstract:Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an emerging Disease of cattle in Kazakhstan and the means of transmission remains uncertain. In the current study, retention of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) by three Stomoxys species following intrathoracic inoculation was demonstrated under laboratory conditions. A virulent LSDV strain was injected into the thorax of flies to bypass the midgut barrier. The fate of the pathogen in the hemolymph of the flies was examined using PCR and virus isolation tests. LSDV was isolated from all three Stomoxys species up to 24h post inoculation while virus DNA was detectable up to 7d post inoculation.
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Retention of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Stomoxys Spp (Stomoxys Calsitrans, Stomoxys Sitiens, Stomoxys Indica) following intrathoracic inoculation, Diptera: Muscidae.
2020Co-Authors: Arman Issimov, Malik Shalmenov, Birzhan Nurgaliyev, Izimgali Zhubantayev, Abzal Kereyev, Lespek Kutumbetov, Assylbek Zhanabayev, Nurlybay Kazhgaliyev, Aliya Akhmetaliyeva, Peter WhiteAbstract:Abstract Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an emerging Disease in cattle in Kazakhstan and the means of transmission remains uncertain. In the current study, acquisition of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) by Stomoxys species following intrathoracic inoculation was demonstrated under laboratory conditions. Flies were injected with a virulent LSDV strain into the thorax region to bypass the midgut barrier. The fate of pathogen in the hemolymph of the flies was further examined using PCR and Virus isolation tests. LSDV was isolated from all three Stomoxys species immediately and up to 24h post intrathoracic inoculation while virus DNA was detectable up to 7d post intrathoracic inoculation.
Shawn Babiuk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Protection of Cattle Elicited Using a Bivalent Lumpy Skin Disease Virus-Vectored Recombinant Rift Valley Fever Vaccine.
Frontiers in veterinary science, 2020Co-Authors: David B. Wallace, Arshad Mather, Pravesh Kara, Leeann Naicker, Nobalanda B. Mokoena, Alri Pretorius, T. Nefefe, N. Thema, Shawn BabiukAbstract:Lumpy Skin Disease and Rift Valley fever are two high-priority livestock Diseases which have the potential to spread into previously free regions through animal movement and/or vectors, as well as intentional release by bioterrorists. Since the distribution range of both Diseases is similar in Africa, it makes sense to use a bivalent vaccine to control them. This may lead to the more consistent and sustainable use of vaccination against Rift Valley fever through a more cost-effective vaccine. In this study, a recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease virus was constructed in which the thymidine kinase gene was used as the insertion site for the Gn and Gc protective glycoprotein genes of Rift Valley fever virus using homologous recombination. Selection markers, the enhanced green fluorescent protein and Escherichia coli guanidine phosphoribosyl transferase (gpt), were used for selection of recombinant virus and in a manner enabling a second recombination event to occur upon removal of the gpt selection-pressure allowing the removal of both marker genes in the final product. This recombinant virus, LSD-RVF.mf, was selected to homogeneity, characterized and evaluated in cattle as a vaccine to show protection against both Lumpy Skin Disease and Rift Valley fever in cattle. The results demonstrate that the LSD-RVF.mf is safe, immunogenic and can protect cattle against both Diseases.
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Lumpy Skin Disease
Published in 2018, 2018Co-Authors: Eeva S. M. Tuppurainen, Shawn Babiuk, Eyal KlementAbstract:Chapter 1: Introduction to Lumpy Skin Disease -- Chapter 2: General description of Lumpy Skin Disease -- Chapter 3: Economic impact of Lumpy Skin Disease -- Chapter 4: Geographic distribution of Lumpy Skin Disease -- Chapter 5: Current legislation and trade recommendations. Part I: Lumpy Skin Disease virus: Chapter 6: Taxonomy -- Chapter 7: Morphology -- Chapter 8: Genome -- Chapter 9: Replication in a host -- Chapter 10: Propagation of the virus in vitro -- Chapter 11: Persistence and stability of the virus -- Chapter 12: Immunity -- Chapter 13: Epidemiology and transmission. Part II: Early detection of Lumpy Skin Disease, diagnostic tools and treatment. Chapter 14: Clinical signs -- Chapter 15: Sample collection and transport -- Chapter 16: Diagnostic tools -- Chapter 17: Treatment of Lumpy Skin Disease. Part III: Control and eradication. Chapter 18: Vaccines against Lumpy Skin Disease and vaccination strategies -- Chapter 19: Slaughter of infected and in-contact animals -- Chapter 20: Animal movement control and quarantine -- Chapter 21: Vector surveillance and control -- Chapter 22: Decontamination and disinfection -- Chapter 23: Active and passive surveillance.
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Demonstration of Lumpy Skin Disease virus infection in Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks using immunohistochemistry.
Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 2013Co-Authors: Jimmy Clement Lubinga, Shawn Babiuk, Eeva S. M. Tuppurainen, W. H. Stoltsz, Jacobus A.w. Coetzer, Sarah J. Clift, Estelle Hildegard VenterAbstract:Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is caused by Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV), a member of the genus Capripoxvirus. Transmission of the virus has been associated with haematophagous insects such as Stomoxys calcitrans as well as Aedes and Culex species of mosquitoes. Recent studies have reported the transmission of the virus by Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, and Rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks and the presence of LSDV in saliva of A. hebraeum and R. appendiculatus ticks. The aim of this study was to determine which tick organs become infected by LSDV following intrastadial infection and transstadial persistence of the virus in A. hebraeum and R. appendiculatus ticks. Nymphal and adult ticks were orally infected by feeding them on LSDV-infected cattle. Partially fed adult ticks were processed for testing while nymphs were fed to repletion and allowed to moult to adults before being processed for testing. The infection in tick organs was determined by testing for the presence of the viral antigen using monoclonal antibodies with immunohistochemical staining. The viral antigen was detected in salivary glands, haemocytes, synganglia, ovaries, testes, fat bodies, and midgut. Since the virus was shown to be able to cross the midgut wall and infect various tick organs, this may indicate potential for biological development and transmission of LSDV in ticks. This study strengthens the previously reported evidence of the occurrence of LSDV in tick saliva.
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Detection of Lumpy Skin Disease virus antigen and genomic DNA in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from an Egyptian outbreak in 2006.
Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2011Co-Authors: Walaa Awadin, Shawn Babiuk, H. Hussein, Yousef Y. Elseady, Hidefumi FuruokaAbstract:An outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) was reported in 2006 in Egypt affecting 16 provinces. Biopsies and post-mortem tissue samples were collected from calves that showed typical clinical signs of LSD and fixed in formalin. These samples were collected from a private dairy farm in the Damietta province of Egypt. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples were assessed using histology, and Skin lesions were classified as either acute or subacute/chronic. Both Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV) DNA detected by polymerase chain reaction and LSDV antigen detected by immunohistochemistry using a capripoxvirus-specific monoclonal antibody were observed in the acute Skin lesions and in some subacute/chronic Skin lesions.
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Quantification of Lumpy Skin Disease virus following experimental infection in cattle.
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2008Co-Authors: Shawn Babiuk, Geoff R. Parkyn, B. Dalman, Lisa Manning, James Neufeld, Carissa Embury-hyatt, Timothy R. Bowden, John Copps, David B. BoyleAbstract:Summary Lumpy Skin Disease along with sheep pox and goatpox are the most serious poxvirus Diseases of livestock, and are caused by viruses that belong to the genus Capripoxvirus within the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, family Poxviridae. To facilitate the study of Lumpy Skin Disease pathogenesis, we inoculated eight 4- to 6-month-old Holstein calves intravenously with Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV) and collected samples over a period of 42 days for analysis by virus isolation, real-time PCR and light microscopy. Following inoculation, cattle developed fever and Skin nodules, with the extent of infection varying between animals. Skin nodules remained visible until the end of the experiment on day post-inoculation (DPI) 42. Viremia measured by real-time PCR and virus isolation was not observed in all animals but was detectable between 6 and 15 DPI. Low levels of viral shedding were observed in oral and nasal secretions between 12 and 18 DPI. Several tissues were assessed for the presence of virus at DPI 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 42 by virus isolation and real-time PCR. Virus was consistently detected by real-time PCR and virus isolation at high levels in Skin nodules indicating LSDV has a tropism for Skin. In contrast, relatively few lesions were observed systemically. Viral DNA was detected by real-time PCR in Skin lesions collected on DPI 42. Cattle developing anti-capripoxvirus antibodies starting at DPI 21 was detected by serum neutralization. The Disease in this study varied from mild with few secondary Skin nodules to generalized infection of varying severity, and was characterized by morbidity with no mortality.
