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Nobuhiro Kaneko - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Alteration of soil chemical properties by two species of Millipedes
2020Co-Authors: Noriko Iwashima, Nobuhiro Kaneko, Toshiyuki Wakatsuki, Tsugiyuki Masunaga, R. J. Gilkes, N. PrakongkepAbstract:Two species of Millipedes, i.e. Parafontaria laminata and Parafontaria tonominea swarm every 8 years and every 3 years, respectively. Both of them are in the group of large species with 3-5cm length among the Millipedes. Influence of the Millipedes through the activities such as feeding and discharge on soil physicochemical properties and decomposition of organic matter are relatively large among the soil animals because of their emergence of high density and large body size. We investigated differences of chemical properties of the casts of these two species Millipedes to clarify how they alter the soil properties and how they differ between two species. The Millipedes were fed for 1 week at four treatments with contrasting soil type, leaf litter, and density of Millipede in a laboratory experiment. After one week feeding, we collected their casts and analyzed (TC, TN, ignition loss, and soil respiration rate). Both Millipedes ingested leaf litter and soil. The results were that (1) P. laminata fed on more soil than P. tonominea did. (2) Higher levels of geophagy were observed in high-density P. tonominea treatments. (3) As rate of feeding of leaf litter increased, soil respiration increased.
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the train Millipede parafontaria laminata mediates soil aggregation and n dynamics in a japanese larch forest
Geoderma, 2010Co-Authors: Reiji Fujimaki, Yui Sato, Naoyuki Okai, Nobuhiro KanekoAbstract:Abstract The contributions of soil macroinvertebrates such as earthworms and termites to soil structure and nutrient cycling are well recognized, but few studies have examined the influence of geophagous Millipedes on soil nutrients and structure. We conducted a soil incubation experiment to evaluate the effects of the train Millipede ( Parafontaria laminata ), which is endemic to central Japan, on N mineralization, N 2 O emissions, and aggregation in soils. Larvae of P. laminata significantly increased development of soil aggregates > 2 mm during the 28-day incubation experiment. This soil aggregation was attributed to fecal pellets and molting chamber walls of P. laminata larvae. N mineralization, nitrification, and N 2 O–N emissions were also promoted by P. laminata , although these changes in N dynamics did not result in changes in the total amounts of C and N in the soil. N mineralization and N 2 O–N emissions were positively correlated with the amount of large (> 2 mm) soil aggregates. These correlations indicate that the biogenic structure produced by P. laminata significantly influences soil N dynamics, and suggest that the soil micro-environment associated with large aggregates promotes microbial processes related to N dynamics, especially N 2 O production.
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soil ecosystem engineering by the train Millipede parafontaria laminata in a japanese larch forest
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2006Co-Authors: Ayu Toyota, Nobuhiro KanekoAbstract:Periodic swarming by adult train Millipedes Parafontaria laminata (Attems, 1909) occurs in central Japan on an 8-year cycle, and the emergence of new adults is highly predictable. Millipede biomass reaches a maximum and feeding habits change upon the emergence of adults. Larvae are geophagous while adults feed on both litter and soil. We hypothesized that the shift in the developmental stages of P. laminata influenced the carbon dynamics in the soil and conducted a field mesocosm experiment in a larch plantation forest over 2 years (1999 and 2000) using three developmental stages: sixth- and seventh-instar larvae and adults. By experimentally manipulating Millipede density at four levels, we obtained the following results: larvae were geophagous, while adults consumed both litter and soil (mixed-feeding) and consequently showed stronger density effects on litter decomposition rates than larvae; adult activities in the high-density treatment increased soil microbial biomass but not at low adult densities or at the larval stages; and adults increased the carbon accumulation in soil layers especially at high densities due to their mixed-feeding on litter and soil. We determined that due to synchronized postembryonic development with high densities and changes in feeding habits, the train Millipede periodically sequestered carbon in this forest.
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exploitation of litter and soil by the train Millipede parafontaria laminata diplopoda xystodesmidae in larch plantation forests in japan
Pedobiologia, 2004Co-Authors: Minori Hashimoto, Nobuhiro Kaneko, Ayu ToyotaAbstract:Abstract Swarms of the train Millipede (Parafontaria laminata) are known to occur every 8 years; during the swarms, adults emerging from the soil have an extremely high density in natural and plantation forests in central Japan. Their influence on organic layer accumulation on forest floors was investigated under field conditions in plantation larch forests in central Japan, before and after the adult swarming period of 2000. In addition, the adult Millipede feeding preference and the amount of food consumed were observed in the laboratory. The field density of adults ranged from 11 to 311 individuals m−2 in October 2000; the highest biomass was 28.6±16.4 g dry wt m−2. Reduction of the forest floor organic layer was density- dependent when the population consisted of 7th instar larvae; however, the adult population did not consume in a density-dependent manner. Higher levels of geophagy were observed in high-density treatments in the laboratory. We hypothesized that the geophagy of the Millipedes was partly supported by the naturally high organic matter content of Andosol, and that soil consumption would sustain an extremely high biomass in a temperate conifer forest soil.
Henrik Enghoff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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novelty upon novelty visualized by rotational scanning electron micrographs rsem laboulbeniales on the Millipede order chordeumatida
PLOS ONE, 2018Co-Authors: Ana Sofia P S Reboleira, Henrik Enghoff, Sergi SantamariaAbstract:: Laboulbeniales are highly specific ectoparasitic fungi of arthropods (insects, Millipedes, and arachnids). The first Laboulbeniales parasitizing the Millipede order Chordeumatida (Diplopoda) were discovered and described as a new dioecious genus of Laboulbeniales, Thaxterimyces, to accommodate the new species T. baliensis. Also the Millipede host is a new species and is described as Metopidiothrix sheari. This is the first time Laboulbeniales fungus and its Millipede host are described as new together. Males of Metopidiothrix have the most extensive secondary sexual modifications in the entire class Diplopoda. Although nothing is known about the function of these modifications, the unique pattern of Laboulbeniales infection in the new Millipede species is obviously related to host sexual behavior. Rotational Scanning Electron Micrographs (rSEM) are used to create a 3D comprehensive model to examine the fungal-host interaction, a more advanced visualization of the ectoparasitic fungus on its host. Laboulbeniales diversity on Millipedes is still understudied, and a consistent effort is needed to unveil and understand the extent and diversity of this biological interaction. Due to their minute size and apparently non-detrimental effect on their hosts, Laboulbeniales in general have been largely ignored by mycologists and neglected by generations of entomologists. As a result a significant component of global biodiversity has been strongly underestimated, and a wealth of new discoveries is still to be made both in the field and in existing museum collections.
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Subterranean Millipedes, some patterns and adaptations
ARPHA Conference Abstracts, 2018Co-Authors: Henrik EnghoffAbstract:Millipedes (class Diplopoda) are a large group of arthropods mostly living in the soil. More than 10,000 species have been described, but this is surely just a mere fraction of the actually existing number of living species. Many lineages of Millipedes have invaded caves and other subterranean habitats, not the least in southern Europe. In spite of their many legs, Millipedes are in general poor dispersers, and their present-day distributions often reflect very old biogeographical patterns. The monotypic genus Cantabrodesmus Mauriès, 1971, of uncertain family placement and only known from a few caves in N Spain, is an extreme example of this. The genus Thalassisobates Verhoeff, 1908, provides an example of “ecological disjunction”: One species is truly littoral and occurs along the coasts of Europe and eastern N America, whereas the two other species of the genus were collected in a cave in S Spain and in MSS on the island of La Gomera, Canary Islands, respectively, in both cases more than 500 m above sea level. Similar ecological disjunctions (littoral/subterranean) are known from pseudoscorpions (genus Paraliochthonius Beier, 1956) and isopods (genera Halophiloscia Verhoeff, 1908, and Littorophiloscia Hatch, 1947). Subterranean Millipedes often exhibit classical troglomorphisms, but there are also some not-so-classical adaptations, such as modification of the mouthparts for a semiaquatic/hygropetric mode of life. Such modifications have apparently arisen at least seven times independently in unrelated lineages belonging to four Millipede families. Millipedes are often hosts to epibiotic fungi of the order Laboulbeniales. Available evidence, although scant, suggests a difference between cave and epigean Millipedes in the distribution patterns of the fungi on the hosts: Laboulbeniales on epigean Millipedes tend to grow on body parts which come into contact during copulation, whereas those on cave Millipedes tend to be scattered along the Millipede body, suggesting transfer via the substrate.
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Open access" growth histories in Millipedes (Diplopoda).
Arthropod Structure & Development, 2017Co-Authors: Henrik Enghoff, Laura Mark Jensen, Elena V. MikhaljovaAbstract:Abstract A unique pattern of missing defence glands on certain body rings is described for two species of the Millipede family Mongoliulidae, order Julida: Ussuriiulus pilifer Golovatch, 1980, and Koiulus interruptus Enghoff et al., 2017. Based on the patterns of missing glands observed in recently collected samples of the two species, numbers of podous and apodous body rings in successive stadia of the postembryonic development can be inferred for each individual Millipede, which in turn allows the reconstruction of pathways of anamorphosis in these species. The inferred numbers of body rings in developmental stadia are compared with actual numbers observed on additional samples, including the type series, of U. pilifer. The pattern of missing glands in the two mongoliulid species is compared with the pattern of missing glands typical of the entire Millipede order Polydesmida.
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Checklist of the Millipedes (Diplopoda) of Tanzania
Journal of East African Natural History, 2016Co-Authors: Henrik Enghoff, Richard L. Hoffman, Kim M. HowellAbstract:ABSTRACT A checklist of Millipedes (Diplopoda) known to occur in Tanzania is given. Based on all available literature and abundant hitherto unpublished material, 296 species of Millipedes are recorded, including seven species never before recorded from the country, viz., Helicochetus digititarsus Kraus, 1957, Helicochetus gregorii (Pocock, 1896), Geotypodon intermedius (Carl, 1909), Plethocrossus nairobinus Attems, 1914, Lophostreptus bicolor Carl, 1909, Oreiadessa diana Hoffman, 1990, and Chondromorpha xanthotricha (Attems, 1898). Eight species erroneously recorded from Tanzania are excluded from the list. A few records from Kenya and Uganda are also given, including the first record of Otostreptus gilvitarsus (Attems, 1914) from Kenya. A historical account of Millipede collecting in Tanzania is included.
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a new dimension in documenting new species high detail imaging for myriapod taxonomy and first 3d cybertype of a new Millipede species diplopoda julida julidae
PLOS ONE, 2015Co-Authors: Nesrine Akkari, Henrik Enghoff, Brian D MetscherAbstract:We review the state-of-the-art approaches currently applied in myriapod taxonomy, and we describe, for the first time, a new species of Millipede (Ommatoiulus avatar n. sp., family Julidae) using high-resolution X-ray microtomography (microCT) as a substantive adjunct to traditional morphological examination. We present 3D models of the holotype and paratype specimens and discuss the potential of this non-destructive technique in documenting new species of Millipedes and other organisms. The microCT data have been uploaded to an open repository (Dryad) to serve as the first actual Millipede cybertypes to be published.
Tsutomu Tanabe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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1 octen 3 ol together with geosmin new secretion compounds from a polydesmid Millipede niponia nodulosa
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2002Co-Authors: Hisashi Omura, Yasumasa Kuwahara, Tsutomu TanabeAbstract:The small Millipede Niponia nodulosa (Polydesmida: Cryptodesmidae) emits an earthy smell when disturbed. This smell was obtained from hexane extracts from both sexes at the sixth and seventh instars and adult stages, and was found by GC/MS analyses to be composed of two compounds, 1-octen-3-ol as the major component and geosmin as the minor component. This is the first report of these compounds in secreted substances from Millipedes. As they showed little repellent activity against foraging ants in bioassays, their biological function as defensive allomones was not clearly elucidated. However, both compounds provoked negative chemotaxis of conspecific Millipedes in a Y-tube olfactometer, especially 1-octen-3-ol, which was active at a dose equivalent to the content of a single Millipede. Such biological activity suggests that this compound is involved in intraspecific communication in this Millipede and may play a role as an alarm pheromone.
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2 nitroethenylbenzenes as natural products in Millipede defense secretions
Naturwissenschaften, 2002Co-Authors: Yasumasa Kuwahara, Hisashi Omura, Tsutomu TanabeAbstract:The white Millipede Eucondylodesmus elegans Miyosi (Polydesmida: Doratodesmidae) secretes odoriferous droplets from the glands on both lateral surfaces of its body segments. The secretion was shown to be composed of a mixture of (1E)- and (1Z)-2-nitroethenylbenzenes (2–3 µg per Millipede), identified by GC/MS analyses and synthesis. This is the first identification of these compounds as natural products. A granulated sugar block baited with the synthetic compound (more than 0.71 µg) demonstrated repellent activity against foraging wild ants, indicating that the compound functioned as a defense substance against potential predators. α,β,2,3,4,5,6-d 7-(1E)-2-Nitroethenylbenzene was detected by GC/MS analysis in the Millipede secretion after feeding with α,β,β,2,3,4,5,6-d 8-L-phenylalanine, indicating that L-phenylalanine is the precursor of these compounds.
Athula B. Attygalle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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hcn emission by a polydesmid Millipede detected remotely by reactive adsorption on gold nanoparticles followed by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry ldi ms
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2020Co-Authors: Julius Pavlov, Sihang Xu, Kipling W Will, Brandt Weary, Athula B. AttygalleAbstract:: Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is a well-known defensive allomone in the chemical arsenal of Millipedes in the order Polydesmida. The presence of HCN in the headspace vapor of adult Xystocheir dissecta (Wood, 1867), a common Millipede from the San Francisco Bay Area, was traced by laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). To accomplish this, the headspace vapor surrounding caged, live Millipedes was allowed to diffuse passively over gold-nanoparticle (AuNP) deposits placed at various distances from the emitting source. The stainless steel plates with AuNP deposits were removed and irradiated by a 355-nm laser. The gaseous ions generated in this way were detected by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The intensity of the mass spectrometric peak detected at m/z 249 for the Au(CN)2- complex anion was compared to that of the residual Au- signal (m/z 197). Using this procedure, HCN vapors produced by the live Millipedes could be detected up to 50 cm away from the source. Furthermore, the addition of H2O2, as an internal oxygen source for the gold cyanidation reaction that takes place in the AuNP deposits, significantly increased the detection sensitivity. Using the modified H2O2 addition procedure, HCN could now be detected at 80 cm from the source. Moreover, we found a decreasing intensity ratio of the Au(CN)2-/Au- signals as the distance from the emitting source increased, following an exponential-decay distribution as predicted by Fick's law of diffusion. Graphical abstract.
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SEASONAL ANOINTMENT WITH MillipedeS IN A WILD PRIMATE: A CHEMICAL DEFENSE AGAINST INSECTS?
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2000Co-Authors: Ximena Valderrama, John G. Robinson, Athula B. Attygalle, Thomas EisnerAbstract:Members of a wild group of wedge-capped capuchin monkeys (Cebus olivaceus) intentionally anoint themselves with Millipedes (Orthoporus dorsovittatus). Chemical analysis revealed these Millipedes secrete two benzoquinones, compounds known to be potently repellent to insects. We argue that the secretion that rubs off on the monkeys in the course of anointment provides protection against insects, particularly mosquitoes (and the bot flies they transmit) during the rainy season. Millipede secretion is so avidly sought by the monkeys that up to four of them will share a single Millipede. The anointment must also entail risks, since benzoquinones are toxic and carcinogenic. We suggest that for capuchins the immediate benefits of anointment outweigh the long-range costs.
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rendering the inedible edible circumvention of a Millipede s chemical defense by a predaceous beetle larva phengodidae
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1998Co-Authors: Thomas Eisner, Athula B. Attygalle, Maria Eisner, Mark Deyrup, Jerrold MeinwaldAbstract:The larva of the phengodid beetle, Phengodes laticollis, feeds on the Millipede, Floridobolus penneri, without risking exposure to the repellent benzoquinones ordinarily ejected by the Millipede from its defensive glands when attacked. The phengodid subdues the Millipede by piercing the Millipede’s integument with its hollow sickle-shaped mandibles and apparently injecting gastric fluid. The infusion abruptly paralyzes the Millipede, which thereby is prevented from discharging its glands. As the phengodid then imbibes the liquefied systemic contents of the dead Millipede, the Millipede’s benzoquinones remain harmlessly confined to the glands, prevented from diffusing into the Millipede’s body cavity by the glands’ impervious cuticular lining. At the end of the meal only the Millipede’s skeletal armor and glandular sacs remain uneaten. Analysis of such discarded sacs showed these to contain benzoquinones in amounts commensurate with those present in replete glands of living Millipedes.
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Rendering the inedible edible: Circumvention of a Millipede’s chemical defense by a predaceous beetle larva (Phengodidae)
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1998Co-Authors: Thomas Eisner, Athula B. Attygalle, Maria Eisner, Mark Deyrup, Jerrold MeinwaldAbstract:The larva of the phengodid beetle, Phengodes laticollis, feeds on the Millipede, Floridobolus penneri, without risking exposure to the repellent benzoquinones ordinarily ejected by the Millipede from its defensive glands when attacked. The phengodid subdues the Millipede by piercing the Millipede’s integument with its hollow sickle-shaped mandibles and apparently injecting gastric fluid. The infusion abruptly paralyzes the Millipede, which thereby is prevented from discharging its glands. As the phengodid then imbibes the liquefied systemic contents of the dead Millipede, the Millipede’s benzoquinones remain harmlessly confined to the glands, prevented from diffusing into the Millipede’s body cavity by the glands’ impervious cuticular lining. At the end of the meal only the Millipede’s skeletal armor and glandular sacs remain uneaten. Analysis of such discarded sacs showed these to contain benzoquinones in amounts commensurate with those present in replete glands of living Millipedes.
Jason E. Bond - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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genital morphology and the mechanics of copulation in the Millipede genus pseudopolydesmus diplopoda polydesmida polydesmidae
Arthropod Structure & Development, 2020Co-Authors: Xavier J Zahnle, Petra Sierwald, Stephanie Ware, Jason E. BondAbstract:Mate choice, copulation, genital morphology, and sperm storage are not very well understood in Millipedes. The use of three-dimensional x-ray computed tomography (μCT) provides new morphological data regarding Millipede reproductive systems in both the female and male, including chitinous sclerites and membranes, muscles, glands, oviducts, and sperm conduits. Here we present a complete integrated account of the morphology and function of the female genital organs in the family Polydesmidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida) using μCT, UV fluorescence imaging, and scanning electron microscopy. These data allow us to consider competing hypotheses regarding Millipede vulva formation. We additionally present the morphology of copulatory interface in Pseudopolydesmus Attems, 1898 using images of a mating pair in copula and by simulating the interface of the organs using 3D models from μCT, allowing us to tentatively identify a lock-and-key-like mechanism. Finally, we use μCT to reveal the topology of the seminal canal in the gonopod of male Pseudopolydesmus, a topic that has remained unresolved for nearly 80 years.
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arthropod phylogenetics in light of three novel Millipede myriapoda diplopoda mitochondrial genomes with comments on the appropriateness of mitochondrial genome sequence data for inferring deep level relationships
PLOS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: Michael S Brewer, Lynn Swafford, Chad L Spruill, Jason E. BondAbstract:Extracted text; Background Arthropods are the most diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, but their phylogenetic relationships are poorly understood. Herein, we describe three mitochondrial genomes representing orders of Millipedes for which complete genomes had not been characterized. Newly sequenced genomes are combined with existing data to characterize the protein coding regions of myriapods and to attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships within the Myriapoda and Arthropoda. Results The newly sequenced genomes are similar to previously characterized Millipede sequences in terms of synteny and length. Unique translocations occurred within the newly sequenced taxa, including one half of the Appalachioria falcifera genome, which is inverted with respect to other Millipede genomes. Across myriapods, amino acid conservation levels are highly dependent on the gene region. Additionally, individual loci varied in the level of amino acid conservation. Overall, most gene regions showed low levels of conservation at many sites. Attempts to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships suffered from questionable relationships and low support values. Analyses of phylogenetic informativeness show the lack of signal deep in the trees (i.e., genes evolve too quickly). As a result, the myriapod tree resembles previously published results but lacks convincing support, and, within the arthropod tree, well established groups were recovered as polyphyletic. Conclusions The novel genome sequences described herein provide useful genomic information concerning Millipede groups that had not been investigated. Taken together with existing sequences, the variety of compositions and evolution of myriapod mitochondrial genomes are shown to be more complex than previously thought. Unfortunately, the use of mitochondrial protein-coding regions in deep arthropod phylogenetics appears problematic, a result consistent with previously published studies. Lack of phylogenetic signal renders the resulting tree topologies as suspect. As such, these data are likely inappropriate for investigating such ancient relationships.
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Millipede taxonomy after 250 years classification and taxonomic practices in a mega diverse yet understudied arthropod group
PLOS ONE, 2012Co-Authors: Michael S Brewer, Petra Sierwald, Jason E. BondAbstract:Background The arthropod class Diplopoda is a mega-diverse group comprising >12,000 described Millipede species. The history of taxonomic research within the group is tumultuous and, consequently, has yielded a questionable higher-level classification. Few higher-taxa are defined using synapomorphies, and the practice of single taxon descriptions lacking a revisionary framework has produced many monotypic taxa. Additionally, taxonomic and geographic biases render global species diversity estimations unreliable. We test whether the ordinal taxa of the Diplopoda are consistent with regards to underlying taxonomic diversity, attempt to provide estimates for global species diversity, and examine Millipede taxonomic effort at a global geographic scale. Methodology/Principal Findings A taxonomic distinctness metric was employed to assess uniformity of Millipede ordinal taxa. We found that ordinal-level taxa are not uniform and are likely overinflated with higher-taxa when compared to related groups. Several methods of estimating global species richness were employed (Bayesian, variation in taxonomic productivity, extrapolation from nearly fully described taxa). Two of the three methods provided estimates ranging from 13,413–16,760 species. Variations in geographic diversity show biases to North America and Europe and a paucity of works on tropical taxa. Conclusions/Significance Before taxa can be used in an extensible way, they must be definable with respect to the diversity they contain and the diagnostic characters used to delineate them. The higher classification for Millipedes is shown to be problematic from a number of perspectives. Namely, the ordinal taxa are not uniform in their underlying diversity, and Millipedes appear to have a disproportionate number of higher-taxa. Species diversity estimates are unreliable due to inconsistent taxonomic effort at temporal, geographic, and phylogenetic scales. Lack of knowledge concerning many Millipede groups compounds these issues. Diplopods are likely not unique in this regard as these issues may persist in many other diverse yet poorly studied groups.
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Failure to cospeciate: an unsorted tale of Millipedes and mites
Biological Journal of The Linnean Society, 2010Co-Authors: Lynn Swafford, Jason E. BondAbstract:Mites form symbiotic relationships with many animal taxa, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, mollusks and arthropods. They are often found living on Millipedes and it has often been speculated that these two groups of arthropods have, in some cases, undergone coevolution. However, this hypothesis has never been formally tested. Millipedes of the family Xystodesmidae Cook 1895 (Diplopoda: Polydesmida) and their symbiotic mites of the genus Stylochyrus Canestrini & Canestrini 1882 were collected in broadleaf forests of the eastern USA. The DNA from two mitochondrial regions (16S/12S and cox1) was sequenced for all collected Millipede and mite specimens. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed for both Millipede and mite taxa using Bayesian inference. Pairwise distance data were used in distance-based coevolutionary analyses and reconstructed phylogenies were used in tree-based coevolutionary analyses. The phylogenetic analyses indicate Stylochyrus and xystodesmid Millipede evolutionary history is incongruent. Moreover, the evolutionary relationships among mite individuals and populations have very low support values and indicate little to no geographic structuring. The coevolutionary analyses likewise detected no pattern of coevolution among these Millipede and mite lineages. Unlike many arthropod species, Stylochyrus mites appear to be highly vagile. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 272–287.