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Mark E. Olson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Intergeneric Relationships within the Caricaceae‐Moringaceae Clade (Brassicales) and Potential Morphological Synapomorphies of the Clade and Its Families
    International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2020
    Co-Authors: Mark E. Olson
    Abstract:

    Recently published molecular phylogenetic studies indicate a sister taxon relationship between Caricaceae and Moringaceae; such a relationship was not identified in nearly 250 yr of morphological studies because the families share few obvious similarities. This study tests the monophyly of both families and attempts to identify morphological synapomorphies of the two‐family clade and of each family. Parsimony analysis of DNA sequence variation in the chloroplast gene rbcL supports the monophyly of both families. Sampling includes six original rbcL sequences and 20 from the GenBank database, with single representatives of each of the four genera of Caricaceae and four members of the monogeneric Moringaceae. To reconstruct intergeneric relationships, one nuclear (ITS) and one chloroplast (trnG) locus were sequenced from one to two members of each of the four genera of Caricaceae, with two species of Moringa used as an outgroup. In the tree resulting from the combined analysis of the ITS and trnG data sets, ...

  • the diversity of chemoprotective glucosinolates in Moringaceae moringa spp
    Scientific Reports, 2018
    Co-Authors: Jed W Fahey, Mark E. Olson, Katherine K Stephenson, Kristina L Wade, Gwen M Chodur, David Odee, Wasif Nouman
    Abstract:

    Glucosinolates (GS) are metabolized to isothiocyanates that may enhance human healthspan by protecting against a variety of chronic diseases. Moringa oleifera, the drumstick tree, produces unique GS but little is known about GS variation within M. oleifera, and even less in the 12 other Moringa species, some of which are very rare. We assess leaf, seed, stem, and leaf gland exudate GS content of 12 of the 13 known Moringa species. We describe 2 previously unidentified GS as major components of 6 species, reporting on the presence of simple alkyl GS in 4 species, which are dominant in M. longituba. We document potent chemoprotective potential in 11 of 12 species, and measure the cytoprotective activity of 6 purified GS in several cell lines. Some of the unique GS rank with the most powerful known inducers of the phase 2 cytoprotective response. Although extracts of most species induced a robust phase 2 cytoprotective response in cultured cells, one was very low (M. longituba), and by far the highest was M. arborea, a very rare and poorly known species. Our results underscore the importance of Moringa as a chemoprotective resource and the need to survey and conserve its interspecific diversity.

  • combining data from dna sequences and morphology for a phylogeny of Moringaceae brassicales
    Systematic Botany, 2009
    Co-Authors: Mark E. Olson
    Abstract:

    Abstract The Old World dry tropical family Moringaceae is remarkable for the great diversity of habit and floral morphology found within its only genus, Moringa. To infer the phylogenetic relationships of all 13 species, parsimony analyses of morphological data and DNA sequences from a low-copy nuclear region (PEPC), a chloroplast region (trnG), and a tandemly-repeated nuclear region present in high copy number (ITS) were conducted of each data set separately and combined. Characters from studies of ontogeny substantially enhanced the resolution of the morphological data set. The Incongruence Length Difference test indicated the congruence of all data sets, as did Templeton tests comparing the single tree resulting from the combined analysis in the context of the individual data sets. This tree is presented as the preferred topology, in which the four bottle trees appear in a basal paraphyletic assemblage, with the three species of slender trees (including the economically important M. oleifera) forming a...

  • wood ontogeny as a model for studying heterochrony with an example of paedomorphosis in moringa Moringaceae
    Systematics and Biodiversity, 2007
    Co-Authors: Mark E. Olson
    Abstract:

    Abstract Modern studies of heterochrony in plants have focused mostly on determinate organs or annuals, leaving long‐lived plants unstudied. Wood offers remarkable access to the issue, because ontogeny during the life of a woody plant is recorded by changes in cell attributes from the inner wood to the outermost wood. An example is provided, examining vessel element ontogeny in an explicitly phylogenetic context to infer paedomorphosis in the evolution of tuberous shrubs, represented by Moringa longituba (Moringaceae, the drumstick tree family), from an arborescent ancestral‐type ontogeny represented by sister taxon M. ruspoliana. Two main difficulties with the use of wood in heterochrony studies are identified and their implications are discussed: (1) Some variable must be chosen against which to plot ontogenetic data; time, either observed directly or inferred from growth rings can be used, but stem diameter may be an acceptable or more informative alternative; (2) ‘Onset’ and ‘terminal’ ontogenetic ref...

  • ontogenetic origins of floral bilateral symmetry in Moringaceae brassicales
    American Journal of Botany, 2003
    Co-Authors: Mark E. Olson
    Abstract:

    : Floral morphology of the 13 species of Moringa ranges from actinomorphic flowers with little hypanthium to highly zygomorphic flowers with well-developed hypanthia. Scanning electron and light microscopy were used to identify ontogenetic differences among two actinomorphic and eight zygomorphic species. All species show traces of zygomorphy between petal organogenesis and anther differentiation. At late organogenesis, zygomorphy is manifest by one petal being larger than the others, slight unidirectional maturation of the anthers, and in many species, some staminodes may be missing. At organ differentiation and beyond, the actinomorphic species show a trend toward increasing actinomorphy, whereas the zygomorphic features of early ontogeny are progressively accentuated throughout the ontogeny of the zygomorphic species. Because of the early traces of zygomorphy throughout the family, ontogeny in Moringa does not resemble that known from the sister taxon Caricaceae, which has flowers that are actinomorphic throughout ontogeny. Great intraspecific variation was found in floral plan in the actinomorphic-flowered species in contrast to the zygomorphic species. Each of the main clades in the family is distinguished by at least one feature of floral ontogeny. In general, ontogenetic differences that are congruent with deeper phylogenetic splits tend to occur earlier in ontogeny than those congruent with more recent divergences.

Sherwin Carlquist - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • stem and root anatomical correlations with life form diversity ecology and systematics in moringa Moringaceae
    Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2001
    Co-Authors: Mark E. Olson, Sherwin Carlquist
    Abstract:

    Abstract Four life forms (habits) are identified in the 13 species of Moringa (bottle trees, sarcorhizal trees, slender trees, and tuberous shrubs) which are examined for wood anatomical correlations with habit, ecology, and systematics. Wood anatomy is similar within habit classes except for the sarcorhizal trees. The four bottle tree species and M. arborea (one of the sarcorhizal trees) are characterized by bands of confluent paratracheal parenchyma alternating with bands of libriform fibres, some of which may be parenchyma-like. The other sarcorhizal tree, M. ruspoliana , is characterized by alternating bands of parenchyma-like and long, slender libriform fibres. Root secondary xylem of all these species is characterized by bands of parenchyma and fibres. Slender trees do not show bands of fibres of different shapes and have fibrous roots with less parenchyma than the other species. Tuberous shrubs have stems mostly composed of long, slender fibres and large underground tubers mostly composed of parenchyma. Quantitative trends between ecologically different localities include wider vessel elements and higher conductive area in moister localities. Wood anatomy provides characters that are of potential phylogenetic utility at a variety of levels of relationship. Based on wood anatomy and geography, the most likely sister taxon to Moringa is Cylicomorpha (Caricaceae).

  • Wood and Bark Anatomy of Caricaceae; Correlations with Systematics and Habit
    Iawa Journal, 1998
    Co-Authors: Sherwin Carlquist
    Abstract:

    Wood and bark anatomy are described for four species of three genera of Caricaceae; both root and stem material were available for Jacaratia hassleriana. Wood of all species lacks libriform fibers in secondary xylem, and has axial parenchyma instead. Cylicomorpha parviflora has paratracheal parenchyma cells with thin lignified walls; otherwise, all cell walls of secondary xylem in Caricaceae except those of vessels have only primary walls. Vessels have alternate laterally elongate (pseudoscalariform) pits on vessel-vessel interfaces, but wide, minimally bordered scalariform pits on vessel-parenchyma contacts. Laticifers occur commonly in tangential plates in fascicular secondary xylem, and rarely in xylem rays. Proliferation of axial parenchyma by zones of tangential divisions is newly reported for the family. Bark is diverse in the species, although some features (e.g., druses) are common to all. Wood of Caricaceae is compared to that of two species of Moringaceae, recently designated the sister family of Caricaceae. Although the wood and bark of Moringa oleifera, a treelike species, differ from those of Caricaceae, wood and bark of the stem succulent M. hildebrandtii, the habit of which resembles those in Caricaceae, simulate wood and bark of Caricaceae closely. Counterparts to laticifers in Moringaceae are uncertain, however. Phloem fibers of Caricaceae form an expansible peripheral cylinder of mechanical tissue that correlates with the stem succulence of most species of Caricaceae.

Esther N Matu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • in vivo antifertility and safety profiles of kenyan moringa oleifera lam Moringaceae extracts
    THE KASH 7 ABSTRACT SUBMISSION, 2017
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth V M Kigondu, Moses K Kamita, Elizabeth W Njenga, James Wanga, Gabriel Amalemba, Esther N Matu
    Abstract:

    Background: Unsustainable high population growth rate coupled with many women dying of complications of unsafe abortion, due to a large number of unwanted pregnancies, has been a challenge in many parts of the world especially in developing countries. This indicates that new and alternative contraceptive methods that are safe, cheap and convenient are needed. Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) was selected for this study based on previous studies that indicated antifertility effect in rats, of the aqueous extract of the roots and the stem bark. Objective: To establish the antifertility properties of M. oleifera . Methodology: The aerial parts, seeds, root bark and twigs were extracted using methanol, petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. In vivo antifertility evaluations in Swiss female mice, acute and sub-chronic toxicity and phytochemical studies were carried out on M. oleifera extracts. Results: The ethyl acetate extract of the seeds of M. oleifera demonstrated reversible antifertility effect at 800mg/kg. Physiological tests carried out on mice revealed that the extract arrested the estrus cycle either at the diestrus or the proestrus phase by prolonging them. Acute and chronic toxicity evaluation of the extract at 800mg/kg established the safety at the tested concentration. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the extract revealed the presence of terpenoids, steroids and fluorescent compounds, which may be responsible for the antifertility effect that was observed. Conclusion: The findings validate the ethnomedicinal use of M. oleifera seeds through the establishment of its safety, and the antifertility properties that make the extract a potential source of an alternative herbal contraceptive through further studies and development.

  • in vivo antifertility and safety profiles of kenyan moringa oleifera lam Moringaceae extracts
    The African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2016
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth V M Kigondu, Moses K Kamita, Elizabeth W Njenga, James Wanga, Gabriel Amalemba, Esther N Matu
    Abstract:

    Background: Unsustainable high population growth rate coupled with many women dying of complications of unsafe abortion, due to a large number of unwanted pregnancies, has been a challenge in many parts of the world especially in developing countries. This indicates that new and alternative contraceptive methods that are safe, cheap and convenient are needed. Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) was selected for this study based on previous studies that indicated antifertility effect in rats, of the aqueous extract of the roots and the stem bark. Objective: To establish the antifertility properties of M. oleifera . Methodology: The aerial parts, seeds, root bark and twigs were extracted using methanol, petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. In vivo antifertility evaluations in Swiss female mice, acute and sub-chronic toxicity and phytochemical studies were carried out on M. oleifera extracts. Results: The ethyl acetate extract of the seeds of M. oleifera demonstrated reversible antifertility effect at 800mg/kg. Physiological tests carried out on mice revealed that the extract arrested the estrus cycle either at the diestrus or the proestrus phase by prolonging them. Acute and chronic toxicity evaluation of the extract at 800mg/kg established the safety at the tested concentration. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the extract revealed the presence of terpenoids, steroids and fluorescent compounds, which may be responsible for the antifertility effect that was observed. Conclusion: The findings validate the ethnomedicinal use of M. oleifera seeds through the establishment of its safety, and the antifertility properties that make the extract a potential source of an alternative herbal contraceptive through further studies and development. Key words: Moringa oleifera , antifertility effect, estrus cycle, toxicity, phytochemical profile.

Jiangchong Wu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • pollen mediated gene flow in a small experimental population of moringa oleifera lam Moringaceae
    Industrial Crops and Products, 2018
    Co-Authors: Jiangchong Wu, Yanping Zhang, Yixing Zheng, Xingmin Peng
    Abstract:

    Abstract Large-scale plantations of Moringa oleifera Lam. are carrying out in the dry-hot valley of Red River in Yunnan Province to make it the core cultivation area in China. Nevertheless, there is a deficient understanding of detailed pollen flow patterns, which leads to uncertainty in designing and managing seed orchards of M. oleifera to fit the breeding demand. In order to facilitate the design of breeding strategies for inbreeding lines, paternity analysis by SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) was used to estimate the outcrossing rate and pollen mediated gene flow of M. oleifera. The analysis was carried out in an experimental population domesticated in the dry-hot valley area of Red River with two germplasms (India and Myanmar) of 60 trees, including 12 maternal trees and 60 pollen donors (bisexual flowers, maternal trees were also possible paternal trees in case of selfing). One hundred fifteen seeds out of 288 were confirmed pollen donors by 8 microsatellite loci at 95% strict confidence level. The multilocus outcrossing rate is tm = 0.797 ± 0.096, and single-locus outcrossing rate is ts = 0.742 ± 0.058. Pollen dispersal distance varied from 0 m (self-pollination) to 24.7 m, with an average of 11.9 m, and 95% of effective pollen was dispersed within 20 m, indicating that the effective pollen mediated gene flow is restricted to a limited distance. 50.3% of effective pollen was donated by 9 trees. Moreover, there was no apparent correlation between pollen dispersal distance and pollen contribution rate, as well as between germplasm and reproducibility. The maximum pollen dispersal distance between two trees estimated in this experimental stand is highly localized at current 3 × 3 m planting density, indicating that M. oleifera seed orchards and clones could be planted nearer to each other than previously thought (as far as kilometers).

  • isolation and characterization of twenty polymorphic microsatellite loci for moringa oleifera Moringaceae
    Hortscience, 2010
    Co-Authors: Jiangchong Wu, Jing Yang, Zhijian Gu, Yanping Zhang
    Abstract:

    By using a modified biotin-streptavidin capturing method, a total of 20 polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed from Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), a useful multipurpose tree. Twenty-four domesticated individuals, with germplasms of India and Myanmar, were used to screen polymorphism of these 20 microsatellite markers. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to six. The expected and observed heterozygosity varied from 0.3608 to 0.7606 and from 0.0000 to 0.8750, respectively. Seven loci were significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The availability of these microsatellite primers would provide a powerful tool for aspects of detailed population genetic studies of M. oleifera.

Sugey Ramona Sinagawa-garcía - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Biofunctional properties of bioactive peptide fractions from protein isolates of moringa seed (Moringa oleifera)
    Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Nancy Gisela González Garza, Janice Azucena Chuc Koyoc, Jorge Ariel Torres Castillo, Eduardo Alejandro García Zambrano, Luis Chel-guerrero, David Betancur-ancona, Sugey Ramona Sinagawa-garcía
    Abstract:

    Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) is a specie of significant importance because of its multiple nutraceutical properties, that has led to increase in its consumption. The seeds contain a high percentage of protein (37.48%). However, little is known about the bioactive properties of these proteins and peptides, especially those generated by enzymatic hydrolysis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biofunctional properties of total hydrolysates (TH) and peptide fractions from protein isolates of moringa seeds. Isoelectric protein isolates were prepared and TH were obtained by digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin and pepsin–trypsin for 2.5 and 5 h. TH were fractioned by ultrafiltration (UF) with a 10 kDa membrane to generate the peptide fractions. In all treatments, the antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in peptide fractions > 10 kDa with 5 h of hydrolysis. The results showed that the fraction > 10 kDa of pepsin–trypsin digested for 5 h presented a better Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibition (ACE-I) activity with an IC50 of 0.224 μg/μl. Also, antidiabetic activity was enhanced in pepsin–trypsin treatment with 5 h of hydrolysis showing an IC50 of 0.123 μg/μl. Finally, this study showed that hydrolysates of moringa seed proteins had excellent in vitro nutraceutical potential.