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Jiri Mestecky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Mammary Gland as an Integral Component of the Common Mucosal Immune System.
Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series, 2020Co-Authors: Jiri MesteckyAbstract:The human mammary gland is an integral effector component of the common Mucosal Immune System. However, from physiological and immunological aspects, it displays several unique features not shared by other Mucosal sites. The development, maturation, and activity of the mammary gland exhibits a strong hormonal dependence. Furthermore, in comparison to the intestinal and respiratory tracts, the mammary gland is not colonized by high numbers of bacteria of enormous diversity and does not contain Mucosal inductive sites analogous to the intestinal Peyer's patches. Consequently, when exposed to antigens, local or generalized Immune responses are low or not present. Comparative evaluations of various immunization routes effective in the induction of antibodies in human milk are limited. Systemic immunization induces IgG antibodies in plasma, but due to the low levels of total IgG in human milk, their protective effect remains unknown. Oral or intranasal immunization or infection induces secretory IgA in milk, as demonstrated in several studies. Other routes of Mucosal immunization, such as sublingual or rectal exposure effective in the induction of antibodies in various external secretions, have not been explored in the mammary gland. Because secretory IgA in milk displays protective functions, alternative immunization routes and antigen delivery Systems should be explored.
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Overview: The Mucosal Immune System
Mucosal Immunology, 2015Co-Authors: Michael W. Russell, Jiri Mestecky, Warren Strober, Bart N. Lambrecht, Brian L. Kelsall, Hilde CheroutreAbstract:Abstract This chapter serves as an introduction to the book and presents an overview of the Mucosal Immune System, its major components and functions, and its unique significance with respect to the maintenance of homeostasis and health. Of particular importance is its role in maintaining the commensal microbiota that colonizes most Mucosal surfaces, while concomitantly and effectively responding to pathogens and protecting against infectious disease.
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Strategic dominance of the Mucosal Immune System in the defence and tolerance
Casopis lekaru ceskych, 2011Co-Authors: Jiri Mestecky, Milan RaskaAbstract:Mucosal Immune System is functionally characterized by its ability to limit the access of environmental antigens such as food, airborne materials, and commensal microbes to the Systemic Immune compartment, leading to reduction in the magnitude of Systemic Immune responses. Mucosal Immune System reacts at the site of antigen exposure and at anatomically distant Mucosal sites by specific antibodies production and specific cellular immunity. The Mucosal administration of neoantigen induces specific Mucosal and Systemic antibodies production and Systemic effector T cells anergy accompanied by induction of regulatory T cells, phenomenon termed Mucosal tolerance. Based on above observations, several studies test the ability to prevent some autoImmune diseases by Mucosal administration of respective antigens but with little to no success. This review attempts to describe mechanisms involved in the induction of Immune response and tolerance after immunization by Mucosal routes - oral or intranasal administration. Further it aims to elucidate conditions critical for elicitation of Mucosal tolerance.
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differences in Immune responses induced by oral and rectal immunizations with salmonella typhi ty21a evidence for compartmentalization within the common Mucosal Immune System in humans
Infection and Immunity, 1998Co-Authors: Zina Moldoveanu, Suzanne M. Michalek, Anu Kantele, M Hakkinen, A Lu, E Savilahti, Ronald D Alvarez, Jiri MesteckyAbstract:Based on the concept of the common Mucosal Immune System, immunization at various inductive sites can induce an Immune response at other, remote Mucosal surfaces. The Immune responses elicited through rectal and oral routes of antigen delivery were compared with respect to (i) measurement of antibody responses in serum and various external secretions of the vaccinees and (ii) characterization of the nature and homing potentials of circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Specific ASC appeared in the circulation in 4 of 5 volunteers after oral and 9 of 11 volunteers after rectal immunization with Salmonella typhi Ty21a. The kinetics, magnitude, and immunoglobulin isotype distribution of the ASC responses were similar in the two groups. In both groups, almost all ASC (99 or 95% after oral or rectal immunization, respectively) expressed α4β7, the gut homing receptor (HR), whereas l-selectin, the peripheral lymph node HR, was expressed only on 22 or 38% of ASC, respectively. Oral immunization elicited a more pronounced Immune response in saliva and vaginal secretion, while rectal immunization was more potent in inducing a response in nasal secretion, rectum, and tears. No major differences were found in the abilities of the two immunization routes to induce a response in serum or intestinal secretion. Thus, the rectal antigen delivery should be considered as an alternative to the oral immunization route. The different Immune response profiles found in various secretions after oral versus rectal antigen administration provide evidence for a compartmentalization within the common Mucosal Immune System in humans.
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differences in Immune responses induced by oral and rectal immunizations with salmonella typhi ty21a evidence for compartmentalization within the common Mucosal Immune System in humans
Infection and Immunity, 1998Co-Authors: Zina Moldoveanu, Suzanne M. Michalek, Anu Kantele, M Hakkinen, E Savilahti, Ronald D Alvarez, Jiri MesteckyAbstract:Based on the concept of the common Mucosal Immune System, immunization at various inductive sites can induce an Immune response at other, remote Mucosal surfaces. The Immune responses elicited through rectal and oral routes of antigen delivery were compared with respect to (i) measurement of antibody responses in serum and various external secretions of the vaccinees and (ii) characterization of the nature and homing potentials of circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Specific ASC appeared in the circulation in 4 of 5 volunteers after oral and 9 of 11 volunteers after rectal immunization with Salmonella typhi Ty21a. The kinetics, magnitude, and immunoglobulin isotype distribution of the ASC responses were similar in the two groups. In both groups, almost all ASC (99 or 95% after oral or rectal immunization, respectively) expressed alpha4 beta7, the gut homing receptor (HR), whereas L-selectin, the peripheral lymph node HR, was expressed only on 22 or 38% of ASC, respectively. Oral immunization elicited a more pronounced Immune response in saliva and vaginal secretion, while rectal immunization was more potent in inducing a response in nasal secretion, rectum, and tears. No major differences were found in the abilities of the two immunization routes to induce a response in serum or intestinal secretion. Thus, the rectal antigen delivery should be considered as an alternative to the oral immunization route. The different Immune response profiles found in various secretions after oral versus rectal antigen administration provide evidence for a compartmentalization within the common Mucosal Immune System in humans.
Anu Kantele - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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differences in Immune responses induced by oral and rectal immunizations with salmonella typhi ty21a evidence for compartmentalization within the common Mucosal Immune System in humans
Infection and Immunity, 1998Co-Authors: Zina Moldoveanu, Suzanne M. Michalek, Anu Kantele, M Hakkinen, A Lu, E Savilahti, Ronald D Alvarez, Jiri MesteckyAbstract:Based on the concept of the common Mucosal Immune System, immunization at various inductive sites can induce an Immune response at other, remote Mucosal surfaces. The Immune responses elicited through rectal and oral routes of antigen delivery were compared with respect to (i) measurement of antibody responses in serum and various external secretions of the vaccinees and (ii) characterization of the nature and homing potentials of circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Specific ASC appeared in the circulation in 4 of 5 volunteers after oral and 9 of 11 volunteers after rectal immunization with Salmonella typhi Ty21a. The kinetics, magnitude, and immunoglobulin isotype distribution of the ASC responses were similar in the two groups. In both groups, almost all ASC (99 or 95% after oral or rectal immunization, respectively) expressed α4β7, the gut homing receptor (HR), whereas l-selectin, the peripheral lymph node HR, was expressed only on 22 or 38% of ASC, respectively. Oral immunization elicited a more pronounced Immune response in saliva and vaginal secretion, while rectal immunization was more potent in inducing a response in nasal secretion, rectum, and tears. No major differences were found in the abilities of the two immunization routes to induce a response in serum or intestinal secretion. Thus, the rectal antigen delivery should be considered as an alternative to the oral immunization route. The different Immune response profiles found in various secretions after oral versus rectal antigen administration provide evidence for a compartmentalization within the common Mucosal Immune System in humans.
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differences in Immune responses induced by oral and rectal immunizations with salmonella typhi ty21a evidence for compartmentalization within the common Mucosal Immune System in humans
Infection and Immunity, 1998Co-Authors: Zina Moldoveanu, Suzanne M. Michalek, Anu Kantele, M Hakkinen, E Savilahti, Ronald D Alvarez, Jiri MesteckyAbstract:Based on the concept of the common Mucosal Immune System, immunization at various inductive sites can induce an Immune response at other, remote Mucosal surfaces. The Immune responses elicited through rectal and oral routes of antigen delivery were compared with respect to (i) measurement of antibody responses in serum and various external secretions of the vaccinees and (ii) characterization of the nature and homing potentials of circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Specific ASC appeared in the circulation in 4 of 5 volunteers after oral and 9 of 11 volunteers after rectal immunization with Salmonella typhi Ty21a. The kinetics, magnitude, and immunoglobulin isotype distribution of the ASC responses were similar in the two groups. In both groups, almost all ASC (99 or 95% after oral or rectal immunization, respectively) expressed alpha4 beta7, the gut homing receptor (HR), whereas L-selectin, the peripheral lymph node HR, was expressed only on 22 or 38% of ASC, respectively. Oral immunization elicited a more pronounced Immune response in saliva and vaginal secretion, while rectal immunization was more potent in inducing a response in nasal secretion, rectum, and tears. No major differences were found in the abilities of the two immunization routes to induce a response in serum or intestinal secretion. Thus, the rectal antigen delivery should be considered as an alternative to the oral immunization route. The different Immune response profiles found in various secretions after oral versus rectal antigen administration provide evidence for a compartmentalization within the common Mucosal Immune System in humans.
Mick Bailey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Review: Postnatal development of the Mucosal Immune System and consequences on health in adulthood
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 2010Co-Authors: Marie Lewis, Charlotte F Inman, Mick BaileyAbstract:The intestinal microbiota is a dynamic multifaceted ecoSystem which has evolved a complex and mutually beneficial relationship with the mammalian host. The contribution to host fitness is evident, but in recent years it has become apparent that these commensal microorganisms may exert far more influence over health and disease than previously thought. The gut microbiota are implicated in many aspects of biological function, such as metabolism, angiogenesis and Immune development: disruption, especially during the neonatal period, which may impose life-long penalty. Elimination of the microbiota appears difficult, but manipulation of the ratios and dominance of composite populations can be achieved by alterations in diet, rearing environment, antibiotics and/or probiotics. Components of the intestinal microbiota are frequently documented to affect normal function of the Mucosal Immune System in experimental animals and in domesticated, agricultural species. However, it is not always clear that the effects ...
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The Mucosal Immune System : Recent developments and future directions in the pig
Developmental and comparative immunology, 2008Co-Authors: Mick BaileyAbstract:In most animals, the Mucosal Immune System effectively controls expression of active Immune responses to pathogen and tolerance to harmless antigens. Our understanding of the function and control of the Mucosal Immune System has advanced as a result of studies in rodents and humans. The discoveries of regulatory T-cells and T-helper-17 cells, and studies on the interactions between epithelial and dendritic cells, demonstrate its complexity. In pigs, some of the Systems and reagents for determining the relevance of these mechanisms are present, and indicate lines for future work. However, many empirical studies of the effect of manipulation of the Mucosal Immune System in the pig by prebiotics, probiotics and feed additives have been carried out. Interpretation of these results needs to be made with care, since manipulation of the Mucosal Immune System may improve its efficiency under a specific set of environmental and husbandry conditions, but impair it under others.
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The postnatal development of the Mucosal Immune System and Mucosal tolerance in domestic animals
Veterinary Research, 2006Co-Authors: Mick Bailey, Karin HaversonAbstract:The Mucosal Immune System is exposed to a range of antigens associated with pathogens, to which it must mount active Immune responses. However, it is also exposed to a large number of harmless antigens associated with food and with commensal microbial flora, to which expression of active, inflammatory Immune responses to these antigens is undesirable. The Mucosal Immune System must contain machinery capable of evaluating the antigens to which it is exposed and mounting appropriate effector or regulatory responses. Since the Immune System is likely to have evolved initially in Mucosal tissues, the requirement to prevent damaging allergic responses must be at least as old as the adaptive Immune System, and studies of the mechanisms should include a range of non-mammalian species. Despite the importance for rational design of vaccines and for control of allergic reactions, the mechanisms involved are still largely unclear. It is not clear that the classical experimental protocol of "oral tolerance" is, in fact, measuring a biologically important phenomenon, nor is it clear whether tolerance is regulated in the evolutionarily recent organised lymphoid tissue (the lymph nodes) or the more ancient, diffuse architecture in the intestine. The capacity of the Immune System to discriminate between "dangerous" and "harmless" antigens appears to develop with age and exposure to microbial flora. Thus, the ability of an individual or a group of animals to correctly regulate Mucosal Immune responses will depend on age, genetics and on their microbial environment and history. Attempts to manipulate the Mucosal Immune System towards active Immune responses by oral vaccines, or towards oral tolerance, are likely to be confounded by environmentally-induced variability between individuals and between groups of animals.
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the development of the Mucosal Immune System pre and post weaning balancing regulatory and effector function
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2005Co-Authors: Mick Bailey, K Haverson, Charlotte F Inman, C R Harris, Philip H Jones, G C Corfield, B G Miller, C R StokesAbstract:The Mucosal Immune System fulfils the primary function of defence against potential pathogensthat may enter across vulnerable surface epithelia. However, a secondary function of theintestinal Immune System is to discriminate between pathogen-associated and ‘harmless’ anti-gens, expressing active responses against the former and tolerance to the latter. Control ofImmune responses appears to be an active process, involving local generation of IgA and ofregulatory and/or regulated T lymphocytes. Two important periods of maximum exposure tonovel antigens occur in the young animal, immediately after birth and at weaning. In both casesthe antigenic composition of the intestinal contents can shift suddenly, as a result of a noveldiet and of colonisation by novel strains and species of bacteria. Changes in lifestyles of man,and husbandry of animals, have resulted in weaning becoming much more abrupt than pre-viously in evolution, increasing the number of antigens that must be simultaneously evaluatedby neonates. Thus, birth and weaning are likely to represent hazard and critical control pointsin the development of appropriate responses to pathogens and harmless dietary and commensalantigens. Neonates are born with relatively undeveloped Mucosal Immune Systems. At birth thisfactor may prevent both expression of active Immune responses and development of tolerance.However, colonisation by intestinal flora expands the Mucosal Immune System in antigen-specific and non-specific ways. At weaning antibody to fed proteins can be detected, indicatingactive Immune responses to fed proteins. It is proposed that under normal conditions the abilityof the Mucosal Immune System to mount active responses to foreign antigens develops simul-taneously with the ability to control and regulate such responses. Problems arise when one orother arm of the Immune System develops inappropriately, resulting in inappropriate effectorresponses to harmless food proteins (allergy) or inadequate responses to pathogens (diseasesusceptibility).Oral tolerance: Immune development: Weaning: Pig: Allergy
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The development of the Mucosal Immune System pre- and post-weaning: balancing regulatory and effector function
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2005Co-Authors: Mick Bailey, Karin Haverson, Charlotte F Inman, C R Harris, Philip H Jones, G C Corfield, B G Miller, C R StokesAbstract:The Mucosal Immune System fulfils the primary function of defence against potential pathogens that may enter across vulnerable surface epithelia. However, a secondary function of the intestinal Immune System is to discriminate between pathogen-associated and 'harmless' antigens, expressing active responses against the former and tolerance to the latter. Control of Immune responses appears to be an active process, involving local generation of IgA and of regulatory and/or regulated T lymphocytes. Two important periods of maximum exposure to novel antigens occur in the young animal, immediately after birth and at weaning. In both cases the antigenic composition of the intestinal contents can shift suddenly, as a result of a novel diet and of colonisation by novel strains and species of bacteria. Changes in lifestyles of man, and husbandry of animals, have resulted in weaning becoming much more abrupt than previously in evolution, increasing the number of antigens that must be simultaneously evaluated by neonates. Thus, birth and weaning are likely to represent hazard and critical control points in the development of appropriate responses to pathogens and harmless dietary and commensal antigens. Neonates are born with relatively undeveloped Mucosal Immune Systems. At birth this factor may prevent both expression of active Immune responses and development of tolerance. However, colonisation by intestinal flora expands the Mucosal Immune System in antigen-specific and non-specific ways. At weaning antibody to fed proteins can be detected, indicating active Immune responses to fed proteins. It is proposed that under normal conditions the ability of the Mucosal Immune System to mount active responses to foreign antigens develops simultaneously with the ability to control and regulate such responses. Problems arise when one or other arm of the Immune System develops inappropriately, resulting in inappropriate effector responses to harmless food proteins (allergy) or inadequate responses to pathogens (disease susceptibility).
M Hakkinen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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differences in Immune responses induced by oral and rectal immunizations with salmonella typhi ty21a evidence for compartmentalization within the common Mucosal Immune System in humans
Infection and Immunity, 1998Co-Authors: Zina Moldoveanu, Suzanne M. Michalek, Anu Kantele, M Hakkinen, A Lu, E Savilahti, Ronald D Alvarez, Jiri MesteckyAbstract:Based on the concept of the common Mucosal Immune System, immunization at various inductive sites can induce an Immune response at other, remote Mucosal surfaces. The Immune responses elicited through rectal and oral routes of antigen delivery were compared with respect to (i) measurement of antibody responses in serum and various external secretions of the vaccinees and (ii) characterization of the nature and homing potentials of circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Specific ASC appeared in the circulation in 4 of 5 volunteers after oral and 9 of 11 volunteers after rectal immunization with Salmonella typhi Ty21a. The kinetics, magnitude, and immunoglobulin isotype distribution of the ASC responses were similar in the two groups. In both groups, almost all ASC (99 or 95% after oral or rectal immunization, respectively) expressed α4β7, the gut homing receptor (HR), whereas l-selectin, the peripheral lymph node HR, was expressed only on 22 or 38% of ASC, respectively. Oral immunization elicited a more pronounced Immune response in saliva and vaginal secretion, while rectal immunization was more potent in inducing a response in nasal secretion, rectum, and tears. No major differences were found in the abilities of the two immunization routes to induce a response in serum or intestinal secretion. Thus, the rectal antigen delivery should be considered as an alternative to the oral immunization route. The different Immune response profiles found in various secretions after oral versus rectal antigen administration provide evidence for a compartmentalization within the common Mucosal Immune System in humans.
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differences in Immune responses induced by oral and rectal immunizations with salmonella typhi ty21a evidence for compartmentalization within the common Mucosal Immune System in humans
Infection and Immunity, 1998Co-Authors: Zina Moldoveanu, Suzanne M. Michalek, Anu Kantele, M Hakkinen, E Savilahti, Ronald D Alvarez, Jiri MesteckyAbstract:Based on the concept of the common Mucosal Immune System, immunization at various inductive sites can induce an Immune response at other, remote Mucosal surfaces. The Immune responses elicited through rectal and oral routes of antigen delivery were compared with respect to (i) measurement of antibody responses in serum and various external secretions of the vaccinees and (ii) characterization of the nature and homing potentials of circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Specific ASC appeared in the circulation in 4 of 5 volunteers after oral and 9 of 11 volunteers after rectal immunization with Salmonella typhi Ty21a. The kinetics, magnitude, and immunoglobulin isotype distribution of the ASC responses were similar in the two groups. In both groups, almost all ASC (99 or 95% after oral or rectal immunization, respectively) expressed alpha4 beta7, the gut homing receptor (HR), whereas L-selectin, the peripheral lymph node HR, was expressed only on 22 or 38% of ASC, respectively. Oral immunization elicited a more pronounced Immune response in saliva and vaginal secretion, while rectal immunization was more potent in inducing a response in nasal secretion, rectum, and tears. No major differences were found in the abilities of the two immunization routes to induce a response in serum or intestinal secretion. Thus, the rectal antigen delivery should be considered as an alternative to the oral immunization route. The different Immune response profiles found in various secretions after oral versus rectal antigen administration provide evidence for a compartmentalization within the common Mucosal Immune System in humans.
Hiroshi Kiyono - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A comprehensive understanding of the gut Mucosal Immune System in allergic inflammation
Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology, 2018Co-Authors: Daisuke Tokuhara, Yosuke Kurashima, Mariko Kamioka, Toshinori Nakayama, Peter B. Ernst, Hiroshi KiyonoAbstract:Despite its direct exposure to huge amounts of microorganisms and foreign and dietary antigens, the gut mucosa maintains intestinal homeostasis by utilizing the Mucosal Immune System. The gut Mucosal Immune System protects the host from the invasion of infectious pathogens and eliminates harmful non-self antigens, but it allows the cohabitation of commensal bacteria in the gut and the entry of dietary non-self antigens into the body via the Mucosal surface. These physiological and immunological activities are regulated by the ingenious gut Mucosal Immune network, comprising such features as gut-associated lymphoid tissue, Mucosal Immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, secretory IgA, and commensal bacteria. The gut Mucosal Immune network keeps a fine tuned balance between active immunity (against pathogens and harmful non-self antigens) and Immune tolerance (to commensal microbiota and dietary antigens), thus maintaining intestinal healthy homeostasis. Disruption of gut homeostasis results in persistent or severe gastrointestinal infection, inflammatory bowel disease, or allergic inflammation. In this review, we comprehensively introduce current knowledge of the gut Mucosal Immune System, focusing on its interaction with allergic inflammation.
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The Mucosal Immune System: From dentistry to vaccine development
Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B Physical and biological sciences, 2015Co-Authors: Hiroshi Kiyono, Tatsuhiko AzegamiAbstract:The oral cavity is the beginning of the aero-digestive tract, which is covered by Mucosal epithelium continuously under the threat of invasion of pathogens, it is thus protected by the Mucosal Immune System. In the early phase of our scientific efforts for the demonstration of Mucosal Immune System, dental science was one of major driving forces due to their foreseeability to use oral immunity for the control of oral diseases. The Mucosal Immune System is divided functionally into, but interconnected inductive and effector sites. Intestinal Peyer's patches (PPs) are an inductive site containing antigen-sampling M cells and immunocompetent cells required to initiate antigen-specific Immune responses. At effector sites, PP-originated antigen-specific IgA B cells become plasma cells to produce polymeric IgA and form secretory IgA by binding to poly-Ig receptor expressed on epithelial cells for protective immunity. The development of new-generation Mucosal vaccines, including the rice-based oral vaccine MucoRice, on the basis of the coordinated Mucosal Immune System is a promising strategy for the control of Mucosal infectious diseases.
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the Mucosal Immune System for vaccine development
Vaccine, 2014Co-Authors: Aayam Lamichhane, Tatsuhiko Azegami, Hiroshi KiyonoAbstract:Mucosal surfaces are continuously exposed to the external environment and therefore represent the largest lymphoid organ of the body. In the Mucosal Immune System, gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs), including Peyer's patches and isolated lymphoid follicles, play an important role in the induction of antigen-specific Immune responses in the gut. GALTs have unique organogenesis characteristics and interact with the network of dendritic cells and T cells for the simultaneous induction and regulation of IgA responses and oral tolerance. In these lymphoid tissues, antigens are up taken by M cells in the epithelial layer, and antigen-specific Immune responses are subsequently initiated by GALT cells. Nasopharynx- and tear-duct-associated lymphoid tissues (NALTs and TALTs) are key organized lymphoid structures in the respiratory tract and ocular cavities, respectively, and have been shown to interact with each other. Mucosal surfaces are also characterized by host-microbe interactions that affect the genesis and maturation of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues and the induction and regulation of innate and acquired Mucosal Immune responses. Because most harmful pathogens enter the body through Mucosal surfaces by ingestion, inhalation, or sexual contact, the mucosa is a candidate site for vaccination. Mucosal vaccination has some physiological and practical advantages, such as decreased costs and reduced risk of needle-stick injuries and transmission of bloodborne diseases, and it is painless. Recently, the application of modern bioengineering and biochemical engineering technologies, including gene transformation and manipulation Systems, resulted in the development of Systems to express vaccine antigens in transgenic plants and nanogels, which will usher in a new era of delivery Systems for Mucosal vaccine antigens. In this review, based on some of our research group's thirty seven years of progress and effort, we highlight the unique features of Mucosal Immune Systems and the application of Mucosal immunity to the development of a new generation of vaccines.
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The Mucosal Immune System of the respiratory tract.
Current opinion in virology, 2012Co-Authors: Shintaro Sato, Hiroshi KiyonoAbstract:Most viruses use host Mucosal surfaces as their initial portals of infection. The respiratory tract has the body's second-largest Mucosal surface area after the digestive tract. An understanding of the unique nature of the Mucosal Immune System of respiratory organs is therefore extremely important for the development of new-generation vaccines and novel methods of preventing and treating respiratory infectious diseases, including viral infections.
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Uniqueness of the Mucosal Immune System for the development of prospective Mucosal vaccine
Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, 2007Co-Authors: Jun Kunisawa, Masashi Gohda, Hiroshi KiyonoAbstract:The Mucosal Immune System acts as the first line of defense against microbial infection through a dynamic Immune network based on innate and acquired Mucosal immunity. To prevent infectious diseases, it is pivotal to develop effective Mucosal vaccines that can induce both Mucosal and Systemic Immune responses, especially secretory IgA (S-IgA) and plasma IgG, against pathogens. Recent advances in medical and biomolecular engineering technology and progress in cellular and molecular immunology and infectious diseases have made it possible to develop versatile Mucosal vaccine Systems. In particular, Mucosal vaccines have become more attractive due to recent development and adaptation of new types of drug delivery Systems not only for the protection of antigens from the harsh conditions of the Mucosal environment but also for effective antigen delivery to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues such as Peyer's patches and nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue, the initiation site for the induction of the antigen-specific Immune response. In this review, we shed light on the dynamics of the Mucosal Immune System and recent advances toward the development of prospective Mucosal antigen delivery Systems for vaccines.
