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Eliana Aparecida Varanda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Characterization and Quantification of the Compounds of the Ethanolic Extract from Caesalpinia ferrea Stem Bark and Evaluation of Their Mutagenic Activity
Molecules, 2014Co-Authors: Carlos César Wyrepkowski, Eliana Aparecida Varanda, Wagner Vilegas, Flavia Aparecida Resende, Daryne Lu Maldonado Gomes Da Costa, Adilson Paulo Sinhorin, Rone Aparecido De Grandis, Lourdes Campaner Dos SantosAbstract:Caesalpinia ferrea Martius has traditionally been used in Brazil for many medicinal purposes, such as the treatment of bronchitis, diabetes and wounds. Despite its use as a medicinal plant, there is still no data regarding the genotoxic effect of the stem bark. This present work aims to assess the qualitative and quantitative profiles of the ethanolic extract from the stem bark of C. ferrea and to evaluate its Mutagenic Activity, using a Salmonella/microsome assay for this species. As a result, a total of twenty compounds were identified by Flow Injection Analysis Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (FIA-ESI-IT-MS/MSn) in the ethanolic extract from the stem bark of C. ferrea. Hydrolyzable tannins predominated, principally gallic acid derivatives. The HPLC-DAD method was developed for rapid quantification of six gallic acid compounds and ellagic acid derivatives. C. ferrea is widely used in Brazil, and the absence of any Mutagenic effect in the Salmonella/microsome assay is important for pharmacological purposes and the safe use of this plant.
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Flavonoid detection in hydroethanolic extract of Pouteria torta (Sapotaceae) leaves by HPLC-DAD and the determination of its Mutagenic Activity.
Journal of medicinal food, 2014Co-Authors: Daryne Lu Maldonado Gomes Da Costa, Eliana Aparecida Varanda, Wagner Vilegas, Daniel Rinaldo, Juliana Ferreira De Sousa, Ana Lucia Martiniano Nasser, Ana Caroline Zanatta Silva, Debora Cristina Baldoqui, Lourdes Campaner Dos SantosAbstract:Abstract It is well known that phytotherapy has grown in popularity in recent years. Because a drug cannot be administered without ensuring its effectiveness and safety, the standardization and regulation of phytotherapeutic drugs are required by the global market and governmental authorities. This article describes a simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection analysis method for the simultaneous detection of myricetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, myricetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside, and myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhaminopyranoside present in the hydroethanolic extract (ethanol/H2O, 7:3, v/v) of Pouteria torta. The Mutagenic Activity of the extract was evaluated on Salmonella typhimurium and by an in vivo micronucleus test on the peripheral blood cells of Swiss mice. The linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, accuracy, and precision of the assay were evaluated. The analytical curves were linear and exhibited good repeatability (with a deviation of less than 5%) and ...
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characterization and quantification of compounds in the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves from terminalia catappa linn combretaceae and their Mutagenic Activity
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014Co-Authors: Francisco Jose Mininel, Eliana Aparecida Varanda, Wagner Vilegas, Carlos Sergio Leonardo, Livia Greghi Espanha, Flavia Aparecida Resende, Clarice Queico Fujimura Leite, Lourdes Campaner Dos SantosAbstract:Terminalia is a genus of Combretaceous plants widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify the majority compounds of the hydroalcoholic extract (7 : 3, v/v) of the leaves from T. catappa by HPLC-PDA, chemically characterize by hyphenated techniques (HPLC-ESI-IT-MSn) and NMR, and evaluate its Mutagenic Activity by the Salmonella/microsome assay on S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA97a, TA100, and TA102. The quantification of analytes was performed using an external calibration standard. Punicalagin is the most abundant polyphenol found in the leaves. The presence of this compound as a mixture of anomers was confirmed using HPLC-PDA and 1H and 13C NMR. Mutagenic Activity was observed in strains TA100 and TA97a. As the extract is a complex mixture of punicalagin, its derivatives, and several other compounds, the observed Mutagenicity may be explained in part by possible synergistic interaction between the compounds present in the extract. These studies show that Mutagenic Activity of T. catappa in the Ames test can only be observed when measured at high concentrations. However, considering the Mutagenic effects observed for T. catappa, this plant should be used cautiously for medicinal purposes.
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characterization of flavonoids and naphthopyranones in methanol extracts of paepalanthus chiquitensis herzog by hplc esi it msn and their Mutagenic Activity
Molecules, 2012Co-Authors: Fabiana Volpe Zanutto, Eliana Aparecida Varanda, Wagner Vilegas, Paulo Takeo Sano, Paula Karina Boldrin, Samara Fernandes De Souza, Lourdes Campaner Dos SantosAbstract:A HPLC-ESI-IT-MSn method, based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray negative ionization multistage ion trap mass spectrometry, was developed for rapid identification of 24 flavonoid and naphthopyranone compounds. The methanol extracts of the capitulae and scapes of P. chiquitensis exhibited Mutagenic Activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay, against strain TA97a.
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Mutagenic Activity of airborne particulate matter pm10 in a sugarcane farming area araraquara city southeast brazil
Environmental Research, 2011Co-Authors: Sandro Jose De Andrade, Soraya Duarte Varella, Gener Tadeu Pereira, Guilherme Juliao Zocolo, Mary Rosa Rodrigues De Marchi, Eliana Aparecida VarandaAbstract:Abstract Brazil contains 25% of the total land planted with sugarcane in the world and is thus one of the major producers. The annual burning of sugarcane fields prior to harvesting emits huge amounts of pyrogenic particles. Biomass burning is an important primary and secondary source of aerosol particles. The presence of carbonaceous particles in the inhalable size range makes it important to study this fraction in view of the possible effects on human health and the climate. In this study, the Mutagenic Activity associated with inhalable airborne particulate matter (PM 10 ) collected on air filters in a sugarcane-growing area near the city of Araraquara (SE Brazil) was determined. The extracts were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and tested for Mutagenicity by the Ames plate incorporation test with Salmonella typhimurium YG1024 in the presence and absence of the S9 mixture. To assess the association between Mutagenicity and PM 10 , samples were collected in sugarcane harvesting and non-harvesting periods of the year. Significant Mutagenicity was detected in organic solvent extracts of all samples, with differences between the two periods. The highest values of Mutagenic potency (13.45 and 5.72 revertants/m 3 of air in the absence and presence of the S9 mixture, respectively) were observed during the harvest. In this period, a Teflon™-coated glass-fiber air filter trapped 67.0 μg of particulate matter per m 3 of air. In the non-harvest period, on the same type of filter, only 20.9 μg of particulate matter was found per m 3 . The Mutagenic potencies at this time were 1.30 and 1.04 revertants/m 3 of air, in the absence and presence of the S9 mixture, respectively. Period, concentration of PM 10 and Mutagenicity were associated with each other. For routine monitoring of Mutagenicity in the atmosphere, the use of YG1024 tester strain without metabolic activation (S9) is recommended.
P A Hepburn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 7. Assessment of Mutagenic Activity of phytosterols, phytosterol esters and the cholesterol derivative, 4-cholesten-3-one
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2002Co-Authors: A. M. Wolfreys, P A HepburnAbstract:Abstract Phytosterol esters are phytosterols derived from vegetable oils following esterification to fatty acids. When phytosterols are added to foods, they inhibit the absorption of dietary and endogenous cholesterol and thereby reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. As part of a comprehensive programme of safety assessment, the Mutagenic potential of phytosterols and phytosterol esters has been assessed in a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. In addition, an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assay and two in vivo Mutagenicity studies, namely rat bone marrow micronucleus and liver unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assays, were conducted on phytosterol esters only. Phytosterols and phytosterol esters did not show any evidence of Mutagenic Activity in any of these assays. A breakdown product of cholesterol is 4-cholesten-3-one and thus the amount of 4-cholesten-3-one in the gut may increase following supplementation of foods with phytosterol-esters. 4-cholesten-3-one had been previously reported as Mutagenic but, due to various shortcomings, these data could not be used to assess the Mutagenic Activity of 4-cholesten-3-one. The Mutagenic Activity of 4-cholesten-3-one and its major faecal by-products, 5β-cholestan-3-one, was assessed in two in vitro assays, a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. Neither 4-cholesten-3-one nor 5β-cholestan-3-one showed evidence of Mutagenic Activity in these assays.
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safety evaluation of phytosterol esters part 7 assessment of Mutagenic Activity of phytosterols phytosterol esters and the cholesterol derivative 4 cholesten 3 one
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2002Co-Authors: A. M. Wolfreys, P A HepburnAbstract:Phytosterol esters are phytosterols derived from vegetable oils following esterification to fatty acids. When phytosterols are added to foods, they inhibit the absorption of dietary and endogenous cholesterol and thereby reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. As part of a comprehensive programme of safety assessment, the Mutagenic potential of phytosterols and phytosterol esters has been assessed in a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. In addition, an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assay and two in vivo Mutagenicity studies, namely rat bone marrow micronucleus and liver unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assays, were conducted on phytosterol esters only. Phytosterols and phytosterol esters did not show any evidence of Mutagenic Activity in any of these assays. A breakdown product of cholesterol is 4-cholesten-3-one and thus the amount of 4-cholesten-3-one in the gut may increase following supplementation of foods with phytosterol-esters. 4-cholesten-3-one had been previously reported as Mutagenic but, due to various shortcomings, these data could not be used to assess the Mutagenic Activity of 4-cholesten-3-one. The Mutagenic Activity of 4-cholesten-3-one and its major faecal by-products, 5beta-cholestan-3-one, was assessed in two in vitro assays, a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. Neither 4-cholesten-3-one nor 5beta-cholestan-3-one showed evidence of Mutagenic Activity in these assays.
A. M. Wolfreys - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 7. Assessment of Mutagenic Activity of phytosterols, phytosterol esters and the cholesterol derivative, 4-cholesten-3-one
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2002Co-Authors: A. M. Wolfreys, P A HepburnAbstract:Abstract Phytosterol esters are phytosterols derived from vegetable oils following esterification to fatty acids. When phytosterols are added to foods, they inhibit the absorption of dietary and endogenous cholesterol and thereby reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. As part of a comprehensive programme of safety assessment, the Mutagenic potential of phytosterols and phytosterol esters has been assessed in a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. In addition, an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assay and two in vivo Mutagenicity studies, namely rat bone marrow micronucleus and liver unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assays, were conducted on phytosterol esters only. Phytosterols and phytosterol esters did not show any evidence of Mutagenic Activity in any of these assays. A breakdown product of cholesterol is 4-cholesten-3-one and thus the amount of 4-cholesten-3-one in the gut may increase following supplementation of foods with phytosterol-esters. 4-cholesten-3-one had been previously reported as Mutagenic but, due to various shortcomings, these data could not be used to assess the Mutagenic Activity of 4-cholesten-3-one. The Mutagenic Activity of 4-cholesten-3-one and its major faecal by-products, 5β-cholestan-3-one, was assessed in two in vitro assays, a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. Neither 4-cholesten-3-one nor 5β-cholestan-3-one showed evidence of Mutagenic Activity in these assays.
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safety evaluation of phytosterol esters part 7 assessment of Mutagenic Activity of phytosterols phytosterol esters and the cholesterol derivative 4 cholesten 3 one
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2002Co-Authors: A. M. Wolfreys, P A HepburnAbstract:Phytosterol esters are phytosterols derived from vegetable oils following esterification to fatty acids. When phytosterols are added to foods, they inhibit the absorption of dietary and endogenous cholesterol and thereby reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. As part of a comprehensive programme of safety assessment, the Mutagenic potential of phytosterols and phytosterol esters has been assessed in a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. In addition, an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assay and two in vivo Mutagenicity studies, namely rat bone marrow micronucleus and liver unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assays, were conducted on phytosterol esters only. Phytosterols and phytosterol esters did not show any evidence of Mutagenic Activity in any of these assays. A breakdown product of cholesterol is 4-cholesten-3-one and thus the amount of 4-cholesten-3-one in the gut may increase following supplementation of foods with phytosterol-esters. 4-cholesten-3-one had been previously reported as Mutagenic but, due to various shortcomings, these data could not be used to assess the Mutagenic Activity of 4-cholesten-3-one. The Mutagenic Activity of 4-cholesten-3-one and its major faecal by-products, 5beta-cholestan-3-one, was assessed in two in vitro assays, a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. Neither 4-cholesten-3-one nor 5beta-cholestan-3-one showed evidence of Mutagenic Activity in these assays.
Vera Maria Ferrao Vargas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Mutagenic Activity of airborne particulate matter in a petrochemical industrial area
Mutation Research-genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 2008Co-Authors: Mariana Vieira Coronas, Adriana Ducatti, Rubem Cesar Horn, Jocelita Aparecida Vaz Rocha, Vera Maria Ferrao VargasAbstract:Exposure to airborne particulate matter has adverse effects on human health and ecosystem. Mutagenic Activity of airborne particulate organic matter extracts in three time periods from total suspended particles (TSP) and particles less than 10 microm (PM10) was evaluated in an area under the influence of a petrochemical industry located in the town of Triunfo, Brazil. The extracts were investigated using the Salmonella/microsome assay, with the microsuspension method. The extracts were obtained by sonication extracted using dichloromethane (DCM) solvent. The fractions were tested for Mutagenicity with the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 (with and without metabolic activation), TA98NR and TA98/1,8DNP(6); or YG1021 and YG1024. A positive frameshift Mutagenic response was observed for the environmental samples during the different periods. The responses according to percentage of extractable organic matter (EOM%), EOM/m(3), revertants/microg (rev/microg) and revertants/m(3) (rev/m(3)) were lower for TSP than for PM10 extracts. The highest rev/m(3) values were observed in PM10 extract samples collected in winter, July 2005, in the presence (13.79 rev/m(3)) or absence (6.87 rev/m(3)) of S9 fraction. Similarly in the first (1995) or second period (2000) the highest values for TSP were observed in winter, but with lower Activity (3.00 and 0.89 rev/m(3) respectively). The responses observed for the nitrosensitive strains suggest the contribution of nitro, amino and/or hydroxylamino derivatives of PAHs to the total Mutagenicity of matter extracted from airborne particles. The Salmonella/microsome assay was a sensitive method to define areas contaminated by genotoxic compounds, even in samples with TSP or PM10 values that are acceptable according to legal environmental quality standards, favoring environmental control measures with an effective response seen in the population's improved quality of life.
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Mutagenic Activity as a parameter to assess ambient air quality for protection of the environment and human health
Mutation Research-reviews in Mutation Research, 2003Co-Authors: Vera Maria Ferrao VargasAbstract:Abstract Atmospheric pollution has significant effects on maintaining the integrity of ecosystems and on the population’s quality of life. Epidemiological studies have clearly associated related health problems, especially respiratory diseases, with exposure to air pollution. Organic compounds adsorbed to the airborne particulate matter are Mutagenic in the Salmonella /microsome assay, and a considerable number of them are known to be carcinogenic to rodents. Studies performed at four sites within the urban area of Porto Alegre, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, identified higher Mutagenic Activity at the sites with heavier vehicle traffic in assays without and with metabolic activation. The responses varied at different seasons of the year, and the highest revertants per cubic meter (rev/m 3 ) values were observed in spring for moderately polar compounds, and in summer for non-polar ones. A pilot study was also performed in the region under the influence of a industrial petrochemical area. Most of the sites studied within the industrial area, as compared to others sampled in the nearby environment, presented higher levels of Mutagenic Activity independent of total suspended particulates (TSP) concentration in the sample. In the urban and industrial regions, the observed Mutagenic activities were strongly associated with the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The responses observed in the TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP 6 strains suggest the Activity of nitrocompounds in both studies. The Salmonella /microsome assay is a sensitive method to define areas contaminated by these compounds, even in samples with TSP values that are consistent with the legal environmental quality standards.
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Mutagenic Activity of airborne particulate matter as an indicative measure of atmospheric pollution
Mutation Research-genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 2003Co-Authors: Adriana Ducatti, Vera Maria Ferrao VargasAbstract:Mutagenic Activity of organic extracts of airborne particulate matter at four different sites within the urban area of the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil, was investigated using the Salmonella/microsome assay, with the Kado microsuspension method. The extracts were obtained by sonication, sequentially extracted according to polarity, with cyclohexane (CX) and dichloromethane (DCM) solvents. The different fractions were tested for Mutagenicity with the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6, without S9 mix metabolic activation. A positive frameshift Mutagenic response was observed for non-polar (CX) and/or moderately polar (DCM) compounds at the different sites. The responses varied at different seasons of the year, and the highest revertants per m3 (rev/m3) values were observed at the site subject to the strongest influence of automotive vehicles (site 3) in spring (17.13 rev/m3) in DCM fractions, and in summer (13.01 rev/m3) in CX fractions. The responses observed for the TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6 strains suggest the contribution of nitrocompounds to the Mutagenic Activity observed. Although there appears to be an indicative association between the increased mass per unit volume of air (TSP) and the Mutagenicity of organic extracts of airborne particulate matter in the present study, the Salmonella/microsome assay was a sensitive method to define areas contaminated by genotoxic compounds, even in samples that present TPS values acceptable by the environmental quality standards established by law.
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Mutagenicity of medicinal plant extracts in salmonella microsome assay
Phytotherapy Research, 1999Co-Authors: I C Ferreira, Vera Maria Ferrao VargasAbstract:Aqueous extracts of medicinal plants used in south Brazilian folk medicine (Myrciaria tenella, Smilax campestris, Tripodanthus acutifolius and Cassia corymbosa) were screened for the presence of Mutagenic Activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Signs of an increased Mutagenic induction below revertant rates, which is two times the spontaneous yields, were detected for all extracts. The extracts of C. corymbosa showed signs of Mutagenic Activity in the following strains: TA100 with and without metabolization and TA98 after metabolization. These Mutagenic signs were observed in the M. tenella extracts without metabolization. S. campestris and T. acutifolius infusions also showed signs indicative of direct Mutagenic Activity in the TA98 strain. The positive results may be related to the presence of flavonoids, tannins and anthraquinones in the extracts.
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Mutagenic Activity detected by the ames test in river water under the influence of petrochemical industries
Mutation Research\ genetic Toxicology, 1993Co-Authors: Vera Maria Ferrao Vargas, V E P Motta, Joao Antonio Pegas HenriquesAbstract:Abstract The present study was carried out on the waters of the Cai River (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) in an area under the influence of a petrochemical industrial complex, as the continuation of a study in which the Mutagenic Activity of water samples was evaluated in the internal area of this complex. In the previous study, the release of inducing substances was detected, revealing the need for a full analysis of the real ecological impact of the industrial complex on the river. Water samples from different sites along the Cai River were subjected to the Ames test during a study of 20 months duration for the detection of possible mutagens. Strains TA100 and TA98 were used for initial sample screening in the presence and absence of the S9 mix at a standard dose of 2000 μl/plate. When positive Activity (values equal to twice the spontaneous mutation rate) and/or cytotoxic Activity (cell survival below 60%) was detected, the dose-response relationship was studied. Thirty-four percent of the samples tested were Mutagenic, with different values according to collection site. Of the total number of positive responses, 6% were obtained for samples collected at the blank site upstream from the area studied, 82% at sites closest to the industrial complex, and 12% in downstream areas. Strain TA98 was the most sensitive in assays with no metabolic activation. A low frequency of induction (2%) was observed for strain TA102. Application of the Ames test permitted the delimitation of three areas of influence of the petrochemical industrial complex, and the test proved to be adequate for the detection of contaminants from the petrochemical industry.
Larry D Claxton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of new 2 2 dimethyl 5 5 dipropoxybenzidine and 3 3 dipropoxybenzidine based direct dye analogs for Mutagenic Activity by use of the salmonella mammalian Mutagenicity assay
Mutation Research-genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 2006Co-Authors: Jinseok Bae, Harold S Freeman, Sarah H Warren, Larry D ClaxtonAbstract:As part of a continuing study aimed at establishing structure-Activity relationships and heuristic principles useful for the design of non-genotoxic azo dyes, a series of new direct dyes based on two non-Mutagenic benzidine analogs, 2,2'-dimethyl-5,5'-dipropoxybenzidine and 3,3'-dipropoxybenzidine, were evaluated for Mutagenic Activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. These strains are widely used for Mutagenicity screening and have been shown to detect the Mutagenic Activity of benzidine analogs. While some toxicity was seen with some dyes at high doses, all of the dyes examined were judged non-Mutagenic with and without metabolic activation in the standard Salmonella plate-incorporation assay. The results in the standard test are consistent with the properties of the diamines themselves. However, only one of the dyes was non-Mutagenic when a reductive-metabolism pre-incubation assay was used. The results of this study suggest that although benzidine analogs are potential replacements for benzidine, there is a need to understand which Mutagenic products are produced when reductive metabolism is present. There is also a need to know whether or not metal complexes of these dyes are Mutagenic. Such information will allow the development of new non-Mutagenic azo dyes.
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the contribution of azo dyes to the Mutagenic Activity of the cristais river
Chemosphere, 2005Co-Authors: Gisela De Aragao Umbuzeiro, Harold S Freeman, Sarah H Warren, Danielle Palma De Oliveira, Yoshiyasu Terao, Tetsushi Watanabe, Larry D ClaxtonAbstract:To verify whether dyes emitted within the discharge of a dye processing plant were contributing to the Mutagenicity repeatedly found in the Cristais River, Sao Paulo, Brazil, we chemically characterized the following Mutagenic samples: the treated industrial effluent, raw and treated water, and the sludge produced by a Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) located approximately 6 km from the industrial discharge. Considering that 20% of the dyes used for coloring activities might be lost to wastewaters and knowing that several dyes have Mutagenic Activity, we decided to analyze the samples for the presence of dyes. Thin layer chromatographic analysis indicated the presence of three prevalent dyes in all samples, except for the drinking water. This combination of dyes corresponded to a commercial product used by the industry, and it tested positive in the Salmonella assay. The structures of the dye components were determined using proton magnetic resonance and mass spectrometric (MS) methods, and the dyes were tested for Mutagenicity. The blue component was identified as the C.I. Disperse Blue 373, the violet as C.I. Disperse Violet 93, and the orange as C.I. Disperse Orange 37. The dyes showed Mutagenic responses of 6300, 4600, and 280 revertants/microg for YG1041 with S9 respectively. A bioassay-directed fractionation/chemical analysis showed that the C.I. Disperse Blue 373 contributed 55% of the Mutagenic Activity of the DWTP sludge. We showed that these dyes contributed to the Mutagenic Activity found in the Cristais River environmental samples analyzed and are indirectly affecting the quality of the related drinking water. Therefore, we believe that this type of discharge should be more thoroughly characterized chemically and toxicologically. Additionally, human and ecological risks associated with the release of dye processing plant effluents should be more fully investigated, especially where the resultant water is taken for human consumption.
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investigating the sources of the Mutagenic Activity found in a river using the salmonella assay and different water extraction procedures
Chemosphere, 2004Co-Authors: Gisela De Aragao Umbuzeiro, Deborah A Roubicek, Celia Maria Rech, Maria Ines Zanoli Sato, Larry D ClaxtonAbstract:In the routine Sao Paulo state (Brazil) surface water quality-monitoring program, which includes the Salmonella microsome Mutagenicity assay as one of its parameters, a river where water is taken and treated for drinking water purposes has repeatedly shown Mutagenic Activity. A textile dyeing facility employing azo-type dyes was the only identifiable source of Mutagenic compounds. We extracted the river and drinking water samples with XAD4 at neutral and acidic pH and with blue rayon, which selectively adsorbs polycyclic compounds. We tested the industrial effluent, raw, and treated water and sediment samples with YG1041 and YG1042 and compared the results with the TA98 and TA100 strains. The elevated Mutagenicity detected with YG-strains suggested that nitroaromatics and/or aromatic amines were causing the Mutagenicity detected in the samples analyzed. Positive responses for the blue rayon extracts indicated that Mutagenic polycyclic compounds were present in the water samples analyzed. The mutagen or mixture of mutagens present in the effluent and water samples cause mainly frameshift mutations and are positive with and without metabolic activation. The Salmonella assay combined with different extraction procedures proved to be very useful in the identification of the origin of the pollution and in the identification of the classes of chemical compounds causing the Mutagenic Activity in the river analyzed.