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Ilhan Ozturk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Revisiting the role of renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption on Turkey’s ecological footprint: Evidence from Quantile ARDL approach
Sustainable Cities and Society, 2020Co-Authors: Arshian Sharif, Ilhan Ozturk, Ozge Baris-tuzemen, Gizem Uzuner, Avik SinhaAbstract:Abstract The current study re-investigates the impact of renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption on Turkey’s ecological footprint. This study applies Quantile Autoregressive Lagged (QARDL) approach for the period of 1965Q1-2017Q4. We further apply Granger-causality in Quantiles to check the causal relationship among the variables. The results of QARDL show that error correction parameter is statistically significant with the expected negative sign for all quantiles which confirm an existence of significant reversion to the long-term equilibrium connection between the related variables and ecological footprint in Turkey. In particular, the outcomes suggested that renewable Energy decrease ecological footprint in long-run on each quantile. However, the results of economic growth and Non-Renewable Energy impact positively to ecological footprint in long-short run period at all quantiles. Finally, we tested the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and the results of QARDL confirmed the EKC in Turkey. Furthermore, the findings of causal investigation from Granger-causality in quantiles evident the presence of a bi-directional causal relationship between renewable Energy consumption, Energy consumption and economic growth with ecological footprint in the Turkish economy.
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The influence of renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and real income on CO2 emissions in the USA: evidence from structural break tests
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017Co-Authors: Eyup Dogan, Ilhan OzturkAbstract:The objective of this study is to explore the influence of the real income (GDP), renewable Energy consumption and Non-Renewable Energy consumption on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for the United States of America (USA) in the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) model for the period 1980–2014. The Zivot-Andrews unit root test with a structural break and the Clemente-Montanes-Reyes unit root test with a structural break report that the analyzed variables become stationary at first-differences. The Gregory-Hansen cointegration test with a structural break and the bounds testing for cointegration in the presence of a structural break show CO2 emissions, the real income, the quadratic real income, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption are cointegrated. The long-run estimates obtained from the ARDL model indicate that increases in renewable Energy consumption mitigate environmental degradation whereas increases in Non-Renewable Energy consumption contribute to CO2 emissions. In addition, the EKC hypothesis is not valid for the USA. Since we use time-series econometric approaches that account for structural break in the data, findings of this study are robust, reliable and accurate. The US government is advised to put more weights on renewable sources in Energy mix, to support and encourage the use and adoption of renewable Energy and clean technologies, and to increase the public awareness of renewable Energy for lower levels of emissions.
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The influence of renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and real income on CO2emissions in the USA: evidence from structural break tests
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017Co-Authors: Eyup Dogan, Ilhan OzturkAbstract:© 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. The objective of this study is to explore the influence of the real income (GDP), renewable Energy consumption and Non-Renewable Energy consumption on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions for the United States of America (USA) in the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) model for the period 1980–2014. The Zivot-Andrews unit root test with a structural break and the Clemente-Montanes-Reyes unit root test with a structural break report that the analyzed variables become stationary at first-differences. The Gregory-Hansen cointegration test with a structural break and the bounds testing for cointegration in the presence of a structural break show CO 2 emissions, the real income, the quadratic real income, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption are cointegrated. The long-run estimates obtained from the ARDL model indicate that increases in renewable Energy consumption mitigate environmental degradation whereas increases in Non-Renewable Energy consumption contribute to CO 2 emissions. In addition, the EKC hypothesis is not valid for the USA. Since we use time-series econometric approaches that account for structural break in the data, findings of this study are robust, reliable and accurate. The US government is advised to put more weights on renewable sources in Energy mix, to support and encourage the use and adoption of renewable Energy and clean technologies, and to increase the public awareness of renewable Energy for lower levels of emissions.
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Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and trade in OECD countries
Ecological Indicators, 2016Co-Authors: Mehdi Ben Jebli, Slim Ben Youssef, Ilhan OzturkAbstract:This paper investigates the causal relationships between per capita CO2 emissions, gross domestic product (GDP), renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption, and international trade for a panel of 25 OECD countries over the period 1980-2010. Short-run Granger causality tests show the existence of bidirectional causality between: renewable Energy consumption and imports, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption, Non-Renewable Energy and trade (exports or imports); and unidirectional causality running from: exports to renewable Energy, trade to CO2 emissions, output to renewable Energy. There are also long-run bidirectional causalities between all our considered variables. Our long-run fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimates show that the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is verified for this sample of OECD countries. They also show that increasing Non-Renewable Energy increases CO2 emissions. Interestingly, increasing trade or renewable Energy reduces CO2 emissions. According to these results, more trade and more use of renewable Energy are efficient strategies to combat global warming in these countries.
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The Environmental Kuznets Curve: The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness
2013Co-Authors: Mehdi Ben Jebli, Slim Ben Youssef, Ilhan OzturkAbstract:We use panel cointegration techniques to investigate the causal relationship between CO2 emissions, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption, and trade openness in three different models for a panel of twenty five OECD countries over the period 1980-2009. Also the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis has been tested for these countries. Short-run Granger causality tests show the existence of a unidirectional causality running from the square of per capita output to per capita CO2 emissions and per capita Non-Renewable Energy consumption and a unidirectional causality running from per capita real exports to per capita CO2 emissions. There is an indirect short-run causality running from per capita output to per capita Non-Renewable Energy consumption. In the long-run, the FMOLS and DOLS estimates suggest that per capita GDP and per capita Non-Renewable Energy consumption have a positive impact on per capita CO2 emissions. The long-run estimates suggest that the square of per capita GDP, per capita renewable Energy consumption, and per capita real exports and imports have a negative impact on per capita CO2 emissions. Therefore, more trade openness and more use of renewable Energy are efficient strategies to combat global warming.
Alper Aslan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality
Renewable Energy, 2017Co-Authors: Mehmet Akif Destek, Alper AslanAbstract:The aim of this study is to investigate the relative performance of renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption on economic growth in 17 emerging economies. For this purpose, the annual data from 1980 to 2012 is examined using with bootstrap panel causality that allows both cross-section dependency and country specific heterogeneity across countries. In the case of renewable Energy consumption, the results reveal that the growth hypothesis is confirmed only for Peru; the conservation hypothesis is supported for Colombia and Thailand; the feedback hypothesis is found for Greece and South Korea and the neutrality hypothesis is valid for the other 12 emerging economies. In the case of Non-Renewable Energy consumption, the growth hypothesis is found for China, Colombia, Mexico and Philippines; the conservation hypothesis is confirmed for Egypt, Peru and Portugal; the feedback hypothesis is supported only for Turkey and the neutrality hypothesis is valid for the other 9 emerging economies.
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Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and economic growth relationship revisited: Evidence from G7 countries
Energy Economics, 2012Co-Authors: Can Tansel Tugcu, Ilhan Ozturk, Alper AslanAbstract:The aim of this study is to investigate the long-run and causal relationships between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and economic growth by using classical and augmented production functions, and making a comparison between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy sources in order to determine which type of Energy consumption is more important for economic growth in G7 countries for 1980–2009 period. Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach to cointegration was employed for this purpose. Also, causality among Energy consumption and economic growth was investigated by employing a recently developed causality test by Hatemi-J (2012). The long-run estimates showed that either renewable or Non-Renewable Energy consumption matters for economic growth and augmented production function is more effective on explaining the considered relationship. On the other hand, although bidirectional causality is found for all countries in case of classical production function, mixed results are found for each country when the production function is augmented.
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Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and economic growth relationship revisited: Evidence from G7 countries
Energy Economics, 2012Co-Authors: Can Tansel Tugcu, Ilhan Ozturk, Alper AslanAbstract:The aim of this study is to investigate the long-run and causal relationships between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and economic growth by using classical and augmented production functions, and making a comparison between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy sources in order to determine which type of Energy consumption is more important for economic growth in G7 countries for 1980-2009 period. Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach to cointegration was employed for this purpose. Also, causality among Energy consumption and economic growth was investigated by employing a recently developed causality test by Hatemi-J (2012). The long-run estimates showed that either renewable or Non-Renewable Energy consumption matters for economic growth and augmented production function is more effective on explaining the considered relationship. On the other hand, although bidirectional causality is found for all countries in case of classical production function, mixed results are found for each country when the production function is augmented. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
James E. Payne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model
Energy Economics, 2012Co-Authors: Nicholas Apergis, James E. PayneAbstract:Unlike previous renewable Energy consumption-growth studies, this study examines the relationship between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and economic growth for 80 countries within a multivariate panel framework over the period 1990–2007. The Pedroni (1999, 2004) heterogeneous panel cointegration test show a long-run equilibrium relationship between real GDP, renewable Energy consumption, Non-Renewable Energy consumption, real gross fixed capital formation, and the labor force with the respective coefficient estimates positive and statistically significant. There is little difference in the elasticity estimates with respect to renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption. The results from the panel error correction model reveal bidirectional causality between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and economic growth in both the short- and long-run. Also, there is bidirectional short-run causality between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption indicative of substitutability between the two Energy sources.
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Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model
Energy Economics, 2012Co-Authors: Nicholas Apergis, James E. PayneAbstract:Unlike previous renewable Energy consumption-growth studies, this study examines the relationship between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and economic growth for 80 countries within a multivariate panel framework over the period 1990-2007. The Pedroni (1999, 2004) heterogeneous panel cointegration test show a long-run equilibrium relationship between real GDP, renewable Energy consumption, Non-Renewable Energy consumption, real gross fixed capital formation, and the labor force with the respective coefficient estimates positive and statistically significant. There is little difference in the elasticity estimates with respect to renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption. The results from the panel error correction model reveal bidirectional causality between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and economic growth in both the short- and long-run. Also, there is bidirectional short-run causality between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption indicative of substitutability between the two Energy sources. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
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On the causal dynamics between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and economic growth in developed and developing countries
Energy Systems, 2011Co-Authors: Nicholas Apergis, James E. PayneAbstract:This study extends recent work on the relationship between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and economic growth to the case of developed and developing countries over the period 1990-2007. Heterogeneous panel cointegration procedures show a long-run equilibrium relationship between real GDP, renewable Energy consumption, Non-Renewable Energy consumption, real gross fixed capital formation, and the labor force with the respective coefficient estimates positive and statistically significant for developed and developing country panels. The results from the panel error correction models reveal bidirectional causality between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and economic growth in the short- and long-run for each country panel.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
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Sectoral analysis of the causal relationship between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and real output in the US
Energy Sources Part B: Economics Planning and Policy, 2010Co-Authors: Nathaniel Bowden, James E. PayneAbstract:This study examines the causal relationship between renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption by sector and real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the US using annual data from 1949 to 2006. The Toda-Yamamoto long-run causality tests reveal the absence of Granger-causality between commercial and industrial renewable Energy consumption and real GDP, respectively. Bidirectional Granger-\rcausality exists between commercial and residential Non-Renewable Energy consumption and real GDP, respectively. Finally, the results indicate unidirectional causality from residential renewable Energy consumption and industrial Non-Renewable Energy consumption, respectively to and real GDP
Slim Ben Youssef - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Output, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and international trade: Evidence from a panel of 69 countries
2020Co-Authors: Mehdi Ben Jebli, Slim Ben YoussefAbstract:This paper uses panel cointegration techniques to examine the causal relationship between output, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption, and international trade for a sample of 69 countries during the period 1980-2007. In the short-run, Granger causality tests show that there is a bidirectional causality between output and trade (exports or imports), a bidirectional causality between Non-Renewable Energy and trade, and a one way causality running from renewable Energy to trade. In the long-run, a bidirectional causality between renewable Energy and imports and a unidirectional causality running from renewable Energy to exports, are noticed. Our long-run OLS, FMOLS and DOLS estimates suggest that renewable, Non-Renewable Energy consumption and trade have a positive impact on economic growth. Our Energy policy recommendations are the following: i) any Non-Renewable Energy policy should take into account the importance of international trade, ii) more renewable Energy use should be encouraged by national and international competent authorities in order to increase international economic exchanges and promote economic growth without harming the environment, and iii) increasing imports, particularly by developing countries, is a good vehicle for renewable Energy technology transfer and contributes to increase renewable Energy consumption in the long-run, thus contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and trade in OECD countries
Ecological Indicators, 2016Co-Authors: Mehdi Ben Jebli, Slim Ben Youssef, Ilhan OzturkAbstract:This paper investigates the causal relationships between per capita CO2 emissions, gross domestic product (GDP), renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption, and international trade for a panel of 25 OECD countries over the period 1980-2010. Short-run Granger causality tests show the existence of bidirectional causality between: renewable Energy consumption and imports, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption, Non-Renewable Energy and trade (exports or imports); and unidirectional causality running from: exports to renewable Energy, trade to CO2 emissions, output to renewable Energy. There are also long-run bidirectional causalities between all our considered variables. Our long-run fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimates show that the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is verified for this sample of OECD countries. They also show that increasing Non-Renewable Energy increases CO2 emissions. Interestingly, increasing trade or renewable Energy reduces CO2 emissions. According to these results, more trade and more use of renewable Energy are efficient strategies to combat global warming in these countries.
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The environmental Kuznets curve, economic growth, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy, and trade in Tunisia
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015Co-Authors: Mehdi Ben Jebli, Slim Ben YoussefAbstract:We use the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach for cointegration with structural breaks and the vector error correction model (VECM) Granger causality approach in order to investigate relationships between per capita CO2 emissions, GDP, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and international trade (exports or imports) for Tunisia during the period 1980–2009. We show the existence of a short-run unidirectional causality running from trade, GDP, CO2 emission and Non-Renewable Energy to renewable Energy. Our long-run estimates show that Non-Renewable Energy and trade have a positive impact on CO2 emissions, whereas renewable Energy impacts weakly and negatively CO2 emission when using the model with exports and this impact is statistically insignificant when using the model with imports. The inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is not supported graphically and analytically in the long-run. This means that Tunisia has not yet reached the required level of per capita GDP to get an inverted U-shaped EKC. Our main policy recommendations for Tunisia are the following: (i) to radically reform the subsidies system granted by the Tunisian government for fossil fuels consumption; (ii) to encourage the use of renewable Energy and Energy efficiency by reinforcing actual projects and regulatory framework; (iii) to locate ports near exporting industrial zones (or vice versa) to reduce emission of pollution caused by the transport of merchandise; (iv) to elaborate a strategy for maximizing its benefit from renewable Energy technology transfer occurring when importing capital goods; (v) to encourage the creation of renewable Energy projects for export to the EU with a proportion of production for national consumption.
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The environmental Kuznets curve, economic growth, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy, and trade in Tunisia
2015Co-Authors: Mehdi Ben Jebli, Slim Ben YoussefAbstract:We use the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds approach to cointegration in order to investigate the short and long-run relationship between per capita CO2 emission, GDP, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and trade openness for Tunisia during the period 1980-2009. The Fisher-statistic for cointegration is established when CO2 emission is defined as a dependent variable. The stability of coefficients in the long and short-run is examined. Short-run Granger causality suggests that there is a one way causality relationship from economic growth and trade openness (exports and imports) to emissions, whereas there is no causality running from renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption to emissions. The results from the long-run relationship suggest that Non-Renewable Energy consumption contributes positively in explaining CO2 emission (for both models), whereas renewable Energy affects CO2 emission negatively (for the model with exports). The contribution of trade openness is positive and statistically significant in the long-run. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) that assumes an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita CO2 emissions and output is not supported in the long-run. This means that Tunisia has not yet reached the required level of per capita GDP to get an inverted U-shaped EKC.
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The Environmental Kuznets Curve: The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness
2013Co-Authors: Mehdi Ben Jebli, Slim Ben Youssef, Ilhan OzturkAbstract:We use panel cointegration techniques to investigate the causal relationship between CO2 emissions, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption, and trade openness in three different models for a panel of twenty five OECD countries over the period 1980-2009. Also the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis has been tested for these countries. Short-run Granger causality tests show the existence of a unidirectional causality running from the square of per capita output to per capita CO2 emissions and per capita Non-Renewable Energy consumption and a unidirectional causality running from per capita real exports to per capita CO2 emissions. There is an indirect short-run causality running from per capita output to per capita Non-Renewable Energy consumption. In the long-run, the FMOLS and DOLS estimates suggest that per capita GDP and per capita Non-Renewable Energy consumption have a positive impact on per capita CO2 emissions. The long-run estimates suggest that the square of per capita GDP, per capita renewable Energy consumption, and per capita real exports and imports have a negative impact on per capita CO2 emissions. Therefore, more trade openness and more use of renewable Energy are efficient strategies to combat global warming.
Mehdi Ben Jebli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Output, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and international trade: Evidence from a panel of 69 countries
2020Co-Authors: Mehdi Ben Jebli, Slim Ben YoussefAbstract:This paper uses panel cointegration techniques to examine the causal relationship between output, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption, and international trade for a sample of 69 countries during the period 1980-2007. In the short-run, Granger causality tests show that there is a bidirectional causality between output and trade (exports or imports), a bidirectional causality between Non-Renewable Energy and trade, and a one way causality running from renewable Energy to trade. In the long-run, a bidirectional causality between renewable Energy and imports and a unidirectional causality running from renewable Energy to exports, are noticed. Our long-run OLS, FMOLS and DOLS estimates suggest that renewable, Non-Renewable Energy consumption and trade have a positive impact on economic growth. Our Energy policy recommendations are the following: i) any Non-Renewable Energy policy should take into account the importance of international trade, ii) more renewable Energy use should be encouraged by national and international competent authorities in order to increase international economic exchanges and promote economic growth without harming the environment, and iii) increasing imports, particularly by developing countries, is a good vehicle for renewable Energy technology transfer and contributes to increase renewable Energy consumption in the long-run, thus contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and trade in OECD countries
Ecological Indicators, 2016Co-Authors: Mehdi Ben Jebli, Slim Ben Youssef, Ilhan OzturkAbstract:This paper investigates the causal relationships between per capita CO2 emissions, gross domestic product (GDP), renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption, and international trade for a panel of 25 OECD countries over the period 1980-2010. Short-run Granger causality tests show the existence of bidirectional causality between: renewable Energy consumption and imports, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption, Non-Renewable Energy and trade (exports or imports); and unidirectional causality running from: exports to renewable Energy, trade to CO2 emissions, output to renewable Energy. There are also long-run bidirectional causalities between all our considered variables. Our long-run fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimates show that the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is verified for this sample of OECD countries. They also show that increasing Non-Renewable Energy increases CO2 emissions. Interestingly, increasing trade or renewable Energy reduces CO2 emissions. According to these results, more trade and more use of renewable Energy are efficient strategies to combat global warming in these countries.
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The environmental Kuznets curve, economic growth, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy, and trade in Tunisia
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015Co-Authors: Mehdi Ben Jebli, Slim Ben YoussefAbstract:We use the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach for cointegration with structural breaks and the vector error correction model (VECM) Granger causality approach in order to investigate relationships between per capita CO2 emissions, GDP, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and international trade (exports or imports) for Tunisia during the period 1980–2009. We show the existence of a short-run unidirectional causality running from trade, GDP, CO2 emission and Non-Renewable Energy to renewable Energy. Our long-run estimates show that Non-Renewable Energy and trade have a positive impact on CO2 emissions, whereas renewable Energy impacts weakly and negatively CO2 emission when using the model with exports and this impact is statistically insignificant when using the model with imports. The inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is not supported graphically and analytically in the long-run. This means that Tunisia has not yet reached the required level of per capita GDP to get an inverted U-shaped EKC. Our main policy recommendations for Tunisia are the following: (i) to radically reform the subsidies system granted by the Tunisian government for fossil fuels consumption; (ii) to encourage the use of renewable Energy and Energy efficiency by reinforcing actual projects and regulatory framework; (iii) to locate ports near exporting industrial zones (or vice versa) to reduce emission of pollution caused by the transport of merchandise; (iv) to elaborate a strategy for maximizing its benefit from renewable Energy technology transfer occurring when importing capital goods; (v) to encourage the creation of renewable Energy projects for export to the EU with a proportion of production for national consumption.
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The environmental Kuznets curve, economic growth, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy, and trade in Tunisia
2015Co-Authors: Mehdi Ben Jebli, Slim Ben YoussefAbstract:We use the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds approach to cointegration in order to investigate the short and long-run relationship between per capita CO2 emission, GDP, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption and trade openness for Tunisia during the period 1980-2009. The Fisher-statistic for cointegration is established when CO2 emission is defined as a dependent variable. The stability of coefficients in the long and short-run is examined. Short-run Granger causality suggests that there is a one way causality relationship from economic growth and trade openness (exports and imports) to emissions, whereas there is no causality running from renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption to emissions. The results from the long-run relationship suggest that Non-Renewable Energy consumption contributes positively in explaining CO2 emission (for both models), whereas renewable Energy affects CO2 emission negatively (for the model with exports). The contribution of trade openness is positive and statistically significant in the long-run. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) that assumes an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita CO2 emissions and output is not supported in the long-run. This means that Tunisia has not yet reached the required level of per capita GDP to get an inverted U-shaped EKC.
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The Environmental Kuznets Curve: The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness
2013Co-Authors: Mehdi Ben Jebli, Slim Ben Youssef, Ilhan OzturkAbstract:We use panel cointegration techniques to investigate the causal relationship between CO2 emissions, renewable and Non-Renewable Energy consumption, and trade openness in three different models for a panel of twenty five OECD countries over the period 1980-2009. Also the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis has been tested for these countries. Short-run Granger causality tests show the existence of a unidirectional causality running from the square of per capita output to per capita CO2 emissions and per capita Non-Renewable Energy consumption and a unidirectional causality running from per capita real exports to per capita CO2 emissions. There is an indirect short-run causality running from per capita output to per capita Non-Renewable Energy consumption. In the long-run, the FMOLS and DOLS estimates suggest that per capita GDP and per capita Non-Renewable Energy consumption have a positive impact on per capita CO2 emissions. The long-run estimates suggest that the square of per capita GDP, per capita renewable Energy consumption, and per capita real exports and imports have a negative impact on per capita CO2 emissions. Therefore, more trade openness and more use of renewable Energy are efficient strategies to combat global warming.