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Barbara L Fredrickson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the disruptive effect of self Objectification on performance
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2006Co-Authors: Diane M. Quinn, Rachel W. Kallen, Jean M Twenge, Barbara L FredricksonAbstract:Self-Objectification is the act of viewing the self, particularly the body, from a third-person perspective. Objectification theory proposes numerous negative consequences for those who self-objectify, including decreased performance through the disruption of focused attention. In the current study, we examined whether women in a state of self-Objectification were slower to respond to a basic Stroop color-naming task. Results showed that regardless of the type of word (color words, body words, or neutral words), participants in a state of self-Objectification exhibited decreased performance. This study lends further evidence to Objectification theory and highlights the negative performance ramifications of state self-Objectification.
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trait self Objectification in women affective and personality correlates
Journal of Research in Personality, 2002Co-Authors: Kathi Minerrubino, Jean M Twenge, Barbara L FredricksonAbstract:Objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) predicts that taking an observer's perspective on one's body (known as self-Objectification) leads to negative mental health outcomes. In this study, 98 college-aged women completed measures of trait self-Objectification, body shame, Neuroticism, and depression to test these predictions. Participants also completed a measure of Big Five personality traits. Trait self-Objectification showed significant positive correlations with each of the measures of negative affect. Trait self-Objectification was also negatively correlated with the personality traits Agreeableness and Intellect. There were no significant correlations between trait self-Objectification and Extraversion or Conscientiousness. Regression analysis demonstrated that trait self-Objectification accounts for a significant amount of variance in negative affectivity above and beyond other personality influences.
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Trait Self-Objectification in Women: Affective and Personality Correlates ☆
Journal of Research in Personality, 2002Co-Authors: Kathi Miner-rubino, Jean M Twenge, Barbara L FredricksonAbstract:Objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) predicts that taking an observer's perspective on one's body (known as self-Objectification) leads to negative mental health outcomes. In this study, 98 college-aged women completed measures of trait self-Objectification, body shame, Neuroticism, and depression to test these predictions. Participants also completed a measure of Big Five personality traits. Trait self-Objectification showed significant positive correlations with each of the measures of negative affect. Trait self-Objectification was also negatively correlated with the personality traits Agreeableness and Intellect. There were no significant correlations between trait self-Objectification and Extraversion or Conscientiousness. Regression analysis demonstrated that trait self-Objectification accounts for a significant amount of variance in negative affectivity above and beyond other personality influences.
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a mediational model linking self Objectification body shame and disordered eating
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1998Co-Authors: Stephanie M Noll, Barbara L FredricksonAbstract:This study tests a mediational model of disordered eating derived from Objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). The model proposes that the emotion of body shame mediates the relationship between self-Objectification and disordered eating. Two samples of undergraduate women (n = 93, n = 111) completed self-report questionnaires assessing self-Objectification, body shame, anorexic and bulimic symptoms, and dietary restraint. Findings in both samples supported the mediational model. Additionally, a direct relationship between self-Objectification and disordered eating was also observed. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
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that swimsuit becomes you sex differences in self Objectification restrained eating and math performance
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998Co-Authors: Barbara L Fredrickson, Stephanie M Noll, Diane M. Quinn, Tomiann Roberts, Jean M TwengeAbstract:: Objectification theory (B. L. Fredrickson & T. Roberts, 1997) posits that American culture socializes women to adopt observers' perspectives on their physical selves. This self-Objectification is hypothesized to (a) produce body shame, which in turn leads to restrained eating, and (b) consume attentional resources, which is manifested in diminished mental performance. Two experiments manipulated self-Objectification by having participants try on a swimsuit or a sweater. Experiment 1 tested 72 women and found that self-Objectification increased body shame, which in turn predicted restrained eating. Experiment 2 tested 42 women and 40 men and found that these effects on body shame and restrained eating replicated for women only. Additionally, self-Objectification diminished math performance for women only. Discussion centers on the causes and consequences of objectifying women's bodies.
Marika Tiggemann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Objectification theory of relevance for eating disorder researchers and clinicians
Clinical Psychologist, 2013Co-Authors: Marika TiggemannAbstract:Background There is a large and expanding body of research on Objectification Theory. Central to the theory is the proposition that self-Objectification results in shame and anxiety surrounding the body, and as a consequence, the development of eating disorders. However, the theory and research have been developed and reported in the gender and social psychological literatures rather than the clinical literature. Accordingly, the goal of this article is to present an account of Objectification Theory to a clinical audience. Methods The article presents a brief overview of Objectification Theory, followed by a narrative review of the related research. It then identifies clinical implications for research and practice in the area of eating disorders. Results There is substantial research evidence, both correlational and experimental, supporting the predictions of Objectification Theory as they pertain to disordered eating. In particular, self-Objectification is linked to disordered eating through the mechanisms of body shame and appearance anxiety. Conclusions Although Objectification Theory does not attempt to encompass all major factors contributing to the development of eating disorders (e.g., genetics, temperament), its explicit account of social forces offers some useful clinical insights towards the conceptualisation, treatment, and prevention of eating disorders. These, in turn, offer a number of potentially fruitful avenues for future research.
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Clothes Make a Difference: The Role of Self-Objectification
Sex Roles, 2012Co-Authors: Marika Tiggemann, Rachel AndrewAbstract:Objectification Theory contends that women self-objectify as a result of internalizing an observer’s perspective on their physical selves. Self-Objectification has been examined as both a stable enduring trait and as a context dependent state. The present study aimed to assess the link between clothing, a neglected area of women’s appearance management, and self-Objectification. Participants were 102 South Australian female undergraduate students who completed a questionnaire containing a trait measure of self-Objectification, as well as four different scenarios varying in clothing worn and setting depicted, followed by state measures of self-Objectification, negative mood, body shame, and body dissatisfaction. It was found that the scenarios involving revealing clothing (bathers) led to greater state self-Objectification, body shame, body dissatisfaction and negative mood than the scenarios involving more modest clothing (sweater), especially for heavier women. In addition, the dressing room scenarios led to greater state self-Objectification but less negative mood than the public scenarios. It was concluded that clothing represents an important contributor to the body and emotional experience of contemporary young women.
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the effect of thin ideal media images on women s self Objectification mood and body image
Sex Roles, 2008Co-Authors: Brit Jaala Harper, Marika TiggemannAbstract:Objectification theory (Fredrickson and Roberts, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206, 1997) contends that experiences of sexual Objectification socialize women to engage in self-Objectification. The present study used an experimental design to examine the effects of media images on self-Objectification. A total of 90 Australian undergraduate women aged 18 to 35 were randomly allocated to view magazine advertisements featuring a thin woman, advertisements featuring a thin woman with at least one attractive man, or advertisements in which no people were featured. Participants who viewed advertisements featuring a thin-idealized woman reported greater state self-Objectification, weight-related appearance anxiety, negative mood, and body dissatisfaction than participants who viewed product control advertisements. The results demonstrate that self-Objectification can be stimulated in women without explicitly focusing attention on their own bodies.
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those speedos become them the role of self Objectification in gay and heterosexual men s body image
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2007Co-Authors: Yolanda Martins, Marika Tiggemann, Alana KirkbrideAbstract:Objectification Theory proposes that membership in sexually objectifying Western societies gradually socializes women to adopt an observer's perspective on their physical self. This leads to negative consequences, including body shame and restricted eating behavior. The authors extend this framework to investigate a subgroup of men, namely gay men, who also exist in a subculture that emphasizes and values physical appearance. Study 1 investigated trait differences in self-Objectification and body image among gay and heterosexual men. Analyses indicated that gay men scored higher on self-Objectification, body shame, body dissatisfaction, and drive for thinness. In Study 2, the authors experimentally manipulated state self-Objectification and found that for gay men, increasing state self-Objectification resulted in greater body shame and dissatisfaction and more restrained eating. Together, these results offer strong support to Objectification Theory as a useful framework from within which to view the exper...
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Objectification in fitness centers self Objectification body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in aerobic instructors and aerobic participants
Sex Roles, 2005Co-Authors: Ivanka Prichard, Marika TiggemannAbstract:This study was designed to investigate self-Objectification, its theoretical consequences, and its relationship to reasons for exercise within a fitness center environment. Sixty female aerobic instructors and 97 female aerobic participants, who ranged in age from 18 to 45 years, completed questionnaire measures of self-Objectification, reasons for exercise, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating. Increased self-Objectification (and self-surveillance) was related to disordered eating symptomatology, body dissatisfaction, and appearance-related reasons for exercise. Aerobic instructors scored significantly lower on self-Objectification, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating than did aerobic participants, and they exercised more for enjoyment and less for appearance-related reasons. For aerobic participants, location of exercise (inside or outside the fitness center) moderated the relationship between frequency of exercise and self-Objectification, such that exercising within fitness centers was associated with relatively higher self-Objectification. Higher levels of self-Objectification were also related to wearing tighter exercise clothing. These results support the general model of Objectification Theory, and provide practical implications for women who exercise within objectifying environments.
Rachel M. Calogero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Objectification Processes and Disordered Eating in British Women and Men
Journal of Health Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Rachel M. CalogeroAbstract:The present study extended the applicability of Objectification Theory to predict disordered eating in British women and men. Participants completed measures of self-Objectification, body surveillance, body shame and disordered eating. Path analyses indicated strong support for the theoretical model in women, with body shame fully mediating the relation between self-Objectification and disordered eating. Patterns were similar for men with two exceptions; body shame increased with lower self-Objectification and disordered eating was directly increased with higher self-Objectification. Findings extend Objectification Theory as a useful framework for identifying sociocultural influences on disordered eating in British women and men.
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exploring the relationship between appearance contingent self worth and self esteem the roles of self Objectification and appearance anxiety
Body Image, 2017Co-Authors: Katherine E Adams, James M Tyler, Rachel M. CalogeroAbstract:Abstract Previous work has shown that both an appearance-contingent self-worth (i.e., staking one’s overall self-evaluation on one’s physical appearance) and self-Objectification are associated with higher appearance anxiety and lower self-esteem among women. Although prior evidence separately links both appearance-contingent self-worth and self-Objectification to these negative outcomes, no work has examined the mediating processes that may underlie this relationship. With the current project, we examined the relationship between appearance-contingent self-worth and self-Objectification, and the degree to which this relationship is associated with higher appearance anxiety and lower overall self-esteem. We hypothesized that appearance-contingent self-worth would be positively associated with self-Objectification; in turn, we expected self-Objectification to be related to higher appearance anxiety, and ultimately, lower self-esteem. Across two studies, one cross-sectional (N = 208) and one short-term longitudinal (N = 191), we found compelling support for this hypothesis. These findings have practical and theoretical significance for both the self-Objectification and contingent self-worth literatures.
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Self-Objectification in women: Causes, consequences, and counteractions. - Self-Objectification in women: Causes, consequences, and counteractions.
2014Co-Authors: Rachel M. Calogero, Stacey Tantleff-dunn, J. Kevin ThompsonAbstract:Modern industrialized society chronically and pervasively objectifies the female body, and many women have come to view themselves through the lens of an external observer, habitually monitoring their own appearance whether in public or private settings. Given the negative effects associated with self-Objectificationsuch as body shame, appearance anxiety, depression, and disordered eatingan empirically based approach to researching and treating self-Objectification is critical. This book integrates recent research developments and current clinical knowledge on self-Objectification in women. Using Barbara L. Fredrickson and Tomi-Ann Roberts' Objectification theory as a framework, the contributors address various aspects of the theory, including evidence for and causes of self-Objectification across the life span, psychological consequences, and associated mental health risks. The book also discusses various scales for measuring self-Objectification, as well as approaches to prevent and disrupt this phenomenon. With research from a variety of disciplinespsychology, sociology, anthropology, women's studies, and political sciencethis book should be read by everyone interested in the well-being of women.
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On objects and actions: situating self-Objectification in a system justification context.
Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 2013Co-Authors: Rachel M. CalogeroAbstract:Integrating Objectification and system justification perspectives, this chapter offers a conception of self-Objectification as a dominant cultural lens through which women come to view themselves that garners their compliance in the sexist status quo. This chapter begins with an overview of Objectification theory (Fredrickson and Roberts 1997) and system justification theory (Jost and Banaji, 1994). Then, an integration of the two perspectives is presented that situates self-Objectification in a system justification context, extending the scope of impact of self-Objectification beyond the domains of body image and mental health. Empirical evidence is reviewed to demonstrate the direct and indirect ways that self-Objectification works as a system-justifying device for many women. For example, as a self-perspective that increases in response to benevolently sexist ideology or as a potential obstacle to taking collective action on behalf of women, self-Objectification functions as a motivational and ideological force that rationalizes and legitimizes a gender role hierarchy. This developing program of research attempts to deepen our understanding of self-Objectification and the broader system-level implications of this self-perspective. The chapter concludes with a discussion of potential next steps and a call for continued scientific inquiry into the broader functions of self-Objectification.
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objects don t object evidence that self Objectification disrupts women s social activism
Psychological Science, 2013Co-Authors: Rachel M. CalogeroAbstract:Integrating system-justification and Objectification theories, the research reported here broadens the scope of prior work on women’s self-Objectification to examine its system-justifying function. I investigated the relation of trait and state self-Objectification to support for the gender status quo and engagement in gender-based social activism among U.S. college women. Study 1 established that greater trait self-Objectification was related to more gender-specific system justification and less engagement in gender-based social activism. The data supported a mediational model in which gender-specific system justification mediated the link between trait self-Objectification and social activism. Results from Study 2, in which self-Objectification was situationally activated, confirmed the same mediational model. These findings suggest that trait and state self-Objectification may be part of a wider pattern of system-justifying behavior that maintains gender inequality and thwarts women’s pursuit of social...
Sarah J Gervais - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Self-fulfilling Objectification in relationships: The effects of men’s objectifying expectations on women’s self-Objectification during conflict in romantic relationships
Self and Identity, 2020Co-Authors: Abigail R. Riemer, Gemma Sáez, Rebecca L. Brock, Sarah J GervaisAbstract:Interpersonal Objectification shapes women’s sense of self, increasing self-Objectification. While Objectification is theorized to occur with consequences for self-Objectification in romantic relat...
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Perceived Humanization by Intimate Partners during Pregnancy Is Associated with fewer Depressive Symptoms, Less Body Dissatisfaction, and Greater Sexual Satisfaction through Reduced Self-Objectification
Sex Roles, 2020Co-Authors: Rebecca L. Brock, Gemma Sáez, Erin L. Ramsdell, Sarah J GervaisAbstract:Consistent with Objectification theory, the primary goal of the present study was to investigate the role of perceived humanization from one’s intimate partner as a predictor of depression (i.e., symptom severity), eating disorders (i.e., body dissatisfaction), and sexual dysfunction (i.e., dissatisfaction with quality of the sexual relationship) during pregnancy through decreased self-Objectification. We tested our hypotheses within a dyadic framework, considering the respective contributions of humanization perceived by each partner to self-Objectification and well-being in 159 U.S. heterosexual couples. Results converged with research linking partner humanization to lower levels of self-Objectification in women. Further, feeling humanized by one’s partner also decreased self-Objectification in men. Subsequently, lower levels of self-Objectification were associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms and body dissatisfaction for both men and women and higher levels of sexual satisfaction for women. Our study also revealed the complex role of self-Objectification in couple relationships: Less self-Objectification by women, related to humanization from one’s partner, was associated with fewer depressive symptoms reported by their partners, but less self-Objectification by men was, paradoxically, associated with more depressive symptoms reported by their partners. Results have implications for practitioners implementing couple and family interventions with pregnant women and their partners.
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“You Can Catch More Flies with Honey than Vinegar”: Objectification Valence Interacts with Women’s Enjoyment of Sexualization to Influence Social Perceptions
Sex Roles, 2020Co-Authors: Abigail R. Riemer, Jill Allen, Marco Gullickson, Sarah J GervaisAbstract:Although Objectification is a common experience for women (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997 ), little is understood about how women perceive sources of objectifying commentary and behaviors. The current work provides a novel integration of Objectification and consistency theories to understand how valence of sexual Objectification and women’s feelings about sexual attention interact to predict perceptions of objectifying sources. In two online vignette studies with 121 and 110 U.S. women recruited through MTurk, female participants were asked to recall an experience of complimentary or critical Objectification and report perceptions of source warmth, approach behavioral intentions, perceived overlap between the self and the source, and enjoyment of sexualization. Consistent with hypotheses, regression analyses revealed that reporting experiences of complimentary Objectification led to more positive source perceptions among women who reported that they enjoy being sexualized relative to reporting experiences of critical Objectification. Furthermore, path analyses revealed that self-other overlap emerged as a mechanism of women’s more positive source perceptions, with a significant indirect effect of self-other overlap emerging for the link between enjoyment of sexualization and warmth and approach in the complimentary Objectification condition. The effects were replicated across two studies. The discussion centers on how understanding women’s objectifying source perceptions could illuminate when interpersonal Objectification will lead to more experiences of Objectification or women’s internalization of objectifying self-perceptions.
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Objectification in Heterosexual Romantic Relationships: Examining Relationship Satisfaction of Female Objectification Recipients and Male Objectifying Perpetrators
Sex Roles, 2019Co-Authors: Gemma Sáez, Abigail R. Riemer, Rebecca L. Brock, Sarah J GervaisAbstract:Sexual Objectification is one of most the common manifestations of discrimination against women in Western societies; however, few studies have examined Objectification in the context of romantic relationships. The primary aim of the present research was to bring the study of Objectification phenomena into the setting of heterosexual romantic relationships. The present set of studies examined the relation between sexual Objectification and relationship satisfaction for both the sexual Objectification recipient (Study 1) and the sexual Objectification perpetrator (Study 2). The results of the first study with 206 U.S. undergraduate female students in committed romantic relationships replicated a previously identified negative association between feeling dehumanized by one’s partner and intimate relationship satisfaction. Moreover, this link was mediated by greater body dissatisfaction and decreased sexual satisfaction. The second study with 94 U.S. undergraduate male students in committed romantic relationships demonstrated a negative association between sexual Objectification perpetration and relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, this negative relation was mediated by greater partner Objectification and lower sexual satisfaction. Results of both studies demonstrated the effect of sexual Objectification (as recipient or perpetrator) on global intimate relationship health. Additionally, the results highlight poor sexual satisfaction as a key dyadic mechanism linking Objectification processes to intimate relationship outcomes.
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understanding the link between men s alcohol use and sexual violence perpetration the mediating role of sexual Objectification
Psychology of Violence, 2014Co-Authors: Sarah J Gervais, David Dilillo, Dennis E McchargueAbstract:Objective: This study provided a novel consideration of the relations between alcohol consumption, sexual Objectification, and sexual violence, because evidence for the links between sexual Objectification and alcohol consumption as well as Objectification and sexual violence are almost nonexistent in the published literature. We also developed a measure of interpersonal sexual Objectification perpetration (ISOS-P) because there are no existing self-report measures of this construct. We hypothesized that these variables would be associated positively and that sexual Objectification (including evaluating women’s bodies and making sexual advances toward women) would mediate the relation between alcohol use and sexual violence. Method: To test these possibilities, undergraduate men completed measures assessing their alcohol use, sexual Objectification, and sexual violence. Results: Positive relations emerged between alcohol consumption frequency, alcohol consumption quantity, body evaluation, sexual advances, and sexual violence. A path analysis revealed that the combined effect of body evaluation and sexual advances was a significant mediator of the alcohol quantity and sexual violence link. As well, body evaluation was a significant mediator of the alcohol quantity and sexual advances link. Conclusion: This study provides a novel contribution to the literature by developing a measure of sexual Objectification perpetration and showing that this construct mediates the frequently documented association between heavy drinking and sexual violence. These findings have implications for the prevention of alcohol-related sexual assault on college campuses.
Olivier Klein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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how sexual Objectification generates dehumanization in western and eastern cultures a comparison between belgium and thailand
Swiss Journal of Psychology, 2018Co-Authors: Robin Wollast, Philippe Bernard, Elisa Puvia, Passagorn Tevichapong, Olivier KleinAbstract:Abstract. Ever since Fredrickson and Roberts (1997) proposed Objectification theory, research on self-Objectification and – by extension – other-Objectification has experienced a considerable expan...
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The Exonerating Effect of Sexual Objectification: Sexual Objectification Decreases Rapist Blame in a Stranger Rape Context
Sex Roles, 2015Co-Authors: Philippe Bernard, Steve Loughnan, Cynthie Marchal, Audrey Godart, Olivier KleinAbstract:A blossoming body of research documents the effect of sexual Objectification on social perception, but little is known about the consequences of sexual Objectification. This paper examines how sexual Objectification influences men and women’s rape perceptions in case of a stranger rape. We hypothesized that victims’ sexual Objectification might diminish rapist blame and increase victim blame in cases of stranger rape. Fifty-eight male and 57 female Belgian undergraduate students were assigned to either a sexual objectifying (i.e., body focus) or to a personalized portrayal (i.e., face focus) of a rape victim. After reading a newspaper report depicting a stranger rape, participants were asked to evaluate the extent to which they blamed the rapist and the victim. As predicted, participants blamed the rapist less in the sexual Objectification condition, regardless of participant gender. In contrast, sexual Objectification did not increase victim blame. These results have implications for the well-being of rape victims, as well as for the functioning of justice if it leads authorities to show leniency towards the length of penalty a rapist may receive. The implications of these findings for future research on sexual Objectification and gender differences in rape perception are also discussed.
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The Exonerating Effect of Sexual Objectification: Sexual Objectification Decreases Rapist Blame in a Stranger Rape Context
Sex Roles, 2015Co-Authors: Philippe Bernard, Steve Loughnan, Cynthie Marchal, Audrey Godart, Olivier KleinAbstract:A blossoming body of research documents the effect of sexual Objectification on social perception, but little is known about the consequences of sexual Objectification. This paper examines how sexual Objectification influences men and women’s rape perception in case of a stranger rape. Given that people attribute the full responsibility to the rapist in case of stranger (vs. acquaintance) rape, situational factors are more likely to shift attribution of rapist blame in cases of stranger rape. We hypothesized that victim’s sexual Objectification might diminish rapist blame and increase victim blame in case of a stranger rape. Fifty-eight male and fifty-seven female Belgian undergraduate students were assigned to either a sexual objectifying (i.e. body focus) or to a personalized portrayal (i.e. face focus) of a rape victim. After reading a newspaper report depicting a stranger rape, participants were asked to evaluate the extent to which they blamed the rapist and the victim. As predicted, participants blamed the rapist less in the sexual Objectification condition, regardless of participant gender. In contrast, sexual Objectification did not increase victim blame. The implications of these findings for future research on sexual Objectification, gender differences in rape perception, and sexual assault are discussed.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
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toward a unified theory of Objectification and dehumanization
Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 2013Co-Authors: Sarah J Gervais, Olivier Klein, Philippe Bernard, Jill AllenAbstract:Objectification and dehumanization represent motivational conundrums because they are phenomena in which people are seen in ways that are fundamentally inaccurate; seeing people as objects, as animals, or not as people. The purpose of the 60th Nebraska Symposium on Motivation was to examine the motivational underpinnings of Objectification and dehumanization of the self and others. To provide an overall context for this volume, we first provide classic conceptualizations of Objectification and dehumanization and speculate about relations between the two. We then introduce a unified theory of Objectification and dehumanization within the global versus local processing model (GLOMO) and provide initial supporting evidence. Finally, we introduce the chapters in this volume, which provide additional significant and novel motivational perspectives on Objectification and dehumanization.