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Marcus Clauss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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physical characteristics of forestomach contents from two nondomestic small ruminants the blackbuck antilope cervicapra and the arabian sand gazelle gazella subgutturosa marica
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2021Co-Authors: Janine Hertaeg, Cathrine Sauer, Mads F Bertelsen, Sven Hammer, P Lund, M R Weisbjerg, Marcus ClaussAbstract:Rumen content stratification and the degree of dissociation of particle and fluid retention in the reticulorumen differ between 'moose-type' and 'cattle-type' ruminant species. These differences are not strictly linked to diet, except for a seeming limitation of 'moose-type' ruminants to a browsing niche. Nevertheless, these differences can be plausibly linked to other observed differences in ruminants, such as the intraruminal papillation pattern, or the size of the Omasum. However, many of the corresponding measures are still only available for a restricted number of species. Here, we investigated the dry matter (i.e., the inverse of the moisture) concentration in forestomach contents of 10 blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) and 7 Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica), and quantified the rumen papillation pattern. The blackbucks had distinct rumen contents stratification, with more moisture in ventral than in dorsal contents (difference 3.6% units, P < 0.001), whereas this difference was much less pronounced in the sand gazelles (0.6% units, P = 0.227). While reticulum contents were particularly moist in both species, Omasum contents were particularly dry in sand gazelles, but did not differ in moisture from rumen contents in the blackbuck. This species is an outlier among ruminants due to its extremely small Omasum. The intraruminal papillation pattern did not differ between blackbucks and sand gazelles and showed a surface enlargement factor (SEF) in the dorsal rumen of 27-28% of the SEF in the Atrium ruminis. Compared to data on digesta retention in the same species, the findings are in line with the overall concept of a high fluid throughput causing a distinct stratification of rumen contents and intraruminal papillation, and necessitating a large Omasum for fluid re-absorption. However, the data also show that individual species may not correspond to all the assumptions of the concept, suggesting taxon-specific differences between species. Reasons for these differences cannot be linked to a dietary grass-browse spectrum, but may lie in evolutionary contingency.
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macroscopic digestive tract anatomy of two small antelopes the blackbuck antilope cervicapra and the arabian sand gazelle gazella subgutturosa marica
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2016Co-Authors: Cathrine Sauer, Mads F Bertelsen, Sven Hammer, P Lund, M R Weisbjerg, Marcus ClaussAbstract:The digestive tract anatomy of 14 blackbucks (Antilope cervicapra) and seven Arabian sand gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa marica) was quantified by dimensions, area and weight. Data from the two small-sized antilopinae were evaluated against a larger comparative data set from other ruminants classified as having either a 'cattle-type' or 'moose-type' digestive system. The digestive anatomy of the blackbuck resembled that of 'cattle-type' ruminants, which corresponds to their feeding ecology and previous studies of solute and particle retention time; however, a surprising exception was the remarkably small Omasum in this species, which makes the blackbuck stand out from the general rule of a relatively large Omasum in grazing ruminants. Sand gazelles had morphological features that corresponded more to the 'moose type' or an intermediate position, although previous studies of solute and particle retention time had led to the expectation of a more 'cattle-type' anatomy. The results show that outliers to general morphological trends exist, that findings on physiology and anatomy do not always match completely and that differences in the digestive morphology among ruminant species are more difficult to demonstrate at the lower end of the body mass range.
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the effect of feed intake on digesta passage digestive organ fill and mass and digesta dry matter content in sheep ovis aries flexibility in digestion but not in water reabsorption
Small Ruminant Research, 2016Co-Authors: Marcus Clauss, Mathew Stewart, Elizabeth Price, Alice Peilon, Tom Savage, Irene Van Ekris, Adam J. MunnAbstract:Abstract The ruminant gastrointestinal tract (GIT) adapts to changes in diet quality or feed intake level, but studies that investigate changes in organ fill, tissue mass, and function simultaneously are rare. We used 3 groups of 7 mature sheep each, fed at different DM intake levels (range 25–64 g kg −0.85 d −1 ) for 3 weeks preceding slaughter. We determined the mean retention times (MRT) of a solute and two different-sized particle markers (and their ratios indicating particle sorting and digesta washing) in the reticulorumen (RR) and the GIT, total tract digestibility, as well as digesta wet mass, wet organ tissue mass, and the dry matter (DM) concentration of digesta in the indvidual GIT sections. As DM intake increased, digesta wet mass in the RR and spiral colon increased by organ distension. Simultaneous increases in digesta wet mass in the Omasum and small intestine were parallel to increases in organ tissue mass. DM digestiblity, MRT in the RR, measures of the RR sorting mechanism (MRT largeparticle RR/MRT smallparticle RR) and RR digesta washing (MRT particle RR/MRT solute RR) all remained constant across intake levels. Whereas the DM concentration increased in the rumen with intake, it remained significantly lower in the reticulum than in rumen. DM concentration in the Omasum and abOmasum remained constant, but both MRT in the distal GIT and DM concentration in the spiral and distal colon digesta decreased with increasing intake, translating into higher fecal water losses. These results indicate that the flexibility of the mature sheep's GIT ensures constant digestive functions (such as digestibility, particle sorting, digesta washing) at different intake levels but does not compensate for greater fecal water losses at increasing intakes.
Kevin J Shingfield - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of dietary fish oil supplements alone or in combination with sunflower and linseed oil on ruminal lipid metabolism and bacterial populations in lactating cows
Journal of Dairy Science, 2018Co-Authors: Piia Kairenius, Pekka Huhtanen, Aila Vanhatalo, Stefan M Muetzel, Seppo Ahvenjarvi, Vesa Toivonen, Heidi Leskinen, R J Wallace, Kevin J ShingfieldAbstract:Fish oil (FO) alters ruminal biohydrogenation causing trans fatty acid (FA) intermediates to accumulate, but the effects of 18-carbon polyunsaturated FA supply on ruminal long-chain FA metabolism and microbial communities in cattle fed FO are not well established. Four cows fitted with rumen cannula were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with 21-d experimental periods to evaluate the effects of FO alone or in combination with plant oils high in 18:2n-6 or 18:3n-3 on rumen microbial ecology and flow of FA at the Omasum. Treatments comprised a basal grass silage-based diet containing no additional oil (control) or supplements of FO (200 g/d) or FO (200 g/d) plus 500 g/d of sunflower oil (SFO) or linseed oil (LFO). Flow of FA was determined using the omasal sampling technique. The relative abundance of key biohydrogenating bacteria was assessed by quantitative PCR on 16S rRNA genes in omasal digesta. Fish oil-supplemented treatments increased the amounts of trans-18:1, trans-18:2, and 20- to 22-carbon polyunsaturated FA escaping the rumen. Relative to the control, oil supplements had no effect on the amount of 18:0 leaving the rumen, but LFO decreased the flow of 18:0 at the Omasum compared with SFO. Both SFO and LFO increased trans-18:1 relative to FO, whereas LFO resulted in the highest trans-18:2 and 20- to 22-carbon FA flow. Supplements of FO plus plant oils shifted biohydrogenation toward trans-10 18:1 formation. Compared with FO alone, the ruminal metabolism of 22:6n-3 in the rumen of lactating cows is more extensive on diets containing higher amounts of 18-carbon polyunsaturated FA. However, the biohydrogenation of 22:5n-3 was less extensive in LFO than SFO, but showed no difference between FO and diets containing plant oils. Ruminal outflow of 20:5n-3 was not altered when plant oils were added to FO. Alterations in the amount of intermediates at the Omasum or ruminal biohydrogenation pathways were not accompanied by major changes in analyzed bacterial populations. In conclusion, dietary supplements of FO alone or in combination with plant oils increase the amount of biohydrogenation intermediates containing 1 or more trans double bonds escaping the rumen, which may have implications for host metabolism and the nutritional quality of ruminant foods.
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effect of replacing grass silage with red clover silage on ruminal lipid metabolism in lactating cows fed diets containing a 60 40 forage to concentrate ratio
Journal of Dairy Science, 2013Co-Authors: Anni Halmemiesbeauchetfilleau, Aila Vanhatalo, Vesa Toivonen, Terttu Heikkila, Michael R F Lee, Kevin J ShingfieldAbstract:Abstract Diets based on red clover silage (RCS) typically increase the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in ruminant milk and meat compared with grass silages (GS), an effect that has been attributed to higher activity of polyphenol oxidase in red clover, promoting ruminal escape of dietary lipid. Four multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows in mid lactation fitted with rumen cannulas were used in a 4×4 Latin Square design with 21-d experimental periods to evaluate the effects of incremental replacement of GS with RCS on ruminal lipid metabolism, using the omasal sampling technique in combination with Cr-EDTA, Yb acetate, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber as markers. Treatments comprised total mixed rations offered ad libitum containing 600 g of forage/kg of diet dry matter, with RCS replacing GS in a ratio of 0:100, 33:67, 67:33, and 100:0 on a dry matter basis. Silages contained a high proportion of lipid as nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), with no difference between forage species (75 and 73% for GS and RCS, respectively). Substitution of GS with RCS had no influence on the intakes of NEFA, polar lipid, triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, or total fatty acids (FA), but altered the ingestion of specific FA. Replacing GS with RCS decreased linearly 18:3n-3 and increased linearly 18:2n-6 intakes. Changes in the proportion of RCS in the diet had no effect on the amounts or on the relative proportions of different lipid fractions at the Omasum. On average, NEFA, polar lipid, triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and monoacylglycerol accounted for 80, 12, 4.4, 2.4, and 0.8% of total FA in omasal digesta, respectively. Replacement of GS with RCS increased linearly the amount of esterified and nonesterified 18:3n-3 at the Omasum. Flows of cis -9 18:1 and 18:2n-6 were also increased linearly in response to RCS in the diet, whereas 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-16:0 at the Omasum was decreased. Replacing GS with RCS in the diet decreased linearly the lipolysis of dietary esterified lipids in the rumen from 85 to 70%. Effects on lipolysis due to forage species were also associated with linear decreases in apparent ruminal 18:3n-3 biohydrogenation from 93 to 85% and a trend toward lowered biohydrogenation of cis -9 18:1 and 18:2n-6 in the rumen. However, forage species had no effect on the flow of bound phenols formed as a consequence of polyphenol oxidase activity at the Omasum. In conclusion, despite minimal differences in the extent of lipolysis in silo, lipid and constituent FA in RCS were less susceptible to ruminal lipolysis and biohydrogenation compared with GS.
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dietary fish oil supplements modify ruminal biohydrogenation alter the flow of fatty acids at the Omasum and induce changes in the ruminal butyrivibrio population in lactating cows
Journal of Nutrition, 2012Co-Authors: Kevin J Shingfield, Pekka Huhtanen, Aila Vanhatalo, Piia Kairenius, Anu Arola, Delphine Paillard, Stefan M Muetzel, Seppo Ahvenjarvi, Vesa Toivonen, Mikko J GriinariAbstract:Four lactating cows fitted with ruminal cannulae and fed a grass silage-based diet were used in a 4 3 4 Latin square with 28-d periods to investigate the effects of incremental dietary fish oil (FO) supplementation (0, 75, 150, or 300 g/d) on the flow of fatty acids at the Omasum and populations of rumen bacteria capable of biohydrogenation. FO decreased silage intake and ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations and promoted an increase in molar butyrate and propionate proportions at the expense of acetate. Extensive ruminal biohydrogenation of 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) resulted in corresponding increases in numerous 20- and 22-carbon unsaturated fatty acids at the Omasum. Omasal flow of several 20-, 21-, and 22-carbon all-cis (n-3) PUFA exceeded the intake from FO. Supplements of FO also induced a dose-dependent decrease in 18:0 and increased trans 18:1 and trans 18:2 flow at the Omasum. Trans-11 was the major 18:1 intermediate in digesta, while FO induced quadratic increases intrans-10 18:1flow, reachinga maximum of 300 g/d. FO had no substantial influence on omasal flow of CLA. Results suggest that one or more fatty acids in FO inhibit the reduction of trans-18:1 and trans-18:2 intermediates by ruminal microorganisms. qPCR based on 16S rRNA genes in omasal digesta indicated that key Butyrivibrio spp. declined linearly in response to FO. Dose-dependent increases in ruminal outflow of biohydrogenation intermediates containing one or more trans double bonds in response to FO has major implications for host metabolism and the nutritional quality of ruminant foods. J. Nutr. 142: 1437‐1448, 2012.
Cathrine Sauer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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physical characteristics of forestomach contents from two nondomestic small ruminants the blackbuck antilope cervicapra and the arabian sand gazelle gazella subgutturosa marica
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2021Co-Authors: Janine Hertaeg, Cathrine Sauer, Mads F Bertelsen, Sven Hammer, P Lund, M R Weisbjerg, Marcus ClaussAbstract:Rumen content stratification and the degree of dissociation of particle and fluid retention in the reticulorumen differ between 'moose-type' and 'cattle-type' ruminant species. These differences are not strictly linked to diet, except for a seeming limitation of 'moose-type' ruminants to a browsing niche. Nevertheless, these differences can be plausibly linked to other observed differences in ruminants, such as the intraruminal papillation pattern, or the size of the Omasum. However, many of the corresponding measures are still only available for a restricted number of species. Here, we investigated the dry matter (i.e., the inverse of the moisture) concentration in forestomach contents of 10 blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) and 7 Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica), and quantified the rumen papillation pattern. The blackbucks had distinct rumen contents stratification, with more moisture in ventral than in dorsal contents (difference 3.6% units, P < 0.001), whereas this difference was much less pronounced in the sand gazelles (0.6% units, P = 0.227). While reticulum contents were particularly moist in both species, Omasum contents were particularly dry in sand gazelles, but did not differ in moisture from rumen contents in the blackbuck. This species is an outlier among ruminants due to its extremely small Omasum. The intraruminal papillation pattern did not differ between blackbucks and sand gazelles and showed a surface enlargement factor (SEF) in the dorsal rumen of 27-28% of the SEF in the Atrium ruminis. Compared to data on digesta retention in the same species, the findings are in line with the overall concept of a high fluid throughput causing a distinct stratification of rumen contents and intraruminal papillation, and necessitating a large Omasum for fluid re-absorption. However, the data also show that individual species may not correspond to all the assumptions of the concept, suggesting taxon-specific differences between species. Reasons for these differences cannot be linked to a dietary grass-browse spectrum, but may lie in evolutionary contingency.
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macroscopic digestive tract anatomy of two small antelopes the blackbuck antilope cervicapra and the arabian sand gazelle gazella subgutturosa marica
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2016Co-Authors: Cathrine Sauer, Mads F Bertelsen, Sven Hammer, P Lund, M R Weisbjerg, Marcus ClaussAbstract:The digestive tract anatomy of 14 blackbucks (Antilope cervicapra) and seven Arabian sand gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa marica) was quantified by dimensions, area and weight. Data from the two small-sized antilopinae were evaluated against a larger comparative data set from other ruminants classified as having either a 'cattle-type' or 'moose-type' digestive system. The digestive anatomy of the blackbuck resembled that of 'cattle-type' ruminants, which corresponds to their feeding ecology and previous studies of solute and particle retention time; however, a surprising exception was the remarkably small Omasum in this species, which makes the blackbuck stand out from the general rule of a relatively large Omasum in grazing ruminants. Sand gazelles had morphological features that corresponded more to the 'moose type' or an intermediate position, although previous studies of solute and particle retention time had led to the expectation of a more 'cattle-type' anatomy. The results show that outliers to general morphological trends exist, that findings on physiology and anatomy do not always match completely and that differences in the digestive morphology among ruminant species are more difficult to demonstrate at the lower end of the body mass range.
Aila Vanhatalo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of dietary fish oil supplements alone or in combination with sunflower and linseed oil on ruminal lipid metabolism and bacterial populations in lactating cows
Journal of Dairy Science, 2018Co-Authors: Piia Kairenius, Pekka Huhtanen, Aila Vanhatalo, Stefan M Muetzel, Seppo Ahvenjarvi, Vesa Toivonen, Heidi Leskinen, R J Wallace, Kevin J ShingfieldAbstract:Fish oil (FO) alters ruminal biohydrogenation causing trans fatty acid (FA) intermediates to accumulate, but the effects of 18-carbon polyunsaturated FA supply on ruminal long-chain FA metabolism and microbial communities in cattle fed FO are not well established. Four cows fitted with rumen cannula were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with 21-d experimental periods to evaluate the effects of FO alone or in combination with plant oils high in 18:2n-6 or 18:3n-3 on rumen microbial ecology and flow of FA at the Omasum. Treatments comprised a basal grass silage-based diet containing no additional oil (control) or supplements of FO (200 g/d) or FO (200 g/d) plus 500 g/d of sunflower oil (SFO) or linseed oil (LFO). Flow of FA was determined using the omasal sampling technique. The relative abundance of key biohydrogenating bacteria was assessed by quantitative PCR on 16S rRNA genes in omasal digesta. Fish oil-supplemented treatments increased the amounts of trans-18:1, trans-18:2, and 20- to 22-carbon polyunsaturated FA escaping the rumen. Relative to the control, oil supplements had no effect on the amount of 18:0 leaving the rumen, but LFO decreased the flow of 18:0 at the Omasum compared with SFO. Both SFO and LFO increased trans-18:1 relative to FO, whereas LFO resulted in the highest trans-18:2 and 20- to 22-carbon FA flow. Supplements of FO plus plant oils shifted biohydrogenation toward trans-10 18:1 formation. Compared with FO alone, the ruminal metabolism of 22:6n-3 in the rumen of lactating cows is more extensive on diets containing higher amounts of 18-carbon polyunsaturated FA. However, the biohydrogenation of 22:5n-3 was less extensive in LFO than SFO, but showed no difference between FO and diets containing plant oils. Ruminal outflow of 20:5n-3 was not altered when plant oils were added to FO. Alterations in the amount of intermediates at the Omasum or ruminal biohydrogenation pathways were not accompanied by major changes in analyzed bacterial populations. In conclusion, dietary supplements of FO alone or in combination with plant oils increase the amount of biohydrogenation intermediates containing 1 or more trans double bonds escaping the rumen, which may have implications for host metabolism and the nutritional quality of ruminant foods.
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effect of replacing grass silage with red clover silage on nutrient digestion nitrogen metabolism and milk fat composition in lactating cows fed diets containing a 60 40 forage to concentrate ratio
Journal of Dairy Science, 2014Co-Authors: Anni Halmemiesbeauchetfilleau, Aila Vanhatalo, Terttu Heikkila, Michael R F Lee, Vesa Toivone, Kevi J ShingfieldAbstract:Diets based on red clover silage (RCS) typically increase the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in ruminant meat and milk and lower the efficiency of N utilization compared with grass silages (GS). Four multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows (108 d postpartum) fitted with rumen cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods to evaluate the effect of incremental replacement of GS with RCS on milk production, nutrient digestion, whole-body N metabolism, and milk fatty acid composition. Treatments comprised total mixed rations offered ad libitum, containing 600 g of forage/kg of diet dry matter (DM), with RCS replacing GS in ratios of 0:100, 33:67, 67:33, and 100:0 on a DM basis. Intake of DM and milk yield tended to be higher when RCS and GS were offered as a mixture than when fed alone. Forage species had no influence on the concentration or secretion of total milk fat, whereas replacing GS with RCS tended to decrease milk protein concentration and yield. Substitution of GS with RCS decreased linearly whole-tract apparent organic matter, fiber, and N digestion. Forage species had no effect on total nonammonia N at the Omasum, whereas the flow of most AA at the Omasum was higher for diets based on a mixture of forages. Replacing GS with RCS progressively lowered protein degradation in the rumen, increased linearly ruminal escape of dietary protein, and decreased linearly microbial protein synthesis. Incremental inclusion of RCS in the diet tended to lower whole-body N balance, increased linearly the proportion of dietary N excreted in feces and urine, and decreased linearly the utilization of dietary N for milk protein synthesis. Furthermore, replacing GS with RCS decreased linearly milk fat 4:0 to 8:0, 14:0, and 16:0 concentrations and increased linearly 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 concentrations, in the absence of changes in cis-9 18:1, cis-9, trans-11 18:2, or total trans fatty acid concentration. Inclusion of RCS in the diet progressively increased the apparent transfer of 18-carbon PUFA from the diet into milk, but had no effect on the amount of 18:2n-6 or 18:3n-3 at the Omasum recovered in milk. In conclusion, forage species modified ruminal N metabolism, the flow of AA at the Omasum, and whole-body N partitioning. A lower efficiency of N utilization for milk protein synthesis with RCS relative to GS was associated with decreased availability of AA for absorption, with some evidence of an imbalance in the supply of AA relative to requirements. Higher enrichment of PUFA in milk for diets based on RCS was related to an increased supply for absorption, with no indication that forage species substantially altered PUFA bioavailability.
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effect of replacing grass silage with red clover silage on ruminal lipid metabolism in lactating cows fed diets containing a 60 40 forage to concentrate ratio
Journal of Dairy Science, 2013Co-Authors: Anni Halmemiesbeauchetfilleau, Aila Vanhatalo, Vesa Toivonen, Terttu Heikkila, Michael R F Lee, Kevin J ShingfieldAbstract:Abstract Diets based on red clover silage (RCS) typically increase the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in ruminant milk and meat compared with grass silages (GS), an effect that has been attributed to higher activity of polyphenol oxidase in red clover, promoting ruminal escape of dietary lipid. Four multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows in mid lactation fitted with rumen cannulas were used in a 4×4 Latin Square design with 21-d experimental periods to evaluate the effects of incremental replacement of GS with RCS on ruminal lipid metabolism, using the omasal sampling technique in combination with Cr-EDTA, Yb acetate, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber as markers. Treatments comprised total mixed rations offered ad libitum containing 600 g of forage/kg of diet dry matter, with RCS replacing GS in a ratio of 0:100, 33:67, 67:33, and 100:0 on a dry matter basis. Silages contained a high proportion of lipid as nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), with no difference between forage species (75 and 73% for GS and RCS, respectively). Substitution of GS with RCS had no influence on the intakes of NEFA, polar lipid, triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, or total fatty acids (FA), but altered the ingestion of specific FA. Replacing GS with RCS decreased linearly 18:3n-3 and increased linearly 18:2n-6 intakes. Changes in the proportion of RCS in the diet had no effect on the amounts or on the relative proportions of different lipid fractions at the Omasum. On average, NEFA, polar lipid, triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and monoacylglycerol accounted for 80, 12, 4.4, 2.4, and 0.8% of total FA in omasal digesta, respectively. Replacement of GS with RCS increased linearly the amount of esterified and nonesterified 18:3n-3 at the Omasum. Flows of cis -9 18:1 and 18:2n-6 were also increased linearly in response to RCS in the diet, whereas 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-16:0 at the Omasum was decreased. Replacing GS with RCS in the diet decreased linearly the lipolysis of dietary esterified lipids in the rumen from 85 to 70%. Effects on lipolysis due to forage species were also associated with linear decreases in apparent ruminal 18:3n-3 biohydrogenation from 93 to 85% and a trend toward lowered biohydrogenation of cis -9 18:1 and 18:2n-6 in the rumen. However, forage species had no effect on the flow of bound phenols formed as a consequence of polyphenol oxidase activity at the Omasum. In conclusion, despite minimal differences in the extent of lipolysis in silo, lipid and constituent FA in RCS were less susceptible to ruminal lipolysis and biohydrogenation compared with GS.
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dietary fish oil supplements modify ruminal biohydrogenation alter the flow of fatty acids at the Omasum and induce changes in the ruminal butyrivibrio population in lactating cows
Journal of Nutrition, 2012Co-Authors: Kevin J Shingfield, Pekka Huhtanen, Aila Vanhatalo, Piia Kairenius, Anu Arola, Delphine Paillard, Stefan M Muetzel, Seppo Ahvenjarvi, Vesa Toivonen, Mikko J GriinariAbstract:Four lactating cows fitted with ruminal cannulae and fed a grass silage-based diet were used in a 4 3 4 Latin square with 28-d periods to investigate the effects of incremental dietary fish oil (FO) supplementation (0, 75, 150, or 300 g/d) on the flow of fatty acids at the Omasum and populations of rumen bacteria capable of biohydrogenation. FO decreased silage intake and ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations and promoted an increase in molar butyrate and propionate proportions at the expense of acetate. Extensive ruminal biohydrogenation of 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) resulted in corresponding increases in numerous 20- and 22-carbon unsaturated fatty acids at the Omasum. Omasal flow of several 20-, 21-, and 22-carbon all-cis (n-3) PUFA exceeded the intake from FO. Supplements of FO also induced a dose-dependent decrease in 18:0 and increased trans 18:1 and trans 18:2 flow at the Omasum. Trans-11 was the major 18:1 intermediate in digesta, while FO induced quadratic increases intrans-10 18:1flow, reachinga maximum of 300 g/d. FO had no substantial influence on omasal flow of CLA. Results suggest that one or more fatty acids in FO inhibit the reduction of trans-18:1 and trans-18:2 intermediates by ruminal microorganisms. qPCR based on 16S rRNA genes in omasal digesta indicated that key Butyrivibrio spp. declined linearly in response to FO. Dose-dependent increases in ruminal outflow of biohydrogenation intermediates containing one or more trans double bonds in response to FO has major implications for host metabolism and the nutritional quality of ruminant foods. J. Nutr. 142: 1437‐1448, 2012.
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concentration and estimated flow of soluble non ammonia nitrogen entering the Omasum of dairy cows as influenced by different protein supplements
Agricultural and Food Science, 2002Co-Authors: Chang Weon Choi, Aila Vanhatalo, Pekka HuhtanenAbstract:Four ruminally fistulated Finnish Ayrshire cows were used to study the effects of different protein supplements on concentration and flow of soluble non-ammonia N (SNAN) into the Omasum. The treatments in a 4 · 4 Latin square design were a basal diet of grass silage and barley and the basal diet supplemented with fishmeal, soybean meal and maize gluten meal. Protein supplements significantly increased concentrations of peptide N (P = 0.009) and total SNAN (P = 0.03) fractions in omasal digesta. Peptide constituted the largest proportion of SNAN flow into the Omasum indicating that hydrolysis of peptides to amino acids is the most limiting step in rumen proteolysis. The microbial contribution to SNAN was on an average 0.64 indicating that a large proportion of SNAN flow leaving the rumen was of microbial origin. The estimated SNAN flow per kg dry matter intake from the basal diet and protein supplemented diets indicated that approximately 49, 22 and 37 g kg -1 of fish
Pekka Huhtanen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of dietary fish oil supplements alone or in combination with sunflower and linseed oil on ruminal lipid metabolism and bacterial populations in lactating cows
Journal of Dairy Science, 2018Co-Authors: Piia Kairenius, Pekka Huhtanen, Aila Vanhatalo, Stefan M Muetzel, Seppo Ahvenjarvi, Vesa Toivonen, Heidi Leskinen, R J Wallace, Kevin J ShingfieldAbstract:Fish oil (FO) alters ruminal biohydrogenation causing trans fatty acid (FA) intermediates to accumulate, but the effects of 18-carbon polyunsaturated FA supply on ruminal long-chain FA metabolism and microbial communities in cattle fed FO are not well established. Four cows fitted with rumen cannula were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with 21-d experimental periods to evaluate the effects of FO alone or in combination with plant oils high in 18:2n-6 or 18:3n-3 on rumen microbial ecology and flow of FA at the Omasum. Treatments comprised a basal grass silage-based diet containing no additional oil (control) or supplements of FO (200 g/d) or FO (200 g/d) plus 500 g/d of sunflower oil (SFO) or linseed oil (LFO). Flow of FA was determined using the omasal sampling technique. The relative abundance of key biohydrogenating bacteria was assessed by quantitative PCR on 16S rRNA genes in omasal digesta. Fish oil-supplemented treatments increased the amounts of trans-18:1, trans-18:2, and 20- to 22-carbon polyunsaturated FA escaping the rumen. Relative to the control, oil supplements had no effect on the amount of 18:0 leaving the rumen, but LFO decreased the flow of 18:0 at the Omasum compared with SFO. Both SFO and LFO increased trans-18:1 relative to FO, whereas LFO resulted in the highest trans-18:2 and 20- to 22-carbon FA flow. Supplements of FO plus plant oils shifted biohydrogenation toward trans-10 18:1 formation. Compared with FO alone, the ruminal metabolism of 22:6n-3 in the rumen of lactating cows is more extensive on diets containing higher amounts of 18-carbon polyunsaturated FA. However, the biohydrogenation of 22:5n-3 was less extensive in LFO than SFO, but showed no difference between FO and diets containing plant oils. Ruminal outflow of 20:5n-3 was not altered when plant oils were added to FO. Alterations in the amount of intermediates at the Omasum or ruminal biohydrogenation pathways were not accompanied by major changes in analyzed bacterial populations. In conclusion, dietary supplements of FO alone or in combination with plant oils increase the amount of biohydrogenation intermediates containing 1 or more trans double bonds escaping the rumen, which may have implications for host metabolism and the nutritional quality of ruminant foods.
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a comparison of ruminal or reticular digesta sampling as an alternative to sampling from the Omasum of lactating dairy cows
Journal of Dairy Science, 2015Co-Authors: F Fatehi, S J Krizsan, H Gidlund, Pekka HuhtanenAbstract:Abstract The objective of this study was to develop and compare techniques for determining nutrient flow based on digesta samples collected from the reticulum or rumen of lactating dairy cows with estimates generated by the omasal sampling technique. Pre-experimental method development suggested, after comparing with the particle size distribution of feces, application of primary sieving of ruminal and reticular digesta from lactating cows through an 11.6-mm sieve, implying that digesta particles smaller than this were eligible to flow out of the rumen. For flow measurements at the different sampling sites 4 multiparous, lactating Nordic Red cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a Latin square design with 4 dietary treatments, in which crimped barley was replaced with 3 incremental levels of protein supplementation of canola meal. Digesta was collected from the rumen, reticulum, and Omasum to represent a 24-h feeding cycle. Nutrient flow was calculated using the reconstitution system based on Cr, Yb, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber and using 15 N as microbial marker. Large and small particles and the fluid phase were recovered from digesta collected at all sampling sites. Bacterial samples were isolated from the digesta collected from the Omasum. Several differences existed for digesta composition, nutrient flows, and estimates of ruminal digestibility among the 3 different sampling sites. Sampling site × diet interactions were not significant. The estimated flows of DM, potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber, nonammonia N, and microbial N were significantly different between all sampling sites. However, the difference between DM flow based on sampling from the reticulum and the Omasum was small (0.13kg/d greater in the Omasum). The equality between the reticulum and the Omasum as sampling sites was supported by the following regression: omasal DM flow=0.37 (±0.649) + 0.94 (±0.054) reticular DM flow (R 2 =0.96 and root mean square error=0.438kg/d). More deviating nutrient-flow estimates when sampling digesta from the rumen than the reticulum compared with the Omasum suggested that sampling from the reticulum is the most promising alternative to the omasal sampling technique. To definitively promote sampling from the reticulum as an alternative to the omasal sampling technique, more research is needed to determine selection criteria of reticular digesta for accurate and precise flow estimates across a range of diets.
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dietary fish oil supplements modify ruminal biohydrogenation alter the flow of fatty acids at the Omasum and induce changes in the ruminal butyrivibrio population in lactating cows
Journal of Nutrition, 2012Co-Authors: Kevin J Shingfield, Pekka Huhtanen, Aila Vanhatalo, Piia Kairenius, Anu Arola, Delphine Paillard, Stefan M Muetzel, Seppo Ahvenjarvi, Vesa Toivonen, Mikko J GriinariAbstract:Four lactating cows fitted with ruminal cannulae and fed a grass silage-based diet were used in a 4 3 4 Latin square with 28-d periods to investigate the effects of incremental dietary fish oil (FO) supplementation (0, 75, 150, or 300 g/d) on the flow of fatty acids at the Omasum and populations of rumen bacteria capable of biohydrogenation. FO decreased silage intake and ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations and promoted an increase in molar butyrate and propionate proportions at the expense of acetate. Extensive ruminal biohydrogenation of 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) resulted in corresponding increases in numerous 20- and 22-carbon unsaturated fatty acids at the Omasum. Omasal flow of several 20-, 21-, and 22-carbon all-cis (n-3) PUFA exceeded the intake from FO. Supplements of FO also induced a dose-dependent decrease in 18:0 and increased trans 18:1 and trans 18:2 flow at the Omasum. Trans-11 was the major 18:1 intermediate in digesta, while FO induced quadratic increases intrans-10 18:1flow, reachinga maximum of 300 g/d. FO had no substantial influence on omasal flow of CLA. Results suggest that one or more fatty acids in FO inhibit the reduction of trans-18:1 and trans-18:2 intermediates by ruminal microorganisms. qPCR based on 16S rRNA genes in omasal digesta indicated that key Butyrivibrio spp. declined linearly in response to FO. Dose-dependent increases in ruminal outflow of biohydrogenation intermediates containing one or more trans double bonds in response to FO has major implications for host metabolism and the nutritional quality of ruminant foods. J. Nutr. 142: 1437‐1448, 2012.
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concentration and estimated flow of soluble non ammonia nitrogen entering the Omasum of dairy cows as influenced by different protein supplements
Agricultural and Food Science, 2002Co-Authors: Chang Weon Choi, Aila Vanhatalo, Pekka HuhtanenAbstract:Four ruminally fistulated Finnish Ayrshire cows were used to study the effects of different protein supplements on concentration and flow of soluble non-ammonia N (SNAN) into the Omasum. The treatments in a 4 · 4 Latin square design were a basal diet of grass silage and barley and the basal diet supplemented with fishmeal, soybean meal and maize gluten meal. Protein supplements significantly increased concentrations of peptide N (P = 0.009) and total SNAN (P = 0.03) fractions in omasal digesta. Peptide constituted the largest proportion of SNAN flow into the Omasum indicating that hydrolysis of peptides to amino acids is the most limiting step in rumen proteolysis. The microbial contribution to SNAN was on an average 0.64 indicating that a large proportion of SNAN flow leaving the rumen was of microbial origin. The estimated SNAN flow per kg dry matter intake from the basal diet and protein supplemented diets indicated that approximately 49, 22 and 37 g kg -1 of fish
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omasal sampling technique for assessing fermentative digestion in the forestomach of dairy cows
Journal of Animal Science, 1997Co-Authors: Pekka Huhtanen, Phil G Brotz, L D SatterAbstract:A procedure allowing digesta sampling from the Omasum via a ruminal cannula without repeated entry into the Omasum was developed. The sampling system consisted of a device inserted into the Omasum via the ruminal cannula, a tube connecting the device to the ruminal cannula, and a single compressor/vacuum pump. Eight cows given ad libitum access to a total mixed diet were used in a crossover design to evaluate the effects of the sampling system on digestive activity, animal performance, and animal behavior. Results indicated that the omasal sampling system has minimal effect on normal digestive and productive functions of high-producing dairy cows. Dry matter intake was reduced (24.0 vs 21.8 kg/d; P < .02) and seemed related more to the sampling procedures than to the device in the Omasum. Observations of animal behavior indicated that cows with the sampling device were similar to control cows, although rumination and total chewing times were reduced slightly. The composition of digesta samples was biased toward an over-abundance of the liquid phase, but using a double-marker system to calculate digesta flow resulted in fairly small coefficients of variation for measurements of ruminal digestion variables. This technique may prove useful for partitioning digestion between the fermentative portion of the forestomach and the lower gastrointestinal tract. The omasal sampling procedure requires less surgical intervention than the traditional methods using abomasal or duodenal cannulas as sampling sites to study forestomach digestion and avoids potentially confounding endogenous secretions of the abOmasum.
